Kryptotrochozoa

Kryptotrochozoa
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Nephrozoa
Clade:	Protostomia
Clade:	Spiralia
Superphylum:	Lophotrochozoa
Clade:	Kryptotrochozoa ; Giribet et al., 2009
Clades
	Nemertea ; Lophophorata ;

Last updated July 10, 2025

The Kryptotrochozoa (incl. Entoprocta + Ectoprocta) are a proposed Lophotrochozoa clade. It consists of the Nemertea and Lophophorata.^[1]^[2] It is controversial.^[3]

Kryptotrochozoa

	Brachiopoda

	Phoronida

Bryozoa s.l.

	Entoprocta

	Ectoprocta

Nemertea

References

1 2 Giribet G, Dunn CW, Edgecombe GD, Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Rouse GW. "Assembling the spiralian tree of life". In Telford MJ, Littlewood DT (eds.). Animal Evolution — Genomes, Fossils, and Trees. pp. 52–64.
↑ Luo YJ, Kanda M, Koyanagi R, Hisata K, Akiyama T, Sakamoto H, Sakamoto T, Satoh N (January 2018). "Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (1): 141–151. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y . PMID 29203924.
↑ Nesnidal MP, Helmkampf M, Meyer A, Witek A, Bruchhaus I, Ebersberger I, Hankeln T, Lieb B, Struck TH, Hausdorf B (November 2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 253. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-253 . PMC 4225663 . PMID 24238092.

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[Giribet2009'-1] 1 2 Giribet G, Dunn CW, Edgecombe GD, Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Rouse GW. "Assembling the spiralian tree of life". In Telford MJ, Littlewood DT (eds.). Animal Evolution — Genomes, Fossils, and Trees. pp. 52–64.

[2] Luo YJ, Kanda M, Koyanagi R, Hisata K, Akiyama T, Sakamoto H, Sakamoto T, Satoh N (January 2018). "Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (1): 141–151. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y . PMID 29203924.

[3] Nesnidal MP, Helmkampf M, Meyer A, Witek A, Bruchhaus I, Ebersberger I, Hankeln T, Lieb B, Struck TH, Hausdorf B (November 2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 253. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-253 . PMC 4225663 . PMID 24238092.

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