Iris typhifolia

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Iris typhifolia
Iristyphifolia.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Sibiricae
Species:
I. typhifolia
Binomial name
Iris typhifolia
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris wilsonii var. majorC.H.Wright
  • Limniris typhifolia(Kitag.) Rodion.

Iris typhifolia is a species in the genus Iris , also the subgenus Limniris and in the series Sibiricae . It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has slender, twisted leaves, deep green slender hollow stem and 2 violet-blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

Iris typhifolia has a creeping rhizome, [2] that is surrounded by fibers. [3] It can spread out to 60 cm (23.5 in) across. [2]

It has slender, upright leaves, that are occasionally twisted, [4] [5] [2] and ending as point (or lanceolate – sword-shaped). [2] [3] The leaves are between 30–40 cm (12–15.5 in) long and 2mm wide (when flowering). [3] [5] [6] They later, grow up to 90 cm (35.5 in) long and 6 mm wide (at seed and capsule growth time). [3] The leaves has a visible mid-vein. [3]

It has a deep green, slender, hollow flowering stem, [7] that grows up to between 50–90 cm (19.5–35.5 in) long. [3] [5] [8] Although, the stem base can be slightly reddish. [7] The stem is unbranched and have between 2–4 green with a reddish-brown edge, lanceolate spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which measure 5.5–6 cm long and 1–1.2 cm wide, [2] [3] and can be membranous in form. [9] The spathes surround 2 flowers in early spring to early summer, May and June. [2] [3] [7]

The flowers come in a range of violet-blue shades. [7] From blue, [8] [10] to deep purple, [6] [11] to violet-blue, [7] [5] [12] to violet, [8] to dark violet. [3] The flowers are 6–8 cm in diameter. [3] [4]

Like other Irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. The large, obovate (shaped like an egg), drooping 'falls' are 5–5.5 cm long, have a red/brown flush or spots on the hafts. [3] [6] [12] The slender, oblanceolate, upright 'standards' are 4.5–5 long and 1-1.2 cm wide. [3] [12]

It has a tubular perianth of 5mm long, pedicle (flower stalk stem) of between 1–5 cm long and yellow or yellow/brown anthers. [2] [3] It has 3 cm long stamens, style branches that are 3.5 long and 1–1.2 cm wide and a cylindric ovary which is 1.5–2 cm long and 2–3 mm wide. [3]

In July and September (after the iris has flowered), it produces a seed capsule, which is ellipsoid in form and measures 4.5–5 cm long by 1.2–1.5 cm wide. It is 3-angled and 6-veined. [3] The seedlings will also come true from seed. [2]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [12] It has a chromosome count of 2n=28. [6] [9] [10] [11] This places it with Iris sibirica and Iris sanguinea . [11] [12]

Taxonomy

Blue flowered Iris typhifolia with unknown yellow flowering iris Iris typhifolia (17701130538).jpg
Blue flowered Iris typhifolia with unknown yellow flowering iris

It is written as 北陵鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as 'bei ling yuan wei' in Pidgin. [3] [13]

Iris typhifolia is pronounced EYE-ris ty-fih-FOH-lee-a. [8]

It has the common name (in the west) of cattail iris, [7] [5] [14] or North Tombs iris in China. [7] [13] [15]

The Latin specific epithet typhifolia is derived from the genus Typha and the Latin word for 'leaf' folia. [2]

It was first published and described by Kitag. in Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) Volume 48, page398 in 1934. [16] It was only known as a herbarium specimen for ages, due to the 'Cold War' with China, which stopped exploration in China and contact with Chinese botanists. In the 80's, trade restarted with UK and China. Also, in 1982 Professor Yu-tang Zhao (from Northeast Normal University, and author in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Flora of China) section on iris), also wrote about Chinese Iris species in the Iris Year Book, including Iris typhifolia. In 1988, he sent seeds of Iris typhifolia to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and some seedlings were then passed on to a few British Iris Society members. Most were planted outdoors and did not survive their first British winter, but after a bit of winter protection they survived. But there was a lot of variation. [7] [6] [11] [12] In 1992, Dr. James Waddick (from University of Kansas City, Missouri and Prof. Yu-tang Zhao), collected more seed and plants from the wild in China. They sent the seed back to America and members of the American Iris Society (who had sponsored the expedition), who started propagating the seeds. [7] It was found that Iris typhifolia blooms weeks earlier than the other members in the sibirica group. [7]

