International sport

The concept of international sport refers to sport when the participants represent at least two countries. The most well-known international sports event is the Olympic Games. Other examples include the FIFA World Cup and the Cricket World Cup. The cricket match played between the United States and Canada in 1844 was the first ever international match played in any sport.

Modern international sports events are big business for as well as influencing the political, economical, and other cultural aspects of countries around the world. Especially with politics and sports, sports can affect countries, their identities, and in consequence, the world.

History

The ancient Olympic Games were a series of competitions held between representatives of several city-states and kingdoms from Ancient Greece, which featured mainly athletic but also combat and chariot racing events. During the Olympic games, all struggles between the participating city-states were postponed until the games were finished. ^[1] The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend. ^[2] During the 19th century, the Olympic Games became a popular global event.

The first international competition, between teams from Norway and Sweden, was held in Norway in 1932. Apart from a break for the war, the Nordic competitions continued, at first between Finland, Norway and Sweden, with Denmark joining in at a later stage. In 1946 a Nordic body for co-operation (NORD) was founded.^{[ citation needed ]}

The cricket match played between the United States and Canada is the first ever International match played in any sport. ^[3] Modern international sports events are big business for as well as influencing the political, economical, and other cultural aspects of countries around the world.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the first Olympic Games in 776 BCE—which included events such as foot and chariot races, wrestling, jumping, and discus and javelin throwing—the Ancient Greeks introduced formal sports to the world. ^[4]

Economics

While some economists are skeptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games, emphasizing that such "mega-events" often have large costs, hosting (or even bidding for) the Olympics appears to increase the host country's exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the Games. ^[5] Moreover, research suggests that hosting the Summer Olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations headquartered in the host city, which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector. This positive effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards, although not permanently. This finding suggests that hosting the Olympics might create opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit sector and civil society. ^[6] The Games have also had significant negative effects on host communities; for example, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that the Olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades, often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups. ^[7]

Globalization has continually increased international competition in sports. The FIFA World Cup, for example, is the world's most widely viewed sporting event; an estimated 700 million people watched the final match of the 2010 FIFA World Cup held in South Africa. ^[8]

According to a 2011 A.T. Kearney study of sports teams, leagues and federations, the global sports industry is worth between €350 billion and €450 billion (US$480-$620 billion). ^[9] This includes infrastructure construction, sporting goods, licensed products and live sports events.

Another possibility was that sports economics is defined by the application of price or decision theory. For example, a study that examines sport using incentives and objective functions or tries to understand, explain, or predict choices in a sport context is sports economics.

Olympic Games factor of the globalization of sports

An international retransmission

The Olympics are a major factor in the globalization of sport. The Olympic symbol is the most recognized symbol, and the Olympic Games are broadcast around the world. This represents 4.5 billion of people for the 2008 Summer Olympics. ^[10]

Olympic Games globalization

The Olympic Games have also undergone globalization. The first Olympic Games of the modern era were held in 1896, only 9 disciplines were present and 241 athletes but only men. The place of women is representative of the position of women in society, and from the first Olympiad 1900 women participated but unofficially. It is in 1920 that the first women were officially part of the Olympic Games.

The number of athletes present at each Olympiad host been increasing significantly since the first Olympiad:

• In 1896 at the first Olympic games 14 countries were represented by 241 athletes for 43 events;
• 1960 Rome Olympic games have grouped 83 countries for a total of 5338 athletes who competed in 150 different events;
• London 2012, 204 countries were present representing 10,568 athletes for a total of 302 events.

References

1. Swaddling, Judith (2000). The Ancient Olympic Games (2 ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 54. ISBN   0-292-70373-2. OCLC   10759486 . Retrieved 6 June 2009.
2. Young (2004), p. 12
3. "United States of America v Canada". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
4. "The History of Sports". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
5. Rose, A. K.; Spiegel, M. M. (2011). "The Olympic Effect*". The Economic Journal. 121 (553): 652–677. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02407.x.
6. Tilcsik, A. and Marquis, C. 2013. "Punctuated Generosity: How Mega-events and Natural Disasters Affect Corporate Philanthropy in U.S. Communities." Administrative Science Quarterly, 58(1): 111–148..
7. Glynn, M. A. (2008). "Configuring the field of play: how hosting the Olympic Games impacts civic community". Journal of Management Studies. 45 (6): 1117–1146. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00785.x. S2CID   153973502.
8. "700 million to watch World Cup Final". The Spy Report. Media Spy. 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
9. "The Sports Market (2011). A.T. Kearney". Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
10. "Games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008 - Global Television and Online Media Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2011.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA

Further reading

• Dauncey, Hugh and Hare, Geoff. "The International Herald Tribune 1887-1918: the symbiotic development of modern sport and an international press" (International Herald Tribune Historical Archive 1887-2013. Cengage Learning, 2017) online
• Geeraert, Arnout, Jens Alm, and Michael Groll. "Good governance in international sport organizations: an analysis of the 35 Olympic sport governing bodies." International journal of sport policy and politics 6.3 (2014): 281-306 online.
• Li, Ming, Eric W. MacIntosh, and Gonzalo A. Bravo. International sport management (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2012), a university textbook; contents
• Murray, Stuart, and Geoffrey Allen Pigman. "Mapping the relationship between international sport and diplomacy." Sport in Society 17.9 (2014): 1098-1118 online.
• Ratten, Vanessa, and Hamish Ratten. "International sport marketing: practical and future research implications." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing (2011) online.
• Whitson, David, and Donald Macintosh. "The global circus: International sport, tourism, and the marketing of cities." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 20.3 (1996): 278-295.