ParaHoxozoa

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ParaHoxozoa
Temporal range: 600–0  Ma
Animalia diversity.jpg
Diversity of parahoxozoans
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Ryan et al., 2010
Taxa

ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria, Placozoa, and Cnidaria. [1]

Contents

Phylogeny

The relationship of Parahoxozoa relative to the two other animal lineages Ctenophora and Porifera is debated. Some phylogenomic studies have presented evidence supporting Ctenophora as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Porifera as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [2] [3] [4] ). Other studies have presented evidence supporting Porifera as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Ctenophora as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [5] [6] [7] ), finding that nervous systems either evolved independently in ctenophores and parahoxozoans, [8] or were secondarily lost in poriferans. [9] If ctenophores are taken to have diverged first, Eumetazoa is sometimes used as a synonym for ParaHoxozoa. [10]

The cladogram, which is congruent with the vast majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a polytomy.

Choanozoa

ParaHoxozoa or Parahoxozoa

"ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in CamelCase and the original paper that named the clade used "ParaHoxozoa"; the single initial capital format "Parahoxozoa" has also come to be used in the literature. [11]

Characteristics

Parahoxozoa was defined by the presence of several gene (sub)classes (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), as well as Hox/ParaHox-ANTP from which the name of this clade originated. It was later proposed [12] [13] and contested [14] that a gene of the same class (ANTP) as the Hox/ParaHox, the NK gene and the Cdx Parahox gene, is also present in Porifera, the sponges. Regardless of whether a ParaHox gene is ever definitively identified, Parahoxozoa, as originally defined, is monophyletic and therefore continues to be used as such. [15]

Planula-acoel, triploblasty, and bilaterian similarities

The original bilaterian is hypothesized to be a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening. [16] A through-gut may already have developed with the Ctenophora. [17] The through-gut may have developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g. Acoela resemble the planula larvae of some Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian Buddenbrockia is. [18] [19] [20] Placozoans have been noted to resemble planula. [21] Usually, "Planulozoa" is a Cnidaria–Bilateria clade that excludes Placozoa. [11] Otherwise, when including all three lineages, it is synonymous with Parahoxozoa. [22] Triploblasty may have developed before the Cnidaria–Bilateria radiation. [23]

References

  1. Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1): 9. doi: 10.1186/2041-9139-1-9 . PMC   2959044 . PMID   20920347.
  2. Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010). "Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (9): 1983–1987. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq089 . ISSN   0737-4038. PMC   2922619 . PMID   20378579.
  3. Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology. 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3864F. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 . hdl: 11572/302898 . PMID   29199080.
  4. Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 27 (7): 958–967. Bibcode:2017CBio...27..958S. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031 . PMID   28318975. S2CID   4560353.
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  10. Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020). "A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 10 (2): 811–826. doi:10.1534/g3.119.400951. PMC   7003098 . PMID   31879283.
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  12. Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja (2014-10-30). "Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes". Nature. 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..620F. doi:10.1038/nature13881. hdl: 10023/6597 . ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   25355364. S2CID   205241127.
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  14. Pastrana, Claudia C.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Ryan, Joseph F. (2019). "Sponges lack ParaHox genes". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1250–1257. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052. PMC   6486804 . PMID   30859199.
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