Lambertella corni-maris

Last updated

Contents

Lambertella corni-maris
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Rutstroemiaceae
Genus: Lambertella
Species:
L. corni-maris
Binomial name
Lambertella corni-maris
Höhn. (1918)
Synonyms

Lambertella corni-maris f. pyrina Höhn.

Lambertella corni-maris is a small ascomycete fungi. It grows in deciduous fruit areas, [1] and causes postharvest Lambertella rot on apple fruits. [2] The species also forms a mycoparasitism relationship with Monilinia fructigena. It is the type species of the genus Lambertella . [3]

Taxonomy

Lambertella corni-maris was first described in 1918, and named for Lambert Gelbenegger. [4] The genus Lambertella was created for the discovery of L. corni-maris. [3]

Description

When found on apples or grown on rotting fruit in the lab, L. corni-maris forms apothecia. The apothecia are positively phototropic, though light does not affect growth. [3] They vary in shape and color depending on maturity. They begin crateriform, then saucer-shaped, then flatten as they mature. They range from pale pink to dark brown, varied by location and age. [1] Apothecia found on apples ranges from 1 to 5 mm, while those found on pears ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 mm. [1]

Asci are shortly stalked, clavate, and inoperculate. [1] [3] The average size of asci is 100 x 7.5 μm. [1] Asci contain eight ovoid spores, which begin colorless, and turn dark brown as they mature. Spores are unicellular and contain two vacuoles. [1] Paraphyses are colorless, aseptate and unbranched, and numerous, either equal to or exceeding the number of asci. [1] [3]

Lambertella corni-maris has several unique features noted when grown on agar. Its most favorable medium contains glucose and peptone as sources of carbon and nitrogen. [1] Optimum pH for growth is 4.4, though growth occurs from pH 1.6-8.3. [1] The species tends to grow towards areas higher in acidity. [1] It can grow in temperatures ranging from 5° to 30° C, and the optimum temperature is 20° C. [1] [5] No growth occurs at 30° C or above. [6]  While it is most often found on apples in the wild, under lab conditions it can cause disease on the fruits of pear, plum, quince, orange, lemon, [2] as well as turnip and parsnip. [1] It did not attack when inoculated in young wood of apple, pear, cherry, and plum. [1]

Distribution

Lambertella corni-maris was first discovered in Austria on cherry fruits. [7] It is distributed throughout western Europe, and has also been noted in Japan, and the Pacific northwest United States. [1] [2] [3] [5] [6]

Postharvest rot and mycoparasitism

Lambertella corni-maris causes the disease postharvest rot, found most often on apples. Several proposed names for this disease are yellow rot, [2] or Lambertella rot. [6] It likely infects fruit through wounds that occur during harvest, [6] as in the lab, non-wounded apples did not develop yellow rot. [2] The excretion of the cell wall degrading enzyme pectinase allows L. corni-maris to attack fruits. [1] It causes brown spongy lesions on apple fruits, and may also grow thick yellow mycelia. [2]

Lambertella corni-maris displays antagonism to many species of fungi and bacteria. [7] It can live alone as an apple fruit pathogen, but will also replace Monilinia species on fruit. [5] L. corni-maris displays allelopathic activity against Monilinia fructigena, which is a species that causes brown rot on apples. [5] In this interaction, L. corni-maris secretes the antibiotic lambertellols A and B. [5] The lambertellols are produced both in the presence and absence of the host M. fructigena. [7] Lambertellol production also increases under acidic conditions, or in the presence of M. fructigena, which has been found to make its surroundings acidic. [7] Lambertellols A and B inhibit hyphal germination of M. fructigena. [8] In acidic conditions, lambertellols A and B become stable, allowing them to diffuse towards the host. A and B then decompose into lambertellin, which inhibits the host and allows infection by L. corni-maris. [9] This interaction has been reported to occur on potato sucrose agar and on apple fruits. [9] The antagonistic biotic environment caused by L. corni-maris may have driven genetic divergence between Japanese and European strains of M. fructigena [10] .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ascomycota</span> Division or phylum of fungi

Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus", a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of Ascomycota are asexual and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ascus</span> Spore-bearing cell in ascomycete fungi

An ascus is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores, produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one, two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some Cordyceps, also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic, and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm that is surrounded by the "bourrelet".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helotiales</span> Order of fungi

Helotiales is an order of the class Leotiomycetes within the division Ascomycota. The taxonomy within Helotiales has been debated. It has expanded significantly as genomic techniques for taxonomical identification have become more commonly used. As of February 2020, the order is estimated to contain 30 accepted families, 519 genera, and 6266 species.

