Iris histrioides

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Iris histrioides
Iris Lady Beatrix Stanley (16405983367).jpg
Cultivar 'Lady Beatrix Stanley'
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Hermodactyloides
Section: Iris sect. Reticulatae
Species:
I. histrioides
Binomial name
Iris histrioides
Synonyms [1]
  • Iridodictyum histrioides(G.F.Wilson) Nothdurft
  • Iris histrioides var. sophenensis(Foster) Dykes
  • Iris reticulata var. histrioidesG.F.Wilson
  • Iris reticulata var. sophenensisFoster

Iris histrioides, the orchis iris, winter iris or Harput iris, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris , subgenus Hermodactyloides of the family Iridaceae. It is a bulbous perennial, that is native to Turkey, and has blue, scented flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, and has many known cultivars.

Contents

Description

It is similar in form to Iris histrio , but with flowers a deeper shade of blue, [2] and shorter stem. [3]

It has bulbs which are coated with a solid brown fibrous network. [4]

It has leaves that grow up to 40–50 cm (16–20 in) high, [3] [5] and are squarish in cross section, thicker than in other Reticulatas. [3] They appear after the flowers have bloomed or sometimes as they open. [3] [4] [6]

It has a very very short stem. [4]

The flower is about 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in) tall. [5] [7] [8]

It blooms in early spring, normally January, [5] or February. [4]

It has flowers that vary in shade from bright blue to violet. [4] [7] [9]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [10] : 17  The falls have a yellow signal, with many black spots, [4] [7] [8] also they have a yellow ridge. [7] [8] The flowers can last up to a week on the plant, depending on the weather. [4]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [10] : 18  It has been counted several times. Reported chromosome numbers have differed, given as 2n=17 by Randolph & Mitra in 1959, 2n=16 by Johnson & Mathew in 1989, and 2n=16+1B by Johnson & Brandham in 1997. [11]

It is normally stated as 2n=16, [4] or 2n=17. [7]

Taxonomy

It is sometimes known as the 'Orchis Iris', [12] [13] ‘winter iris’, [14] or 'Harput iris', [2] after the Turkish city of Harput. [15]

It was first published as Iris reticulata var. histrioides and described by G.F.Wilson in Gardeners' Chronicles ser.3 Vol.9 n page 117 in 1891. [11] In 1892, in the 'Journal of Horticulture' Vol.III Issue 24 on page 121, Samuel Arnott republished it as Iris histrioides. [16]

The specific epithet histrioides, refers to resembling Iris histrio. [4] [17]

Iris histrioides was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 3 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004. [18]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to Europe. [18]

Range

It is found in Asia minor, [2] or Turkey, [4] [19] near Amasya. [7]

Habitat

It commonly grows on the mountain slopes, [14] [3] within pine forests, [3] at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level. [3] [19] [4]

Conservation

It was on the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. [20]

Cultivation

It is a hardy species, [8] to between USDA Zone: 5 - 8. [21] It is hardier than Iris histrio. [3] But be planted in well-drained soils, to protect from summer rains, which will rot the bulb. [4]

It is suitable for a rock or gravel garden or front of border. [22] It likes rocky soils that dry out completely in summer. [4]

Once the bulb has been planted, it can take many years to reach flowering size. Also it has the habit of the main bulb splitting into many bulblets, that can take many years to reach flowering size. [23]

Grows well outside but also good in the alpine house. This species is represented in cultivation by several cultivars. [3]

Cultivars known


Subspecies

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [29]

Uses

Iris histrioides and Iris persica L. have been used as food ingredients in Turkey. [30]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris reticulata</i> Species of flowering plant in the iris family Iridaceae

Iris reticulata, the netted iris or golden netted iris, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Russia, the Caucasus, and northern Iran, but cultivated widely in temperate regions. The reticulata group of irises is characterised by a fibrous net surrounding the bulb. They are small plants to 15 centimetres (5.9 in), with tubular, sharply-pointed, ribbed leaves, and flowers of yellow, blue or purple with an orange blaze on the falls, appearing in early spring. They are hardy, but prefer a well-drained sunny position in soil which dries out in summer; they are therefore suitable for a rock or gravel garden.

<i>Iris bucharica</i> Species of plant

Iris bucharica is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is a bulbous herbaceous perennial, from temperate Asia, within Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It has long blue green leaves, many flowers in spring, in shades of yellow and white.

<i>Iris danfordiae</i> Species of plant

Iris danfordiae, the dwarf iris or Danford iris, is a bulbous perennial plant in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is from Turkey in Asia. It has 2 gray-green or bluish green, thick leaves, short slender stem holding a scented flower, in shades of yellow. They are spotted olive-green or green and have a deep yellow or orange crest.

<i>Iris reticulata <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> bakeriana</i> Variety of flowering plant

Iris reticulata var. bakeriana is a variety of Iris reticulata, a plant in the genus Iris. It is sometimes treated as Iris bakeriana, especially in the USA.

<i>Iris hyrcana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hyrcana, the Hyrcana iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from central Asia, from Azerbaijan to Iran.

<i>Iris kolpakowskiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris kolpakowskiana, or Kolpakowski's iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Monolepsis. It is a bulbous perennial from Asia.

Iris pamphylica is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is the largest member of the subgenus Hermodactyloides, it is also in the section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from Antalya Province in Turkey, Asia. It has long narrow leaves, shorter stem holding a bi-coloured flower in shades of purple, blue or purple-brown, with a yellow, purple-spotted section on a petal.