Iris typhifolia is a 'tentatively accepted' name of the RHS. [17]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003. [13]

Distribution and habitat

Iris typhifolia is native to Asia. [13]

Range

It is found in north east China, [2] (also known as Manchuria), in the provinces of west Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol) (also known as Inner Mongolia). [3] [6] [13] ) It is also found on the southern border of far eastern Russia. It has wide distribution along the Amur River valley. [7]

Habitat

It is found growing on damp areas near lakes, [2] [4] [9] and on marshy ground and stream-sides. [7] [4]

Cultivation

Iris typhifolia should be grown in moist, slightly acidic soil (the pH level should be less than 7.8) with plenty of organic matter. [2] [8] [14] It is tolerant of sandy or clay soils, as long as plenty of organic matter is added before planting. [14]

It prefers positions in full sun but can tolerate part shade (with some hours of sunlight). [2] [14] Although, in non-temperate areas (hot arid areas), they need shade, mulching and extra watering to survive. The iris needs moisture during the growing season (in spring and early summer) to create best blooms. [2] [14] But they don't grow in the water. [14] Although they will tolerate occasional flooding. [2]

They are best propagated by division, as growing from seed, takes at least 3 years to produce a flowering plant. [7] The divisions must be not be allowed to dry out and can be temporarily stored in bucket of water, while the new planting position is prepared. [14] To grow from seed, allow the mature pods to dry on the plant. Then break open to collect seeds and the direct sow outdoors in fall or autumn. [8] The seed should germinate within 3 months, if they have been pre-chilled for 4 weeks or placed outdoors over winter. Once germinated they should be brought indoors to avoid temperature shock and then transplant outside, when the plant has 4 leaves. [18]

The climatic conditions of the garden, controls planting (or transplanting) times. In the north, they are best planted in the spring (avoiding frost damage to tender roots). In the south, they are best planted in the autumn (or fall), which avoids the hot dry period. [14]

The iris should be planted in well prepared ground (with added compost or organic matter). They should be planted 3–5 cm (1–2 in) below the ground level. They then need to be watered, and kept moist for the next few days, to prevent wilting and transplant shock. [14] They should be spacing at 45–60 cm (17.5–23.5 in) apart. [8]

A 2 cm (an inch) thick mulch of compost or well rotted manure, with a fertiliser to encourage blooming, can be applied in spring. [14]

It is hardy to USDA Zone 4–9, [2] [15] it is hardy in the UK, but will not survive wet winters in cooler parts of the world. [12] It can tolerate temperatures as low as −30 °F, [5] because it flowers early in spring, northern climate positions are preferred. [7]

They can be used in gardens, at waterside locations beside pools or streams, as well as the mixed perennial border. [2] [14] The flowers can be cut and used in floral displays. [8]

It is naturally propagated by pollinating insects such as bees which will feed on its nectar. [2]

