Sowing is the process of planting. An area or object that has had seeds planted in it will be described as being sowed.
Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products. Simply put, it is "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit. It does not mean it is a company, a corporation, partnership, or have any such formal organization, but it can range from a street peddler to General Motors."
Mississippi County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,480. There are two county seats, Blytheville and Osceola. The county was formed on November 1, 1833, and named for the Mississippi River which borders the county to the east. Mississippi County is part of the First Congressional District in Arkansas. The Mississippi County Judge is John Alan Nelson.
The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. Its source is Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota and it flows generally south for 2,320 miles (3,730 km) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains. The main stem is entirely within the United States; the total drainage basin is 1,151,000 sq mi (2,980,000 km2), of which only about one percent is in Canada. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest and fifteenth-largest river by discharge in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech, is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia. It is part of the University System of Georgia and has satellite campuses in Savannah, Georgia; Metz, France; Athlone, Ireland; Shenzhen, China; and Singapore.
Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States. It began as a British colony in 1733, the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established. Named after King George II of Great Britain, the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. In 1802–1804, western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory, which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819. Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States. From 2007 to 2008, 14 of Georgia's counties ranked among the nation's 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South. Atlanta, the state's capital and most populous city, has been named a global city. Atlanta's metropolitan area contains about 55% of the population of the entire state.
Prisoner of war
In the fall of 1944, as a 27-year-old United States Armycaptain during World War II, Speck was among more than 1,600 prisoners captured and taken aboard the Japanese passenger ship Oryoku Maru, a Hell ship. At that time, he had been a POW for about 3 years. The men as a whole suffered from dysentery and other tropical diseases as well as hunger from the meager rations provided by their captors. The thirst and hunger caused many to undergo fits of insanity. Some even bit the fingers of other prisoners for a taste of blood to satisfy thirst. The men were forced to swim from the Oryoku Maru to the POW camp at Olongapo Naval Base, where they endured the last months of the war.[3]
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution. As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States of America was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775.
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian continent and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea in the south.
Election of 1950
At thirty-three, Speck in 1950 challenged the reelection of GovernorSid McMath, a partisan of U.S. PresidentHarry Truman. The former Arkansas Gazette said that Speck waged "an extensive and vigorous campaign for a Republican in historically Democratic Arkansas."[4] Speck's repeated calls for a debate with McMath went unanswered.[5]
Sidney Sanders McMath was a decorated U.S. Marine, attorney and the 34th Governor of Arkansas (1949–1953) who, in defiance of his state's political establishment, championed rapid rural electrification, massive highway and school construction, the building of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, strict bank and utility regulation, repeal of the poll tax, open and honest elections and broad expansion of opportunity for black citizens in the decade following World War II.
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.
A Republican advertisement blamed the one-party system in Arkansas for the continued population losses in the state. "Our state government is loaded with cheap -- wanton waste. We have a real mess on our hands that can only be cleaned up by voting for Mr. Speck," declared a GOP advertisement. Speck claimed that every vote McMath received would be interpreted as a "green light to Truman socialism."[6]
The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major political parties in the United States; the other is its historic rival, the Democratic Party.
Most voters paid little attention to the McMath-Speck contest, with attention instead focused on a state constitutional amendment.[6] McMath polled 266,778 votes (84.1 percent) to Speck's 50,303 (15.9 percent).[7] In spite of Speck's meager showing, his total was the largest raw vote ever polled to date by a Republican gubernatorial candidate in Arkansas.
Campaign 1952
In 1952, Speck faced Francis Cherry of Jonesboro, who had unseated McMath in the Democratic primary. Cherry was an active campaigner for the Democratic presidential nominee, Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois. Cherry described Stevenson as "the ablest and cleanest candidate for whom I have had the privilege to vote in my lifetime."[8]The Arkansas Gazette endorsed Stevenson and warned that a Republican victory could cost the southern states congressional committee chairmanships. The newspaper also claimed that Eisenhower was not politically independent but "irrevocably chained to the Republican Party and to its powerful leaders, most of whom follow the line laid down by Robert A. Taft,"[8] an influential U.S. Senator from Ohio and the son of U.S. President William Howard Taft.
Speck's name was omitted in most party literature, which stressed the Eisenhower/Nixon ticket. Speck launched his campaign in Paragould but made only sporadic, unpublicized appearances. After Eisenhower defeated Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, Speck was quoted as having said that he would be the "real governor" if Eisenhower were elected because he could then as titular head of the Arkansas party made patronage recommendations. Such party stalwarts as chairman Osro Cobb and national committeeman Wallace Townsend criticized Speck for his comment, which reflected lingering Eisenhower-Taft divisions within the state party.[9]
An early Eisenhower supporter, Speck was nominated for governor at the state convention in Little Rock when a more prominent Republican declined to step forward. The Arkansas Gazette remarked that the "slam-bang presidential campaign in the state still failed to raise the gubernatorial contest from its usual lethargic tempo in Democratic Arkansas."[9] Two other Republicans ran with Speck, Lee Reynolds of Conway and George W. Johnson of Greenwood, who sought the positions of lieutenant governor and attorney general, respectively.