<i>Iris winogradowii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris winogradowii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Azerbaijan and Georgia.

<i>Iris histrio</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris histrio, the Syrian iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from Central Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and southern Turkey.

<i>Iris orientalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris orientalis is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It was also known as Iris ochroleuca for a long time. It is commonly known as yellow banded iris in the U.S. and Turkish iris in the UK but also has some other less common names. It is very hardy and has been known to naturalize in various countries. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> maritima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. maritima is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a beardless, rhizomatous perennial plant, from coastal regions Europe and north Africa with deep blue-violet flowers.

Iris longiscapa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Hexapogon. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. They have grass-like leaves and lilac-violet or blue-purple flowers on a tall slender stem.

<i>Iris hoogiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hoogiana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the grassy mountainsides of Turkestan. It has long green leaves, which are slightly purple at the base, and a long slender flowering stem. The flowers are blue, ranging from sky-blue to lavender blue and blue purple. It has orange or yellow beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris korolkowii</i> Species of plant

Iris korolkowii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Tien Shan, Pamir and Altai, in Afghanistan and Turkestan. It is commonly known as the Redvein Iris. It has long, sword-shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, and 2 to 3 white, cream, pale green or light purple flowers which are veined with maroon, chocolate brown or dark purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris stolonifera</i> Species of plant

Iris stolonifera is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkestan, between Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. It has red-skinned stolon roots and rhizomes, glaucous, long, blue-grey leaves, and bi-coloured flowers, in various shades from milky white, to blue, purple, pale lilac, lavender and brown. It normally has blue to yellow beards on all the petals.

Iris purpureobractea is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the cliffs and forest glades on the mountains of Turkey. It has straight or falcate shaped leaves, stem with several branches, the stem has purple spathes, it has up to 8 fragrant flowers, in various colours between yellow or blue. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris schachtii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Anatolia, in Turkey. It has small, thin grey-green leaves, a short stem with 1–3 branches, which are normally, covered with a green leaf with purple staining. It has 2 or more fragrant flowers in late spring, which come in shades of yellow or purple, or violet and yellow,. It has a yellow or white with yellow-tips beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but prefers regions with dry, hot summers.

<i>Iris suaveolens</i> Species of plant

Iris suaveolens is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Eastern Europe, ranging from the Balkans to Turkey. It has short, sickle shaped or curved, blue-green or greyish green leaves, a slender simple stem, with 1 or 2 fragrant spring blooming, flowers, between yellow and purple, with white or yellow beards. It was once known as Iris mellita, until that was re-classified as a synonym of Iris suaveolens. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris camillae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Azerbaijan. It has narrow, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, medium-sized stem and large flowers, where the flower colour is very variable, ranging from violet, purple, pale blue, and also yellow, and occasionally bi-colour forms are found. It has a yellow beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

<i>Iris susiana</i> Species of plant

Iris susiana is a species of plant in the family Iridaceae native to Lebanon. This beautiful and big iris, with a span easily reaching twelve centimeters. It grows nowadays in Lebanon, Syria and Turkey where its survival is seriously threatened by excessive picking.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris histrioides (G.F.Wilson) S.Arn. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 Donald Wyman Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia , p. 576, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Iris aphylla". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Chapter III bulbous irises". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 66. ISBN   0715305395.
  6. ↑ James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification , p. 647, at Google Books
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Reticulata Irises". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  9. ↑ Christopher Bricknell (Editor) Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers 7th Edition (1994) , p. 612, at Google Books
  10. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306.
  11. 1 2 Pries, Bob (4 December 2016). "(SPEC) Iris histrioides (G.F.Wilson) Arnott". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  12. ↑ "A Sure Cure for Winter Blues". annarborgardener.com. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  13. ↑ "Orchid iris". myfolia.com. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  14. 1 2 Haworth, Nick. "Winter iris bring a touch of blue". thegardenhouse.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  15. ↑ Dan H. Meckenstock Breeding Red Irises , p. 41, at Google Books
  16. ↑ "Iris histrioides (G.F.Wilson) S.Arn". theplantlist.org. 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  17. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants , p. 220, at Google Books
  18. 1 2 "Iris histrioides". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bourne, Val (26 January 2002). "How to grow: Reticulate irises". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  20. ↑ Kerry Scott Walter, Harriet J. Gillett (Editors) 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants , p. 679, at Google Books
  21. ↑ "IRIS histrioides". learn2grow.com. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  22. ↑ Chester-Davis, Leah The Successful Gardener , p. 83, at Google Books
  23. ↑ "Iris". bbc.co.uk. 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  24. ↑ Hoyland, John (22 February 2008). "Iris 'Katharine Hodgkin': How to grow". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  25. ↑ Joyce, David. Garden Plant Selector. Ryland Peters, London. p. 297. ISBN   9781900518529.
  26. ↑ "Iris histrioides 'Lady Beatrix Stanley'". lambley.com.au. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  27. ↑ "Iris histrioides 'Major'". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  28. ↑ Stuart Max Walters (Editor) The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated , p. 354, at Google Books
  29. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books
  30. ↑ KANDEMÜR, Nezahat; ENGÜN, Ali (5 January 1999). "An Autecological Study on Iris histrioides Foster (Iridaceae) Distributed in the Central Black Sea Region" (PDF). journals.tubitak.gov.tr. Retrieved 25 June 2014.

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