It can be seen in the Botanical Gardens of Ljubljana, Slovenia. [19]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris typhifolia has been very useful to plant breeders and hybridisers, due to its hardiness, foliage, flower markings. [7] and because it flowers earlier than other siberian irises. [5] [11]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [8]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris japonica, commonly known as fringed iris, shaga and butterfly flower, is a native of China and Japan. It is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and within the Lophiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with pale blue, lavender or white flowers with an orange or yellow crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris milesii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris milesii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris. It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Himalayas, India and China. It has pinkish-violet, or pinkish purple, or pinkish-lavender or pinkish lilac flowers, with a fringed yellow or orange crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris delavayi</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris delavayi is a species of flowering plant in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Sibiricae of the family Iridaceae. This rhizomatous herbaceous perennial comes from various provinces in China. It has grey-green leaves, long hollow stem, and 2 flowers in various blue shades. From dark violet, dark purple, purple-blue, dark blue to light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sanguinea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sanguinea is a rhizomatous flowering plant in the genus Iris and in the series Sibiricae. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is one of the species considered a Japanese iris. It is from Asia, found between Russia, Mongolia, China, Japan and Korea. It has grey green leaves, an unbranched flowering stem and flowers in reddish-purple shades, from blue to blue-purple, red-violet, with a rare white variant.

<i>Iris ruthenica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris ruthenica, sometimes called ever blooming iris, Russian iris, pilgrim iris and Hungarian iris, is a species in the genus Iris- subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution, ranging from eastern Europe to Central Asia. It has grass-like leaves, thick stem and violet or bluish lavender flowers which are marked with violet veining.

<i>Iris bulleyana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris bulleyana is a species in the genus Iris, also the subgenus Limniris and in the series Sibiricae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from South west China, including Myanmar and Tibet. It has long thin green leaves,

<i>Iris clarkei</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris clarkei is a species in the genus Iris, also the subgenus of Limniris and in the series Sibiricae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia, including north east India, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Burma and in China. It has grey-green leaves, long and thin green stem and violet, to dark blue, to blue or reddish purple flowers.

Iris forrestii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, also the subgenus Limniris and in the series Sibiricae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China and Burma. It has linear grassy-like leaves, long thin stem and fragrant yellow or lemon-yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris rossii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris rossii, the long-tail iris, is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Chinenses of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial from Japan, Korea and China. It has narrow, grass-like leaves, short stems and 1 or 2 purple-violet flowers.

<i>Iris speculatrix</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris speculatrix is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Chinenses of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia, found in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. It has dark green, evergreen leaves, long slender stem and flowers in various blue shades, from violet, lilac, lavender, to light blue.

Iris anguifuga is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has narrow green leaves, long stem and violet or blue flowers.

Iris ventricosa is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia and the Russian Federation, to Mongolia and China. It has grey-green leaves, short flowers stems and 1–2 pale violet or pale blue flowers.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

Iris goniocarpa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, India, Burma and Bhutan. It has yellow green to dark green, long leaves, slender stem and, one flower between blue, lavender-blue, lilac, blue-violet or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris narcissiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has pale green, thin, sword-shaped leaves, medium-long slender stem and 1 yellow flower. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris sikkimensis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Sikkim. It has pale green or light green thin leaves, slender stem, 2 or 3 lilac or purple flowers, with a white beard with orange tips. It is thought to be a hybrid of Iris hookeriana and Iris kumaonensis.

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris typhifolia Kitag. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "Iris typhifolia". davisla.wordpress.com. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 302". efloras.org. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 143, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mike Heger, John Whitman and Debbie Lonnee Growing Perennials in Cold Climates , p. 227, at Google Books
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Laurin, Terry (6 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris typhifolia Kitagawa". irises.org (american Iris Society). Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Dougherty, Will (24 November 2012). "Iris typhifolia". Summerchasegardens.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "PlantFiles: Cattail Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 Eliasson, Ulf (4 January 2006). "Iris typhifolia". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  10. 1 2 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  18. ISBN   0715305395.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris typhifolia". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Parkes, Pat. "Siberian Iris". htmbc-iris.org. Retrieved 19 December 2014.[ permanent dead link ]
  15. 1 2 "Iris typhifolia". navigate.botanicgardens.org (Denver Botanic Garden). Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris typhifolia Kitag". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  17. ↑ "Iris vicaria". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  18. ↑ "Iris typhifolia". onrockgarden.com. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  19. ↑ "Iris typhifolia". botanic-gardens-ljubljana.com. Retrieved 19 December 2014.

Sources

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