Interstate 840 (Tennessee)

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I-840.svg

Interstate 840

Tennessee National Guard Parkway
Interstate 840 (Tennessee)
I-840 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route of I-40
Maintained by TDOT
Length77.28 mi [1]  (124.37 km)
ExistedAugust 12, 2016 [2] –present
HistoryCompleted November 2, 2012 (as SR 840)
NHSEntire route
Major junctions
West endI-40.svg I-40 near Dickson
Major intersections
East endI-40.svg I-40 near Lebanon
Location
Country United States
State Tennessee
Counties Dickson, Hickman, Williamson, Rutherford, Wilson
Highway system
← Tennessee 690.svg SR 690 → Tennessee 1.svg SR 1

Interstate 840 (I-840), formerly State Route 840 (SR 840), is a freeway that serves as an outer bypass route around Nashville, Tennessee. Built by the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT), it is also designated as Tennessee National Guard Parkway. [3] At 77.28 miles (124.37 km) long, it is the tenth-longest auxiliary Interstate Highway in the nation. [4] The route serves the cities of Lebanon, Murfreesboro, Franklin, and Dickson, all suburbs of Nashville. [5] [6]

Contents

First proposed by former Governor Lamar Alexander as part of a system of Bicentennial Parkways, I-840 was constructed between 1991 and 2012. The highway was originally planned as an Interstate Highway but was constructed entirely with state funds and initially designated as a state route for this reason. [3] In 2015, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved TDOT's request to redesignate SR 840 as I-840 as part of its integration into the Interstate Highway System. On August 12, 2016, TDOT announced that the route had officially been redesignated as I-840 and that resigning work would begin. [2]

Route description

I-840 eastbound at the SR 100 interchange I-840 (Tennessee) at State Route 100-exit 7.jpg
I-840 eastbound at the SR 100 interchange

I-840 begins at an interchange with I-40 in Dickson County southeast of Dickson and Burns. It initially runs southeast through a rural area, passing through a mix of farmland and woodlands characterized by a terrain made up of rolling hills, the eastbound lanes briefly gaining a truck climbing lane. The highway crosses into Hickman County about five miles (8.0 km) later. The route remains in Hickman County for less than 1.5 miles (2.4 km) before crossing into Williamson County and reaching an interchange with SR 100 about one mile (1.6 km) later. I-840 continues through a predominantly rural area over the next five miles (8.0 km), alternating between farmland and woodlands before transitioning into a region characterized by dense woodlands, rolling hills with moderate grades, and several streams and creeks. About two miles (3.2 km) beyond this point, I-840 reaches SR 46 at an interchange near the community of Leiper's Fork. About three miles (4.8 km) later, I-840 crosses the Natchez Trace Parkway and gradually turns east, continuing through similar terrain. After about seven miles (11 km), I-840 passes through flat terrain consisting primarily of farmland and woodlands over the next approximately eight miles (13 km) before briefly entering a suburban area south of Franklin and coming to an interchange with U.S. Route 31 (US 31, Columbia Pike). About two miles (3.2 km) beyond this point is an interchange with US 431 (Lewisburg Pike). Less than one mile (1.6 km) later, I-840 comes to an interchange with I-65 that resembles a combination interchange, containing two loop ramps and two underpass ramps that cross I-840 combined. [5] [6]

I-840 from SR 96 near the Williamson-Rutherford county line I-840 SR 96 looking east.jpg
I-840 from SR 96 near the Williamson–Rutherford county line