<i>Monilinia laxa</i> Species of fungus

Monilinia laxa is a plant pathogen that is the causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits.

<i>Aureobasidium pullulans</i> Species of fungus

Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous and generalistic black, yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments. It is well known as a naturally occurring epiphyte or endophyte of a wide range of plant species without causing any symptoms of disease. A. pullulans has a high importance in biotechnology for the production of different enzymes, siderophores and pullulan. Furthermore, A. pullulans is used in biological control of plant diseases, especially storage diseases.

Mucor piriformis is a plant pathogen that causes a soft rot of several fruits known as Mucor rot. Infection of its host fruits, such as apples and pears, takes place post-harvest. The fungi can also infect citrus fruits.

<i>Penicillium expansum</i> Species of fungus

Penicillium expansum is a psychrophilic blue mold that is common throughout the world in soil. It causes Blue Mold of apples, one of the most prevalent and economically damaging post-harvest diseases of apples.

Cadophora malorum is a saprophytic plant pathogen that causes side rot in apple and pear and can also cause disease on asparagus and kiwifruit. C. malorum has been found parasitizing shrimp and other fungal species in the extreme environments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and can be categorized as a halophilic psychrotrophic fungus and a marine fungus.

<i>Geotrichum candidum</i> Species of fungus

Geotrichum candidum is a fungus which is a member of the human microbiome, notably associated with skin, sputum, and faeces where it occurs in 25–30% of specimens. It is common in soil and has been isolated from soil collected around the world, in all continents.

Monilinia fructigena is a plant pathogen in the fungus kingdom causing a fruit rot of apples, pears, plums, peaches and cherries.

<i>Neofabraea</i> Genus of fungi

Neofabraea is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae. The genus contains 12 species.

<i>Monilinia</i> Genus of fungi

Monilinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.

<i>Wynnea americana</i> Species of fungus

Wynnea americana, commonly known as moose antlers or rabbit ears, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae. The uncommon species is recognizable by its spoon-shaped or rabbit ear–shaped fruit bodies that may reach up to 13 cm (5 in) tall. It has dark brown and warty outer surfaces, while the fertile spore-bearing inner surface is orange to pinkish to reddish brown. It is distinguished from other species in its genus by the pustules on the outer surface, and microscopically by the large asymmetrical longitudinally ribbed spores with a sharply pointed tip. The spores are made in structures called asci, which have thickened rings at one end that are capped by a hinged structure known as the operculum—a lid that opens to release spores from the ascus.

<i>Monilinia oxycocci</i> Species of fungus

Monilinia oxycocci (Woronin) Honey,, common names cranberry cottonball, cranberry hard rot, tip blight, is a fungal infection of large cranberry and small cranberry. The tips of young flowering shoots wilt before they flower. Fruit that forms on the plant can then be infected by the asexual spores traveling through the plant, causing the berries to harden, turn cottony on the inside, and dry out instead of maturing. The berries are filled with a cotton-like fungus and are generally yellowish with tan stripes or blotches at maturity, making them unmarketable. It results in important economic impacts on many cranberry marshes, particularly in Wisconsin.

<i>Penicillium digitatum</i> Species of fungus

Penicillium digitatum is a mesophilic fungus found in the soil of citrus-producing areas. It is a major source of post-harvest decay in fruits and is responsible for the widespread post-harvest disease in Citrus fruit known as green rot or green mould. In nature, this necrotrophic wound pathogen grows in filaments and reproduces asexually through the production of conidiophores and conidia. However, P. digitatum can also be cultivated in the laboratory setting. Alongside its pathogenic life cycle, P. digitatum is also involved in other human, animal and plant interactions and is currently being used in the production of immunologically based mycological detection assays for the food industry.

<i>Trichothecium roseum</i> Species of fungus

Trichothecium roseum is a fungus in the division Ascomycota first reported in 1809. It is characterized by its flat and granular colonies which are initially white and develop to be light pink in color. This fungus reproduces asexually through the formation of conidia with no known sexual state. Trichothecium roseum is distinctive from other species of the genus Trichothecium in its characteristic zigzag patterned chained conidia. It is found in various countries worldwide and can grow in a variety of habitats ranging from leaf litter to fruit crops. Trichothecium roseum produces a wide variety of secondary metabolites including mycotoxins, such as roseotoxins and trichothecenes, which can infect and spoil a variety of fruit crops. It can act as both a secondary and opportunistic pathogen by causing pink rot on various fruits and vegetables and thus has an economical impact on the farming industry. Secondary metabolites of T. roseum, specifically Trichothecinol A, are being investigated as potential anti-metastatic drugs. Several agents including harpin, silicon oxide, and sodium silicate are potential inhibitors of T. roseum growth on fruit crops. Trichothecium roseum is mainly a plant pathogen and has yet to show a significant impact on human health.

