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A neutrino is an elementary particle that interacts via the weak interaction and gravity. The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small (-ino) that it was long thought to be zero. The rest mass of the neutrino is much smaller than that of the other known elementary particles. The weak force has a very short range, the gravitational interaction is extremely weak due to the very small mass of the neutrino, and neutrinos do not participate in the electromagnetic interaction or the strong interaction. Thus, neutrinos typically pass through normal matter unimpeded and undetected.
The tau, also called the tau lepton, tau particle, tauon or tau electron, is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with negative electric charge and a spin of 1/2. Like the electron, the muon, and the three neutrinos, the tau is a lepton, and like all elementary particles with half-integer spin, the tau has a corresponding antiparticle of opposite charge but equal mass and spin. In the tau's case, this is the "antitau". Tau particles are denoted by the symbol
τ−
and the antitaus by
τ+
.
In particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are
W+
,
W−
, and
Z0
. The
W±
bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge and are each other's antiparticles. The
Z0
boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. The three particles each have a spin of 1. The
W±
bosons have a magnetic moment, but the
Z0
has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived, with a half-life of about 3×10−25 s. Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics.
Gargamelle was a heavy liquid bubble chamber detector in operation at CERN between 1970 and 1979. It was designed to detect neutrinos and antineutrinos, which were produced with a beam from the Proton Synchrotron (PS) between 1970 and 1976, before the detector was moved to the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). In 1979 an irreparable crack was discovered in the bubble chamber, and the detector was decommissioned. It is currently part of the "Microcosm" exhibition at CERN, open to the public.
Jack Steinberger was a German-born American physicist noted for his work with neutrinos, the subatomic particles considered to be elementary constituents of matter. He was a recipient of the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Leon M. Lederman and Melvin Schwartz, for the discovery of the muon neutrino. Through his career as an experimental particle physicist, he held positions at the University of California, Berkeley, Columbia University (1950–68), and the CERN (1968–86). He was also a recipient of the United States National Medal of Science in 1988, and the Matteucci Medal from the Italian Academy of Sciences in 1990.
The Underground Area 2 (UA2) experiment was a high-energy physics experiment at the Proton-Antiproton Collider — a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) — at CERN. The experiment ran from 1981 until 1990, and its main objective was to discover the W and Z bosons. UA2, together with the UA1 experiment, succeeded in discovering these particles in 1983, leading to the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer. The UA2 experiment also observed the first evidence for jet production in hadron collisions in 1981, and was involved in the searches of the top quark and of supersymmetric particles. Pierre Darriulat was the spokesperson of UA2 from 1981 to 1986, followed by Luigi Di Lella from 1986 to 1990.
The LHCb experiment is a particle physics detector experiment collecting data at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. LHCb is a specialized b-physics experiment, designed primarily to measure the parameters of CP violation in the interactions of b-hadrons. Such studies can help to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. The detector is also able to perform measurements of production cross sections, exotic hadron spectroscopy, charm physics and electroweak physics in the forward region. The LHCb collaborators, who built, operate and analyse data from the experiment, are composed of approximately 1650 people from 98 scientific institutes, representing 22 countries. Vincenzo Vagnoni succeeded on July 1, 2023 as spokesperson for the collaboration from Chris Parkes. The experiment is located at point 8 on the LHC tunnel close to Ferney-Voltaire, France just over the border from Geneva. The (small) MoEDAL experiment shares the same cavern.
The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions from the Tevatron, the world's former highest-energy particle accelerator. The goal is to discover the identity and properties of the particles that make up the universe and to understand the forces and interactions between those particles.
Francis Edwin Close is a particle physicist who is Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
In 2011, the Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus (OPERA) experiment mistakenly observed neutrinos appearing to travel faster than light. Even before the source of the error was discovered, the result was considered anomalous because speeds higher than that of light in vacuum are generally thought to violate special relativity, a cornerstone of the modern understanding of physics for over a century.
David George Charlton is Professor of Particle Physics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Birmingham, UK. From 2013 to 2017, he served as Spokesperson of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Prior to becoming Spokesperson, he was Deputy Spokesperson for four years, and before that Physics Coordinator of ATLAS in the run-up to the start of collision data-taking.
Terence Richard Wyatt is a Professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester, UK.
Jonathan Mark Butterworth is a Professor of Physics at University College London (UCL) working on the ATLAS experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). His popular science book Smashing Physics, which tells the story of the search for the Higgs boson, was published in 2014 and his newspaper column / blog Life and Physics is published by The Guardian.