Speck received 49,292 votes (12.6 percent), compared to Cherry's 342,292 (87.4 percent). He ran nearly a thousand votes behind his 1950 showing against McMath.[10]
Few Arkansas Democratic leaders openly supported Eisenhower, but Mrs. John Hackett, a member of the Democratic State Central Committee from Little Rock, endorsed the presidential ticket. Republicans relied heavily on the "Democrats-For-Eisenhower" committee in view of the small GOP organization. Chairman Osro Cobb predicted that Eisenhower might come "within a few thousand votes" of victory in Arkansas.[11] An Arkansas Republican advertisement claimed that an Eisenhower victory would mean the end of the Korean War, the "restoration of honesty" in Washington, D.C., and the recovery of "international respect." The GOP urged voters to "put loyalty to country first and vote Republican."[11]
Speck in retrospect
After his defeat, Speck resigned from the Arkansas Republican State Central Committee, having deplored that the party offered him only $1,400 in campaign assistance in 1952. Speck analyzed the still bleak Republican prospects in the South even though Eisenhower won in Texas, Tennessee, Virginia, and Florida:
"I have made two races for governor against overwhelming odds and with practically no support from the leaders of the Republican Party. In my opinion, the Republican Party will never fully develop and take its place in Arkansas politics under its present leadership [Cobb and Townsend]. . . The same tired old men -- old in ideas, old in hopes -- will still keep a death grip on southern Republicanism."[9]
Speck called upon Cobb and Townsend to resign their party positions. Cobb labeled the call "an impulsive move in the aftermath of defeat."[9] Speck's hopes of serving as a "patronage governor" under Eisenhower never materialized, as Townsend served as the Arkansas patronage advisor to the national administration.[12]
In 1954, though still a Republican, Speck refused to support the party's gubernatorial nominee, Little Rock MayorPratt Remmel and instead urged the election of the Democrat Orval Faubus.[13] Remmel in the 1954 race polled the largest Republican vote for governor of Arkansas since Reconstruction.
Personal life
Speck was married to the former Kilene Davies (February 23, 1921 – February 27, 1988),[1] daughter of the former Aline Lower and Fulham Fairchild Davies (February 22, 1890 - February 18, 1973),[1] a stockbroker who in 1923 opened the original Merrill Lynch office in Little Rock and subsequently retired to Plant City, Florida.
Fulham Davies, Speck's father-in-law, was born in Helena, Montana, to Robert Geddes and Margaret Fulham Davies. His paternal grandfather, Anthony Harpin Davies, was a plantation owner in Lake Village in Chicot County in the southeastern corner of Arkansas. Anthony Davies was also the president of the First Arkansas Bank and a member of both the Arkansas Territorial Convention and the first Arkansas General Assembly, formed at statehood in 1836. Robert Davies worked for the incorporation of Hot Springs, the resort city and county seat of Garland County, and served as the first city attorney there.[14]
Davies launched his career in Oklahoma as a telegraph operator in the stock brokerage business. Before he opened the Little Rock Merrill Lynch office, he had operated a Fenner and Beane branch in Hot Springs and earlier he had been a telegraph operator at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, during two sessions of the Canadian Parliament. Davies was involved in community theater, his original interest sparked by an Elks Club production. In the early 1950s, Davies made his last appearance on stage at a Kiwanis International minstrel show. He was involved in a motion picture venture with a partner in Hot Springs; the pair produced a silent documentary entitled The Human Shield. Davies directed the film and played the lead role. During the production, he met Aline Lower, whom he married thereafter.[14]
Jefferson and Kilene Speck moved to Florida in 1961 and resided in Grant, Florida, from 1975 to 1988, having previously lived in Satellite Beach, both in Brevard County.[15]
Speck was an engineer in the Apollo manned space flight program. He was named director of the tracking station on Ascension Island. Speck was residing not in Florida but in Kerrville, Texas, at the time of his death at the age of seventy-six, some five years after his wife's passing in Grant, Florida.[1] The couple had three children, Jefferson D. Speck, Russell M. Speck, and Rose Aline Roach. A licensed clinical social worker, psychotherapist and hypnotherapist in Brevard County, Rose is the wife of James T. Roach, a documentation engineer with Lockheed Martin.[15]
The 1952 United States presidential election was the 42nd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 1952. Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won a landslide victory over Democrat Adlai Stevenson, ending a string of Democratic Party wins that stretched back to 1932.
The 1956 United States presidential election was the 43rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1956. The popular incumbent President, Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, successfully ran for re-election. The election was a re-match of 1952, as Eisenhower's opponent in 1956 was Adlai Stevenson, a former Illinois governor whom Eisenhower had defeated four years earlier.
