| Javan scops owl | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Strigiformes |
| Family: | Strigidae |
| Genus: | Otus |
| Species: | O. angelinae |
| Binomial name | |
| Otus angelinae (Finsch, 1912) | |
The Javan scops owl (Otus angelinae) is a small species of owl living mainly on western Java's high volcanos; local people refer to the owl as Celepuk Jawa. [3] Like most owls, this nocturnal bird also has a strong ability of silent flight. [4]
The average weight of this bird species is 75-90 grams with a body length of 160-180mm . [5] It has a small tail (63-69 mm) but large wings (135-149 mm) to accommodate its lengthy gliding distance. [3] [4] [5] The O. angelinae has a light rusty-brown facial disc and prominent white brows that extend into ear-tufts. Their hooked bill is 19.5-21.5mm long and varies in colour from dark straw-yellow to light greyish-yellow. [6] [3] The upper part of their body is brown or rufous-brown, generally, with a rusty-buff hindneck-collar, whitish scapular stripe and remiges barred. The underpart of their body is white to pale buff with a pronounced black streak superimposed on light rufous vermiculations. [6] These brown feathers striated with black and white spots help them to better camouflage into the environment. [3] One can distinguish O. angelinae from O. lempiji by noticing their more golden yellow or orange-yellow irides, prominent white eyebrows and ear-tufts and tarsal feathering over the base of the toes. [4]
Javan scops owl is possibly closest to the O. brookii . [6] Sometimes treated as a subspecies of O. brookii or O. spilocephalus, [5] it is currently defined as a separate species because of differences in morphology and vocal habit. [6]
The Javan scops owl is monotypic. [5]
These birds are endemic to West Java's highland forest. [7] Their traces were discovered in the mountains of Mount Salak, Mount Pangrango, Mount Gede, and Mount Tangkuban Perahu; their appearances were also historically reported in the Papandayan and Ciremai areas. [8]
The Javan scops owl prefers montane forest with a well-developed understory at elevations ranging from 1500 to 2000m. [6] Their documented living elevation ranges from 900 to 2500 metres. [5] They prefer to dwell in the lower and middle canopy layers with a broader variety of tree species. [6]
Insects like beetles, grasshoppers, crickets and mantis comprise the main portion of their diet. [6] There have been reports of tiny lizards and snakes being consumed occasionally.
Javan scops owl can deliver beetles (Coleoptera), mantids (Mantodea), stick insect (Phasmatodea), grasshoppers (Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera), and crickets (Gryllidae, Orthoptera) to feed the fledged offspring. [6] In terms of foraging, they use their keen vision and acute hearing to track down their prey and snare it from the trunk, foliage, or the ground. [4]
While most scops owls usually make themselves known by their persistent vocalizations, the Javan scops owl is relatively quiet. [9] The bird's alarm calls are repeated explosive "poo-poo" with a 0.5-second delay and a pitch decrease between the two notes. This call will be repeated multiple times and often has a trembling quality. [10] The contact call of these birds is a hissing "tch-tschschsch". [7] The male bird can also produce a lower and soft comfort call like "wook-wook." [6]
Three family units with two newly fledged young were reported in previous literature, one in early February and the other two in early July. [7] Based on these observations, laying is predicted to occur in the second weeks of December and May, respectively, and the clutch size is most likely two eggs. [6]
The Javan scops owl is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Its activity range is limited to the forests of Java and Bali. [7] While it is considered rare by most authors, it is somewhat more common in the montane forest above 1,400m on Mount Salak. Its secretive behaviour and silent habits make the estimation of the bird population very difficult. [6] This species' worldwide population is estimated to be between 1500 and 1700 individuals, with a declining tendency owing to forest fragmentation. [8]
The population has been documented in two protected areas: Mount Halimun Salak National Park and Mount Gede Pangrango National Park. These protected areas encompass around 500 km2 (190 sq mi) of woodland with elevations up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). [7] There are also nature reserves on Mount Tangkuban Prahu and Ijen, where previous Javan scops owl's records exist. [7] Proposed future conservation actions on this species include conducting extensive nocturnal research (including mist-netting) on Java's highlands to determine the exact range and population status of O. angelinae, as well as the creation of more protected montane area. [7]
The Philippine scops owl is a common owl, endemic to the Philippines, belonging to the family of the typical owls Strigidae. Other common names include "Otus Whitehead", "Whitehead scops owl" and "Luzon lowland scops owl". Everett's scops owl and Negros scops owls were formerly considered conspecific but are now classified as separate species.
