Job 31 | |
---|---|
Book | Book of Job |
Hebrew Bible part | Ketuvim |
Order in the Hebrew part | 3 |
Category | Sifrei Emet |
Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
Order in the Christian part | 18 |
Job 31 is the 31st chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. [1] [2] The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around the 6th century BCE. [3] [4] This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40. [5] [6]
The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 40 verses.
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). [7] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q99 (4QJoba; 175–60 BCE) with extant verses 14–19 [8] [9] [10] [11] and 4Q100 (4QJobb; 50–1 BCE) with extant verses 20–21. [8] [9] [10] [12]
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century). [13]
The structure of the book is as follows: [14]
Within the structure, chapter 31 is grouped into the Dialogue section with the following outline: [15]
The Dialogue section is composed in the format of poetry with distinctive syntax and grammar. [5] At the end of the Dialogue, Job sums up his speech in a comprehensive review (chapters 29–31), with Job 29 describes Job's former prosperity, Job 30 focuses on Job's current suffering and Job 31 outlines Job's final defense. [16] The whole part is framed by Job's longing for a restored relationship with God (Job 29:2) and the legal challenge to God (Job 31:35–27). [16] Chapter 31 contains Job's final defense before God, in which he pledges the "oath of clearance", a form of self-curse, that is calling down upon oneself the wrath of God, if what the person is swearing is false. [17] This chapter has been regarded as an important source to understand the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) perspective of "personal ethics of a righteous person". [18] There is no clear structure of Job's oath of clearance as it lists a succession of possible breaches of laws, starting with an "if" and extending throughout the chapter. [18]
One by one, Job lists his attitudes and actions, which reject evil in this section of his oath of clearance. [19] These evil deeds include lust towards young (unmarried) girls (verses 2–4), falsehood and deceit (verses 5–6), moral impurities (verses 7–8), and adultery (verses 9–12). [20]
In this section Job lists how he treated his servants (verses 13–15), the poor and marginalized (verses 16–23; refuting Eliphaz's charges in Job 22:5–9), his refusal to trust in riches (verse 24–25) or adopt pagan worship practices (verses 26–28) and some other accusations of sins (verses 29–32). [23] Job strongly denies that he hides any sins (verses 33–34). [24]
Job treats his slaves beyond what is required in the Mosaic law (cf. Exodus 21:1-11; Leviticus 25:39-55; Deuteronomy 15:12-18). [26] In the ancient Near East, slaves were typically regarded as property, but Job views his slaves as fellow humans made by God, possessing the same human rights. [26] [27]
The last part begins with an appeal to compel a plaintiff to present any evidence of Job's wrongdoings. [24] This is seen within the boundary of true piety as a righteous man seeking vindication. [24] Job completes the last part of his oath of clearance by stating his right treatment of the land. [28] After these statements, there is a note that "the words of Job are ended"; that is, Job ends his dispute with God at this point, although Job will still make two short contributions in response of God's speeches (Job 40:3–5; 42:1–6). [28]
Job 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 8 is the eighth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Bildad, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 10 is the tenth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Zophar the Naamathite, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Bildad the Shuhite, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 30 is the 30th chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 21 is the 21st chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around the 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 22 is the 22nd chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 23 is the 23rd chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 25 is the 25th chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Bildad the Shuhite, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.
Job 32 is the 32nd chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Elihu, which belongs to the "Verdicts" section of the book, comprising Job 32:1–42:6.
Job 33 is the 33rd chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Elihu, which belongs to the "Verdicts" section of the book, comprising Job 32:1–42:6.
Job 35 is the 35th chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Elihu, which belongs to the "Verdicts" section of the book, comprising Job 32:1–42:6.
Job 36 is the 36th chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Elihu, which belongs to the "Verdicts" section of the book, comprising Job 32:1–42:6.
Job 37 is the 37th chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Elihu, which belongs to the "Verdicts" section of the book, comprising Job 32:1–42:6.