Mark Thomson is a British particle physicist. He is a Professor of Experimental Particle Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Since January 2018, he has been the Executive Chair of the Science and Technology Facilities Council, one of the nine councils of UK Research and Innovation. Thomson is a delegate of the United Kingdom to CERN Council, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) and European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS).
Guy Roderick Wilkinson is a particle physicist, working on the Large Hadron Collider project at CERN, professor of physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Christ Church, where he holds the college's Alfred Moritz Studentship.
]
Paraskevas Andreas Sphicas is a particle physicist who focuses on studies of High energy collisions in the Large Hadron Collider through which he explores supersymmetry and the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking. He is a senior scientist at CERN and professor of physics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2019.
Karol Sylwester Lang is an experimental particle physicist and the Jane and Roland Blumberg Professor of Physics at the University of Texas at Austin.
The Scattering and Neutrino Detector (SND) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), CERN, is an experiment built for the detection of the collider neutrinos. The primary goal of SND is to measure the p+p --> +X process and search for the feebly interacting particles. It will be operational from 2022, during the LHC-Run 3 (2022-2024). SND will be installed in an empty tunnel- TI18 that links the LHC and Super Proton Synchrotron, 480m away from the ATLAS experiment interaction point in the fast forward region and along the beam collision axis.
Ian P. J. Shipsey FRS was a British experimental particle physicist who led many significant scientific collaborations associated with the CLEO, ATLAS, and CMS experiments, as well as being the head of the physics department at the University of Oxford between 2018 and 2024. He also helped discover the Higgs boson at CERN by development of a pixel detector that was used to detect it.
References
- 1 2 Thomas, Jennifer Anne (1983). A study of semi-leptonic decays of heavy quarks (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 53514253.
- 1 2 3 4 Thomas, Jennifer (2017). "Prof Jennifer Thomas". University College London. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- ↑ "Jennifer Anne Thomas profile". INSPIRE-HEP.
- ↑ "Medals for SuperNEMO collaborators". supernemo.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- 1 2 "Jennifer Thomas | Royal Society". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ↑ "Faces and Places: The Queen honours services to science". CERN Courier . cerncourier.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ↑ Arnold, R.; Augier, C.; Baker, J.; Barabash, A. S.; Basharina-Freshville, A.; Blondel, S.; Bongrand, M.; Broudin-Bay, G.; Brudanin, V.; Caffrey, A. J.; Chapon, A.; Chauveau, E.; Durand, D.; Egorov, V.; Flack, R.; Garrido, X.; Grozier, J.; Guillon, B.; Hubert, Ph.; Hugon, C.; Jackson, C. M.; Jullian, S.; Kauer, M.; Klimenko, A.; Kochetov, O.; Konovalov, S. I.; Kovalenko, V.; Lalanne, D.; Lamhamdi, T.; Lang, K.; Liptak, Z.; Lutter, G.; Mamedov, F.; Marquet, Ch.; Martin-Albo, J.; Mauger, F.; Mott, J.; Nachab, A.; Nemchenok, I.; Nguyen, C. H.; Nova, F.; Novella, P.; Ohsumi, H.; Pahlka, R. B.; Perrot, F.; Piquemal, F.; Reyss, J. L.; Richards, B.; Ricol, J. S.; Saakyan, R.; Sarazin, X.; Simard, L.; Šimkovic, F.; Shitov, Yu.; Smolnikov, A.; Söldner-Rembold, S.; Štekl, I.; Suhonen, J.; Sutton, C. S.; Szklarz, G.; Thomas, J.; Timkin, V.; Torre, S.; Tretyak, V. I.; Umatov, V.; Vála, L.; Vanyushin, I.; Vasiliev, V.; Vorobel, V.; Vylov, Ts.; Zukauskas, A.; et al. (NEMO-3 Collaboration) (4 August 2011). "Measurement of the ββ Decay Half-Life of 130Te with the NEMO-3 Detector". Physical Review Letters . 107 (6): 062504. arXiv: 1104.3716 . Bibcode:2011PhRvL.107f2504A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.062504. PMID 21902318. S2CID 12707641.
- ↑ DeBakcsy, Dale (11 July 2018). "Generations: The Story of Women in Neutrino Research". Women You Should Know®. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ↑ "CHIPS experiment". UCL High Energy Physics. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ↑ "Queen's Birthday Honours List". Direct.gov.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011.
- ↑ Anon (2017). "Professor Jennifer Thomas CBE FRS". London: royalsociety.org. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- ↑ Physics, Institute of. "2018 Michael Faraday Medal and Prize". www.iop.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
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