The Karthala scops owl, also known as the Grand Comore scops owl or Comoro scops owl, is a small scops owl endemic to the island of Grande Comore in the Comoro Islands.
The Moheli scops owl is a scops owl endemic to the island of Mohéli, one of the Comoro Islands.
Mount Gede Pangrango National Park is a national park in West Java, Indonesia. The park is centred on two volcanoes—Mount Gede and Mount Pangrango—and is 150 km² in area.
The sandy scops owl, or cinnamon scops owl, is an owl from the family Strigidae found in Africa.
The Sokoke scops owl is a highly localized species of scops owl found in lowland forests of Kenya and Tanzania. The greatest population of this species of owl is in the Cynometra-Manilkara forest, which is less than one-third of the Sokoke Forest. It is also found in the Afzelia-Cynometra forest.
The Flores scops owl is an owl endemic to the island of Flores, Indonesia. It is threatened by habitat loss. This owl is around 19–21 cm from head to tail. They are a forest dwelling owl that is smallish in size. Some 250–2,499 individuals are estimated to be extant in the wild, dwindling due to habitat loss.
The Rajah scops owl is a species of owl found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. The bird is named after James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak. Based on patterns of speciation in other endemic montane bird species of the same region, it may potentially have to be split into two distinct species; if so, the name Otus brookii would be restricted to just the Bornean population.
The Sunda scops owl is a small brown owl native to the Sunda Islands.
The Mindanao scops owl is an owl endemic to Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is found in tropical montane forest above 1,000 meters above sea level. It is threatened by habitat destruction and deforestation.
The Luzon scops owl or the Luzon highland scops owl is a species of scops owl endemic to Luzon, Philippines. Not to be confused with the Philippine scops owl, sometimes referred to as the Luzon lowland scops owl, which is a more common species that shares the same range. The Luzon scops owl, however, is smaller and inhabits higher altitudes than its lowland relative.
The Javan torrent frog is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Java, Indonesia. It is found in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Ujung Kulon National Park, and Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in West Java, as well as in Dieng Nature Reserve in Central Java.
The São Tomé scops owl is a species of owl in the true owl family, Strigidae. It is endemic to São Tomé Island, part of São Tomé and Príncipe, in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa.
The Pemba scops owl is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It is endemic to Pemba Island which is part of and off the coast of Tanzania.
The Madagascar scops owl, also known as the Malagasy scops owl or Rainforest scops owl, is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It is found throughout Madagascar, now that it has recently been lumped with the Torotoroka scops owl, with which it was long considered a separate species from. The nominate O. r. rutilus is referred to as Rainforest scops owl.
The Javan ferret-badger is a mustelid endemic to Java and Bali, Indonesia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and occurs from at least 260 to 2,230 m elevation in or close to forested areas.
Mount Halimun Salak National Park is a 400 km2 conservation area in the Indonesian province of West Java on the island of Java. Established in 1992, the park comprises two mountains, Mount Salak and Mount Halimun with an 11-kilometer forest corridor. It is located near the better known Mount Gede Pangrango National Park, but the national park should be accessed from Sukabumi, 2 hours drive to the administration post and then 2 hours drive again to Cikaniki post gate.
The Negros scops owl, also known as the Visayan scops owl, is an owl, endemic to the islands of Negros and Panay in the Philippines, belonging to the family of the typical owls Strigidae. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the Philippine scops owl. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for the pet trade.
The Western Java montane rain forests ecoregion covers the montane rain forest above 1,000 meters in the volcanic mountain ridges in the west of the island of Java in Indonesia. Several mammals and bird species are found only in this ecoregion, including the Javan mastiff bat (Otomops formosus) and the Volcano mouse (Mus vulcani). Only about one-fifth of the original rainforest remains in its original state, as human pressures are encroaching on the mountain slopes.
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