Lactobacillus jensenii

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Lactobacillus jensenii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Lactobacillaceae
Genus: Lactobacillus
Species:
L. jensenii
Binomial name
Lactobacillus jensenii
Falsen et al. 1999

Lactobacillus jensenii is a lactic acid bacteria species in the genus Lactobacillus.

Contents

It is one of the four main species of Lactobacillus considered to be the major part of the vaginal flora, along with Lactobacillus crispatus , Lactobacillus gasseri , and Lactobacillus iners . [1] [2]

L. jensenii is sometimes used in producing fermented foods. [3]

Lactobacillus jensenii produces enzymes that cause hydrolase release from the liver. Hydrolase aids in the digestion of food in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Lactobacillus jensenii and other Lactobacillus species that produce lactic acid, (most notably L. crispatus ), have been correlated with a decreased rate of bacterial vaginosis, gonorrhea- and HIV-acquisition and pelvic inflammatory disease. [4] [5] [6] A stable colonization with these species, as opposed to dominantly L. iners , is associated with better reproductive outcomes, e.g. a decreased rate of preterm birth. [5]

Discovery

Lactobacillus jensenii was discovered by F. Gasser, M. Mandel, and M. Rogosa in 1969. Although sharing many characterization criteria, L. jensenii differed from the similar Lactobacillus leichmannii in a gel electrophoresis analysis of their respective lactic dehydrogenases. [7] The species was named in honour of Sigurd Orla-Jensen, a Danish microbiologist and a pioneer of biotechnology.

Characterization

Lactobacillus jensenii is Gram-positive, rod-shaped, negative for catalase and oxidase, and anaerobic. The organism can grow on blood agar. [8]

Morphology

Colonies of L. jensenii are circular, colorless, small, and translucent. [8]

Infection

Bloodstream infection by Lactobacilli is rare but often fatal, with 30% of endocarditis cases caused by the genus resulting in patient mortality. [3] While L. jensenii takes advantage of nonimmunocompetence in patients, immunocompetent cases have also been observed. [3]

Treatment

In the rare occurrence of infection, L. jensenii can be treated with teicoplanin and meropenem. [3]

Related Research Articles

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur. Itching is uncommon. Occasionally, there may be no symptoms. Having BV approximately doubles the risk of infection by a number of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Candidiasis</span> Fungal infection due to any type of Candida

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<i>Lactobacillus</i> Genus of bacteria

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<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> Species of bacterium

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<i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> Species of bacterium

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus is a bacterium that originally was considered to be a subspecies of L. casei, but genetic research found it to be a separate species in the L. casei clade, which also includes L. paracasei and L. zeae. It is a short Gram-positive homofermentative facultative anaerobic non-spore-forming rod that often appears in chains. Some strains of L. rhamnosus bacteria are being used as probiotics, and are particularly useful in treating infections of the female urogenital tract, most particularly very difficult to treat cases of bacterial vaginosis. The species Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Limosilactobacillus reuteri are commonly found in the healthy female genito-urinary tract and are helpful to regain control of dysbiotic bacterial overgrowth during an active infection. L. rhamnosus sometimes is used in dairy products such as fermented milk and as non-starter-lactic acid bacterium (NSLAB) in long-ripened cheese. While frequently considered a beneficial organism, L. rhamnosus may not be as beneficial to certain subsets of the population; in rare circumstances, especially those primarily involving weakened immune system or infants, it may cause endocarditis. Despite the rare infections caused by L. rhamnosus, the species is included in the list of bacterial species with qualified presumed safety (QPS) status of the European Food Safety Agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaginal discharge</span> Medical condition

Vaginal discharge is a mixture of liquid, cells, and bacteria that lubricate and protect the vagina. This mixture is constantly produced by the cells of the vagina and cervix, and it exits the body through the vaginal opening. The composition, amount, and quality of discharge varies between individuals and can vary throughout the menstrual cycle and throughout the stages of sexual and reproductive development. Normal vaginal discharge may have a thin, watery consistency or a thick, sticky consistency, and it may be clear or white in color. Normal vaginal discharge may be large in volume but typically does not have a strong odor, nor is it typically associated with itching or pain. While most discharge is considered physiologic or represents normal functioning of the body, some changes in discharge can reflect infection or other pathological processes. Infections that may cause changes in vaginal discharge include vaginal yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, and sexually transmitted infections. The characteristics of abnormal vaginal discharge vary depending on the cause, but common features include a change in color, a foul odor, and associated symptoms such as itching, burning, pelvic pain, or pain during sexual intercourse.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaginal flora</span> Microorganisms present in the vagina

Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Döderlein in 1892 and are part of the overall human flora. The amount and type of bacteria present have significant implications for an individual's overall health. The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus Lactobacillus, such as L. crispatus, and the lactic acid they produce is thought to protect against infection by pathogenic species.

Prevotella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaginal yeast infection</span> Medical condition

Vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidal vulvovaginitis and vaginal thrush, is excessive growth of yeast in the vagina that results in irritation. The most common symptom is vaginal itching, which may be severe. Other symptoms include burning with urination, a thick, white vaginal discharge that typically does not smell bad, pain during sex, and redness around the vagina. Symptoms often worsen just before a woman's period.