After this interchange, I-840 crosses a steep hill and continues through terrain consisting of several rolling hills, some with relatively steep grades, and crosses the Harpeth River about eight miles (13 km) later. Three miles (4.8 km) later, I-840 comes to an interchange with U.S. Route 31 Alternate (US 31A) and US 41A near the community of Triune. About three miles (4.8 km) later, I-840 crosses SR 96 at the top of a large hill and begins a steep downgrade; the westbound lanes utilize a truck climbing lane over a short distance to ascend the hill from the east. It then crosses into Rutherford County, entering a more flat terrain and another suburban area, and, about eight miles (13 km) later, I-840 comes to an interchange with I-24 northwest of Murfreesboro. This interchange is almost a complete cloverleaf, containing three loop ramps and one flyover. The route then turns northeast, traveling through a relatively flat region with little elevation change and interchanges with US 41 and US 70S in a combination interchange about two miles (3.2 km) later. About 0.75 miles (1.21 km) later, I-840 crosses the west fork of the Stones River, gradually turning northwest. About four miles (6.4 km) later, the highway turns sharply northeast and crosses the east fork of the Stones River about one mile (1.6 km) beyond this point. About 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later, I-840 shifts north and, another 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later, crosses the Fall Creek impoundment of J. Percy Priest Lake. A short distance later is an interchange with the western terminus of SR 452 (Bill France Boulevard). I-840 then crosses into Wilson County less than one mile (1.6 km) later and has an interchange with SR 109 about six miles (9.7 km) beyond this point. The route then turns northeast and, about 3.8 miles (6.1 km) later, reaches its eastern terminus with I-40 west of Lebanon. [5] [6]

History

Planning and construction

Tennessee 840.svg

State Route 840

Location Dickson–Lebanon
Length77.28 mi [1]  (124.37 km)
Existed1991–2016

The route that is now I-840 had its origins in the 1975 Tennessee Highway System Plan issued by TDOT for the next four years, which first identified the need for an outer beltway around Nashville by 1995. [7] The I-840 project was initiated in 1986 with the passage of the Better Roads Program by the Tennessee General Assembly. [8] This program, which had been proposed and spearheaded by then-governor Lamar Alexander, increased the state's gasoline and diesel taxes to fund six new freeway projects and a backlog of 15 projects that had been labeled as top priorities, as well as other projects. [9] I-840 was the largest of these six freeway projects, dubbed "Bicentennial Parkways", and was initially expected to cost $351 million (equivalent to $828 million in 2023 [10] ). [8] While initially referred to as I-840 in the state plan, [8] the highway was constructed entirely with state transportation funds and was officially designated as a state route. [11] The 1986–1987 state budget contained the initial funding for the project. [3] Planning work began in 1988, and the alignment for the first section was announced in December of that year. [3] Survey and design work began in 1989, [12] and the alignment for the remainder of the route was announced in January 1990. [3] Planners considered using SR 396, a short controlled-access connector between US 31 and I-65 in Spring Hill, for part of I-840, but ultimately chose a location about six miles (9.7 km) to the north. [13] The first contract for construction was awarded on August 2, 1991, [14] and work progressed in stages. [3]

The first section of I-840, located between I-40 in Lebanon and Stewart's Ferry Pike, opened on August 2, 1995. [15] The segment between Stewart's Ferry Pike and I-24 near Murfreesboro was completed on November 21, 1996. [16] [17] On November 30, 2000, the section between I-24 and US 31A/US 41A near Triune was opened. [18] [19] The portion between US 31A/US 41A and US 431 (Lewisburg Pike) near Franklin, including the interchange with I-65, opened on October 18, 2001. [20] [21] The section between I-40 near Dickson and SR 100 opened on December 5, 2002. [22] [23] Due to high costs and environmental concerns, the proposed northern half of I-840 was indefinitely placed on hold in 2003. [3] The short segment between US 431 and US 31 (Columbia Pike) opened to traffic on September 9, 2005. [24] [25]

Construction of the majority of I-840 was met with very little controversy. [11] As work moved into predominantly rural southwestern Williamson County, however, a group of landowners opposed to the route began a movement to stop its construction in 1997. [26] [27] Between the late 1990s and mid-2000s, these landowners, spearheaded by singer-songwriter Gene Cotton, filed complaints and eventually lawsuits in an effort to have TDOT address both environmental and aesthetic issues, considerably slowing work on the segment between SR 100 and US 31. [11] A number of criticisms were also made about TDOT's handling of the construction of the route, such as an accusation that they chose to construct I-840 as a state route to avoid federally required environmental studies. [26] TDOT awarded the first contract for the segment between SR 100 and SR 46 on June 14, 2002, [28] but additional litigation forced TDOT to completely cease work on this segment three months later. [29] As a result of these lawsuits, TDOT chose to slightly modify the design and employ new construction methods on the remaining sections the following year. [3] These changes included construction of bridges over streams feeding the South Harpeth River instead of culverts; multiple wildlife underpasses; and designation of the remaining sections as a scenic highway, which prohibits billboards and uses brown powder-coated guardrail. [11] [3] A proposed interchange at Leiper's Creek Road was also canceled. [30] As part of the redesign, TDOT formed a citizen's resource team, made up of nine local residents who worked with TDOT to select the final designs and alignment of these stretches. [31]

