Nephrozoa

Nephrozoa Temporal range: Ediacaran - Present, 558–0  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Nephrozoa Jondelius et al. , 2002
Subdivisions
Ikaria † Ambulacraria Centroneuralia Chordata Protostomia Ecdysozoa Spiralia
Synonyms
Eubilateria Ax, 1987

Nephrozoa is a major clade of bilaterian animals. It includes all bilaterians other than Xenacoelomorpha. It contrasts with the Xenambulacraria hypothesis, which instead posits that Xenacoelomorpha is most closely related to Ambulacraria. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]} Which hypothesis is correct has been debated. Authors supporting the Xenambulacraria hypothesis suggested in 2019 that the genetic evidence used to support Nephrozoa may be due to systematic error. ^[1] By 2024, the deuterostomes, the group in which the anus forms before the mouth in the early embryo, have been stated to be definitely a clade, fitting in with the Nephrozoa hypothesis (with Nephrozoa separate from Xenacoelomorpha). ^[6]

Below is a proposed phylogenetic tree of Nephrozoa:

Bilateria	Xenacoelomorpha Nephrozoa Ambulacraria Echinodermata Hemichordata 630 mya Centroneuralia Chordata Protostomia Ecdysozoa Spiralia 610 mya 650 mya

References

1. Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; et al. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E1818P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. hdl: 21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   31104936. S2CID   155104811.
2. Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17). "Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology. 29 (12): R577 –R579. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   31211978.
3. Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 Dec 2020). "Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha". Science Advances. 6 (10): eabc5162. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5162 . PMC   7732190 . PMID   33310849.
4. Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12): eabe2741. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741. PMC   7978419 . PMID   33741592.
5. Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-21). "A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans". Current Biology. 29 (2): 312–318.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042 . PMID   30639106.
6. Swalla, Billie J. (21 November 2024). "Deuterostome Ancestors and Chordate Origins". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 64 (5): 1175–1181. doi:10.1093/icb/icae134. PMID   39104213.

Further reading

• Balavoine, G. (17 April 1998). "EVOLUTION: One or Three Cambrian Radiations?". Science. 280 (5362): 397–398. doi:10.1126/science.280.5362.397. ISSN   0036-8075. S2CID   84468701.
• Bourlat, S; Nielsen, C; Economou, A; Telford, M (October 2008). "Testing the new animal phylogeny: A phylum level molecular analysis of the animal kingdom". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.008. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   18692145.
• Jondelius, Ulf; Ruiz-Trillo, Inaki; Baguna, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (April 2002). "The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (2): 201–215. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x. ISSN   0300-3256. S2CID   84015834.

External links

• Data related to Nephrozoa at Wikispecies