Lactobacillus gasseri is a species in the genus Lactobacillus identified in 1980 by François Gasser and his associates.

Lactobacillus iners is a species in the genus Lactobacillus. It is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium.

Lactobacillus crispatus is a common, rod-shaped species of genus Lactobacillus and is a lactic acid producing bacterial species located in both the vagina, through vaginal discharge, and the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract. This species commonly found in vaginal microbiome and is thought to be beneficial to health.

The vaginal flora in pregnancy, or vaginal microbiota in pregnancy, is different from the vaginal flora before sexual maturity, during reproductive years, and after menopause. A description of the vaginal flora of pregnant women who are immunocompromised is not covered in this article. The composition of the vaginal flora significantly differs in pregnancy. Bacteria or viruses that are infectious most often have no symptoms.

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Lactobacillus vaccines are used in the therapy and prophylaxis of non-specific bacterial vaginitis and trichomoniasis. The vaccines consist of specific inactivated strains of Lactobacilli, called "aberrant" strains in the relevant literature dating from the 1980s. These strains were isolated from the vaginal secretions of patients with acute colpitis. The lactobacilli in question are polymorphic, often shortened or coccoid in shape and do not produce an acidic, anti-pathogenic vaginal environment. A colonization with aberrant lactobacilli has been associated with an increased susceptibility to vaginal infections and a high rate of relapse following antimicrobial treatment. Intramuscular administration of inactivated aberrant lactobacilli provokes a humoral immune response. The production of specific antibodies both in serum and in the vaginal secretion has been demonstrated. As a result of the immune stimulation, the abnormal lactobacilli are inhibited, the population of normal, rod-shaped lactobacilli can grow and exert its defense functions against pathogenic microorganisms.

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LACTIN-V, also known as CTV-05 or as Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05, is a live biopharmaceutical medication containing a strain of Lactobacillus crispatus (L. crispatus) which is under development for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and bacterial vaginosis (BV). It is administered intravaginally and is described as the first vaginal microbiome (VMB)-based live biotherapeutic product (LBP). Depletion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing Lactobacillus strains such as Lactobacillus crispatus in the vagina has been strongly associated with BV and UTIs. Most commercially available probiotic Lactobacillus strains are not vaginal strains and do not appear to improve vaginal or urinary health outcomes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines (2021) noted that intravaginal LACTIN-V produced a considerably lower recurrence of BV following initial antibiotic treatment with metronidazole in a randomized controlled trial. However, the guidelines also noted that LACTIN-V is not yet Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved or commercially available. As of December 2021, LACTIN-V is in phase 2/3 clinical trials for the treatment of UTIs and is in phase 2 trials for the treatment of BV. It was originated by GyneLogix and is under development by Osel Inc., the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and other organizations.

References

  1. Antonio, MA; Hawes, SE; Hillier, SL (December 1999). "The identification of vaginal Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologic characteristics of women colonized by these species". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 180 (6): 1950–6. doi:10.1086/315109. PMID   10558952.
  2. Ravel, J; Gajer, P; Abdo, Z; Schneider, GM; Koenig, SS; McCulle, SL; Karlebach, S; Gorle, R; Russell, J; Tacket, CO; Brotman, RM; Davis, CC; Ault, K; Peralta, L; Forney, LJ (15 March 2011). "Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 4680–7. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.4680R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1002611107 . PMC   3063603 . PMID   20534435.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Piera Assunta Fradiani; Andrea Petrucca; Fiorentina Ascenzioni; Giandomenico Di Nucci; Antonella Teggi; Silvia Bilancini; Paolo Cipriani (28 January 2010). "Endocarditis caused by Lactobacillus jensenii in an immunocompetent patient" (PDF). Journal of Medical Microbiology. 59 (5): 607–609. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.017764-0. PMID   20133416. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2016.
  4. May A. D. Antonio; Stephen E. Hawes; Sharon L. Hillier (12 November 1999). "The Identification of Vaginal Lactobacillus species and the Demographic and Microbiologic Characteristics of Women Colonized by These Species". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 180 (6): 1950–1956. doi: 10.1086/315109 . PMID   10558952.
  5. 1 2 Mitchell, Caroline; Manhart, Lisa E.; Thomas, Kathy; Fiedler, Tina; Fredricks, David N.; Marrazzo, Jeanne (2012). "Behavioral Predictors of Colonization with Lactobacillus crispatus or Lactobacillus jensenii after Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis: A Cohort Study". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2012 (Special Issue on The Infections of Lower Genital Tract): 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2012/706540 . ISSN   1064-7449. PMC   3369434 . PMID   22693410.
  6. Hidemi S. Yasamoto; Qiang Xu; Raina N. Fichorova (8 January 2013). "Homeostatic properties of Lactobacillus jensenii engineered as a live vaginal anti-HIV microbicide". BMC Microbiology. 13 (4): 4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-4 . PMC   3605260 . PMID   23298379.
  7. F. Gasser; M. Mandel; M. Rogosa (29 April 1970). "Lactobacillus jensenii sp. nov., a New Representative of the Subgenus Thermobacterium" (PDF). Journal of General Microbiology. 62 (2): 219–222. doi: 10.1099/00221287-62-2-219 . PMID   5493596. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Lactobacillus jensenii". The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.