On February 9, 2006, TDOT announced that the realignment of the final segment of I-840 had been chosen and that work on the unfinished sections would proceed. [32] The first contract for construction of the segment between SR 100 and SR 46 was reawarded on June 1, 2007, [33] and construction on I-840 resumed the following month. [34] This segment opened on October 27, 2010. [35] The contract for the segment between Leiper's Creek Road and US 31 was awarded on December 12, 2008, [36] and, on February 19, 2010, TDOT awarded the final construction contract for I-840, the segment between SR 46 and Leiper's Creek Road. [37] These two segments, the final 14.2 miles (22.9 km) of I-840, were opened on November 2, 2012. [3] The project took 26 years to complete and cost $753.4 million (equivalent to $989 million in 2023 [10] ). [11]

Northern loop

Map showing the complete section of I-840 and the approximate location of the formerly proposed northern segment. Tennessee SR 840 Map.png
Map showing the complete section of I-840 and the approximate location of the formerly proposed northern segment.

TDOT was first authorized to begin studies for a northern loop of I-840 north of Nashville and past Dickson, Clarksville, Springfield, and Gallatin by the state legislature in 1993. [1] Environmental studies began in 1994 and a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) was released in 1995. [7] On July 12, 1996, TDOT announced their first proposal for the northern section's alignment. [38] [39] Many residents in the predominantly rural and agricultural areas where the route was to pass were initially opposed. [7] An entire circular loop would possibly be about 187 miles (301 km) long, with the northern segment ranging from 86 to 116 miles (138 to 187 km). [7] Other important objections against additional extensions of I-840 include the hilly nature of the terrain north of Nashville (the Highland Rim), which would require huge and costly amounts of excavation, soil relocation, and bridge construction. [1] In addition, the state was experiencing budget problems at the time, which would have further complicated the funding for such a project. [34] On October 31, 2003, TDOT placed the northern loop plan on indefinite hold, citing a lack of documented transportation needs and lack of participation from local politicians. [1] The western terminus of I-840 contains a very short unused extension, constructed in anticipation of the northern segment. [5]

Redesignation

TDOT first submitted a request to the FHWA to redesignate SR 840 as I-840 in November 1991. This was withdrawn two months later after it was chosen to construct the entire route with state funds. [40]

In 2015, TDOT submitted a request to AASHTO to redesignate SR 840 as I-840. Though the application had an error that required TDOT to refile it, AASHTO conditionally approved it and submitted it to the FHWA for their approval. [41] [42] The FHWA approved the change on July 22, 2015, and AASHTO finalized their approval on September 25, 2015. [43] TDOT announced on August 12, 2016, that it would start replacing the signs to change over the designation the week of August 14 and that the project would be completed by the end of the year at a cost of $230,000 (equivalent to $286,000 in 2023 [10] ). [2]

Tennessee National Guard Parkway

In 2005, the Tennessee General Assembly passed legislation designating I-840 as the "Tennessee National Guard Parkway". [44] Since 2007, the state has named bridges on I-840 in honor of members of the Tennessee National Guard killed in the global War on Terror. [45]