Orval Eugene Faubus was an American politician who served as 36th Governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967. In 1957, he refused to comply with a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1954 case Brown v. Board of Education, and ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent black students from attending Little Rock Central High School. This event became known as the Little Rock Crisis.
Winthrop Rockefeller was an American politician and philanthropist, who served as the first Republican governor of Arkansas since Reconstruction. He was a third-generation member of the Rockefeller family.
Francis Adams Cherry, Sr., was the 35th governor of the U.S. state of Arkansas, elected as a Democrat for a single two-year term from 1953 to 1955.
Benjamin Travis Laney, Jr., was the 33rd Governor of Arkansas, having served from 1945 to 1949.
Harvey Parnell was a farmer and politician from Southeast Arkansas. Parnell served in the Arkansas General Assembly for eight years, first in the Arkansas House of Representatives, and later serving a term in the Arkansas Senate. Following the re-establishment of the lieutenant governor position, Parnell won the statewide election and served under Governor John Martineau. When Martineau resigned to take a federal judgeship in March 1928, Parnell was elevated to become the state's 29th governor, a position he would hold until 1933. Early in his time as governor, Parnell was responsible for Progressive reforms popular with rural voters, including expansion and modernization of the highway system and public school reform. But as the Dust Bowl and Great Depression ravaged the Arkansas economy, Parnell's programs were blamed for bankrupting the state, and his popularity plummeted. He left politics after his second full gubernatorial term ended in January 1933.
Robert Alphonso Taft Sr. was an American conservative politician, lawyer, and scion of the Republican Party's Taft family. Taft represented Ohio in the United States Senate, briefly served as Senate Majority Leader, and was a leader of the conservative coalition of Republicans and conservative Democrats who prevented expansion of the New Deal. Often referred to as "Mr. Republican," he cosponsored the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947, which banned closed shops and other labor practices.
William Cato "Bill" Cramer Sr., was an American attorney and Republican politician, elected in 1954 as a member of the United States House of Representatives from St. Petersburg, Florida. He was the first Florida Republican elected to Congress since 1880, shortly after the end of Reconstruction. He was re-elected, serving without interruption until 1970.
Pratt Cates Remmel, Sr., was the only 20th century Republican elected on a partisan ballot to have served as mayor of the capital city of Little Rock, Arkansas.
Henry Middleton Britt, III, was a Hot Springs lawyer and a pioneer in the revitalization of the Republican Party in the heavily Democratic state of Arkansas, primarily during the 1960s and 1970s. He was the Republican gubernatorial nominee in 1960, having been decisively defeated by Orval Eugene Faubus. In 1966, he was elected judge of the 18th Judicial Circuit of Arkansas, having served from 1967 to 1983. Britt was also a peripheral figure in the granting of repeated draft deferments in the late 1960s to future Governor of Arkansas and US President Bill Clinton, which made not have to join the US Army.
Willis Harvey Ricketts, known as Bubs Ricketts, was the 1962 Republican gubernatorial nominee in the U.S. state of Arkansas, having been overwhelmingly defeated by the incumbent Democrat Orval Faubus.
The 1952 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1952 U.S. presidential election. Former U.S. Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1952 Republican National Convention held from July 7 to July 11, 1952, in Chicago, Illinois.
Kim Dexter Hendren is a Republican currently serving in the Arkansas House of Representatives. He is a former member of the Arkansas State Senate who served as Minority Leader and chairman of the Energy Committee. Term-limited, he left the Senate in January 2013.
Orville Bullington was an attorney and businessman in Wichita Falls, Texas, who was the unsuccessful Republican gubernatorial nominee in 1932 against former Governor Miriam Wallace "Ma" Ferguson, who won the second of her two terms in the office.
Odell Pollard was an attorney in Searcy in White County in central Arkansas, who was a pioneer in the revitalization of the Arkansas Republican Party in the 1960s and 1970s.
The 1952 United States elections was held on November 4. The Republicans took control of the presidency and both chambers of Congress for the first time since the Great Depression. The election took place during the Korean War.
Osro Cobb was a Republican lawyer who worked to establish a two-party system in the U.S. state of Arkansas. In 1926, he was elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives from Montgomery County and served as the only Republican member in the chamber for two two-year terms. He was the United States attorney for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas during the Little Rock Crisis of 1957–1958. He served a year on the Arkansas Supreme Court in 1966 as a temporary appointee of Democratic Governor Orval Faubus.
Wallace Townsend was an Iowa-born lawyer who was from 1928 to 1961 the Republican national committeeman for the U.S. state of Arkansas. When he left his party's national committee, he was succeeded by Winthrop Rockefeller, who was elected five years thereafter in 1966 as the state's first Republican governor since the Reconstruction era.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