<i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i> Species of fungus

Cladosporium cladosporioides is a darkly pigmented mold that occurs world-wide on a wide range of materials both outdoors and indoors. It is one of the most common fungi in outdoor air where its spores are important in seasonal allergic disease. While this species rarely causes invasive disease in animals, it is an important agent of plant disease, attacking both the leaves and fruits of many plants. This species produces asexual spores in delicate, branched chains that break apart readily and drift in the air. It is able to grow under low water conditions and at very low temperatures.

<i>Rhizopus stolonifer</i> Species of fungus

Rhizopus stolonifer is commonly known as black bread mold. It is a member of Zygomycota and considered the most important species in the genus Rhizopus. It is one of the most common fungi in the world and has a global distribution although it is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a common agent of decomposition of stored foods. Like other members of the genus Rhizopus, R. stolonifer grows rapidly, mostly in indoor environments.

Scytalidium ganodermophthorum is an anthroconidial ascomycete fungus in the Scytalidium genus. It is also known by its teleomorph name Xylogone ganodermophthora. It is the cause of yellow rot in lingzhi mushrooms and it is used in spalting as a pigmenting fungi.

Robert Jocelyn Walter Byrde was an English mycologist and phytopathologist. He was the president of the British Mycological Society for the academic year 1981–1982. He is known for his research, in collaboration with Anthony H. Fielding, on the role of pectolyic enzymes in physiological phytopathology. This research was a forerunner of many of the developments in molecular phytopathology.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Harrison, T.H.; El-Helaly, A.F. (1935). "On Lambertella Corni-maris von Höhnel, a brown-spored parasitic discomycete". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 19 (3): 199–IN3. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(35)80011-9. ISSN   0007-1536.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Amiri, Achour; Hawkins, Aaron W.; Mulvaney, Katie A. (2017). "Study of Fitness, Virulence, and Fungicide Sensitivity of Lambertella corni-maris Causing Yellow Rot on Apple". Plant Disease. 101 (5): 738–743. doi: 10.1094/pdis-08-16-1101-re . ISSN   0191-2917.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zhao, Yan-Jie; Hosaka, Kentaro; Hosoya, Tsuyoshi (2016-09-19). "Taxonomic re-evaluation of the genus Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales) and allied stroma-forming fungi". Mycological Progress. 15 (12): 1215–1228. doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1225-5. ISSN   1617-416X.
  4. ↑ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022-01-25). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen: Von Menschen & ihren Pflanzen. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN   978-3-946292-41-8.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Vasić, Miljan; Vico, Ivana; Jurick, Wayne M.; Duduk, Bojan; Duduk, Nataša (2022-10-10). "The dual nature of Lambertella corni-maris as an apple fruit pathogen and antagonist of Monilinia spp". Mycological Progress. 21 (11): 91. doi:10.1007/s11557-022-01841-w. ISSN   1861-8952.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Wiseman, M. S.; Dugan, F. M.; Kim, Y. K.; Xiao, C. L. (2015-02-01). "A Postharvest Fruit Rot of Apple Caused by Lambertella corni-maris in Washington State". Plant Disease. 99 (2): 201–206. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-03-14-0327-RE . ISSN   0191-2917.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Wood, R. K. S. (1953-06-01). "The antagonism of Lambertella cornimaris to fungi and bacteria". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 36 (2): 109–110. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(53)80055-0. ISSN   0007-1536.
  8. ↑ Murakami, Takanori; Sasaki, Akane; Fukushi, Eri; Kawabata, Jun; Hashimoto, Masaru; Okuno, Toshikatsu (2005-05-16). "Lambertellol C, a labile and novel biosynthetic congener of lambertellols A and B". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (10): 2587–2590. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.036. ISSN   0960-894X.
  9. 1 2 Hirose, Akane; Kudo, Shinji; Murakami, Takanori; Tanaka, Kazuaki; Harada, Yukio; Hashimoto, Masaru (2014-04-15). "Lambertellin system, the mechanism for fungal replacement of Monilinia fructigena with Lambertella corni-maris without competitive inhibition on agar media". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 22 (8): 2489–2495. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.051. ISSN   0968-0896.
  10. ↑ Van Leeuwen, Gerard C. M.; Baa Yen, Robert P.; Holb, Imre J.; Jeger, Michael J. (2002-04-01). "Distinction of the Asiatic brown rot fungus Monilia polystroma sp. nov. from M. fructigena". Mycological Research. 106 (4): 444–451. doi:10.1017/S0953756202005695. ISSN   0953-7562.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.