Exit list

CountyLocationmi [46] kmExitDestinationsNotes
Dickson ​0.00.01I-40.svg I-40  – Nashville, Memphis, Dickson Signed as exits 1A (west) and 1B (east) westbound; I-40 exit 176; stub road westbound
Hickman
No major junctions
Williamson ​7.311.77Tennessee 100.svgSecondary Tennessee 46.svg SR 100  / SR 46  – Fairview, Centerville
14.122.714Secondary Tennessee 46.svg SR 46 (Pinewood Road) – Leiper's Fork
Burwood 22.936.923Secondary Tennessee 246.svg SR 246 (Carters Creek Pike)
Thompson's Station 28.345.528US 31.svg US 31 (Columbia Pike/SR 6) – Columbia, Spring Hill, Franklin
30.348.830US 431.svg US 431 (Lewisburg Pike/SR 106) – Franklin, Lewisburg
31.150.131I-65.svg I-65  – Nashville, Franklin, Huntsville, AL Signed as exits 31A (south) and 31B (north); I-65 exit 59
Peytonsville 34.956.234Peytonsville–Trinity Road
​37.159.737Arno Road
Triune 41.967.442US 31A.svgUS 41A.svg US 31A  / US 41A (Horton Highway/SR 11) – Shelbyville, Lewisburg, Nolensville
Rutherford Almaville 46.975.547Secondary Tennessee 102.svg SR 102 (Almaville Road) – Smyrna
Blackman 50.881.850Veterans Parkway – Blackman
Murfreesboro 53.185.553I-24.svg I-24  – Nashville, Chattanooga, Murfreesboro Signed as exits 53A (east) and 53B (west) westbound; I-24 exit 74
55.188.755US 41.svgUS 70S.svg US 41  / US 70S (NW Broad Street/New Nashville Highway/SR 1) – Murfreesboro, Smyrna Signed as exits 55A (south/east) and 55B (north/west)
​57.893.057Sulphur Springs Road
61.498.861Secondary Tennessee 266.svg SR 266 (West Jefferson Pike) – Smyrna
65.2104.965Tennessee 452.svg SR 452 (Bill France Boulevard) – Nashville Superspeedway
Wilson ​67.2108.167Couchville PikeExit to Cedars of Lebanon State Park
Gladeville 70.6113.670Stewarts Ferry Pike – Gladeville
​72.0115.972Secondary Tennessee 265.svgTo plate.svg
North plate.svg
Tennessee 109.svg SR 265 (Central Pike) to SR 109 north		Signed as 72A (east) and 72B (west) eastbound
Lebanon 76.8123.676I-40.svg I-40  – Nashville, Knoxville, Lebanon Signed as exits 76A (east) and left 76B (west); I-40 exit 235;
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Tennessee Department of Transportation (October 31, 2003). "TDOT Announces Decision on State Route 840 North" (PDF) (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 Tennessee Department of Transportation (August 12, 2016). "Tennessee Adds New 77 Miles of Highway to Interstate System: State Route 840 Now Designated as Interstate 840" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tennessee Department of Transportation (2012). State Route 840: Enjoy the Ride (PDF) (Dedication program). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 19, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  4. ↑ Adderly, Kevin (December 31, 2015). "Table 2: Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31, 2015". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Google (July 18, 2020). "Overview of Interstate 840" (Map). Google Maps . Google. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 Tennessee Department of Transportation (2020). 2020 Official Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). c. 1:1,267,200. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Transportation. § C6–D8. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Tennessee Department of Transportation (1995). Proposed Route 840 North from Interstate 65 to Interstate 40 West of Nashville in Robertson, Cheatham, Dickson, and Montgomery Counties, Tennessee. Vol. 2. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Transportation. FHWA-TN-ESI-9501-D. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2017– via Google Books.
  8. 1 2 3 Henry, Douglas; Darnell, Riley; Bragg, John; Robinson, C. Robb (April 1, 1986). 1986 Road Program (PDF) (Report). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  9. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation (2014). "Brief History of TDOT" (PDF). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Anderson, Skip (November 5, 2012). "State Route 840 Opening Ends Arduous, Laborious and Costly Project". The City Paper . Nashville. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  12. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation (n.d.). "SR 840 South: Brief History". Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007.
  13. ↑ Ease, Jim (February 13, 1990). "I-840 Headed Across Land of McWherter Backer". The Tennessean . p. 1B. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved October 28, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation. "1987–1991 Contract Awards" (PDF). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  15. ↑ Margulies, Ellen (August 2, 1995). "Motorists Ease onto New Highway". The Tennessean. Nashville. p. 1B. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved June 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation (November 18, 1996). "Future I-840 Opens from Lebanon to Murfreesboro" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 23, 1997. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  17. ↑ Cannon, Angela (November 28, 1996). "I-840 South Officially Open". The Rutherford Courier. Smyrna, Tennessee. p. 10A. Retrieved October 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  18. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation (November 28, 2000). "Twelve New Miles of State Route 840 Opens" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 19, 2002. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  19. ↑ Terry, Edward (November 30, 2000). "First Segment of 840 to Open at 3 P.M." The Tennessean. Nashville. p. 1W. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved October 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation (October 18, 2001). "840 Opens Connecting Lebanon, Murfreesboro and Franklin" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 6, 2002. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  21. ↑ Cook, Mark R. (October 19, 2001). "State Route 840 Opens Eyes, Access". The Tennessean. Nashville. pp. 1W, 3W. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved October 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "State Route 840 from Dickson to Fairview Open on Thursday" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. December 3, 2002. Archived from the original on July 15, 2003. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  23. ↑ Stivender, Knight (December 4, 2002). "Eight Mile Western Leg of 840 Opens Tomorrow". The Tennessean. Nashville. pp. 1W, 3W. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved October 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation (September 9, 2005). "New Section of State Route 840 Opens to Traffic" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 27, 2005. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  25. ↑ McClure, Sue (September 13, 2005). "Stretch Linking U.S. Highways 31, 431 Opened in Williamson County". The Tennessean. Nashville. pp. 1B, 4B. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved October 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  26. 1 2 Kreyling, Christine (August 31, 2000). "Will the Circle Be Unbroken?". Nashville Scene. Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  27. ↑ Kreyling, Christine (August 21, 1997). "Road Kill". Nashville Scene. Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  28. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation. "2002 Contract Awards" (PDF). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  29. ↑ Kreyling, Christine (October 10, 2002). "TDOT Botches 840 Again". Nashville Scene. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  30. ↑ Paine, Anne (November 1, 2003). "South Route Redesign Welcomed By Activists and Environmentalists". The Tennessean. pp. 1A, 2A . Retrieved December 16, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ Whitehouse, Ken (February 9, 2006). "TDOT Sets Final Shape for Unfinished Section of I-840 South". Nashville Post. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  32. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation (February 9, 2006). "Final Alignment for Unfinished Section of 840 South is Announced" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  33. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation. "2007 Contract Awards" (PDF). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  34. 1 2 Lovely, Lori (May 4, 2010). "Rounding Off SR 840 Circle Around Nashville". Construction Equipment Guide. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  35. ↑ Oaks, Julie (October 27, 2010). "Governor Bredesen Opens New Section of State Route 840" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  36. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation. "2008 Contract Awards" (PDF). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  37. ↑ Tennessee Department of Transportation (February 24, 2010). "TDOT Awards Contract on Final State Route 840 Project" (Press release). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  38. ↑ Peebles, Jennifer; Carter, Rochelle (July 12, 1996). "Anxious Landowners, Officials Learn I-840 North's Path Today". The Tennessean. Nashville. p. 1B. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved October 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ Thomas, Wendi C. (July 13, 1996). "Many in Road's Way Say It's Futile to Fight". The Tennessean. Nashville. p. 2A. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved October 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  40. ↑ Southwest Williamson County Community v. Slater, 67F. Supp. 2d875 ( United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee September 10, 1999).
  41. ↑ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (May 14, 2015). "Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering Spring 2015 Report to the Standing Committee on Highways" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  42. ↑ Wright, Bud (June 4, 2015). "Interstate Applications for I-840 TN" (PDF). Letter to Greg Nadeau. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  43. ↑ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (September 25, 2015). "Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering Report to the Standing Committee on Highways" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  44. ↑ Hall, Kristin M. (January 16, 2009). "Tennessee: Volunteer State Records 100th Death from Wars". Chattanooga Times Free Press . Archived from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  45. ↑ "State Salutes Fallen Soldiers". The Tennessean. Nashville. September 29, 2007. p. B1. ISSN   1053-6590 . Retrieved June 30, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  46. ↑ Google (June 20, 2015). "State Route 840" (Map). Google Maps . Google. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
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