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Landstinget was the upper house of the Rigsdag (the parliament of Denmark), from 1849 until 1953, when the bicameral system was abolished in favour of unicameralism. Landstinget had powers equal to the Folketing, which made the two houses of parliament hard to distinguish.
Originally, membership and the electorate was restricted, and the members were largely conservatives. Membership of the house was then restricted to certain sectors of society: only males with a certain net worth could hold a seat. In 1915, these restrictions were removed, and a few new members were appointed by the existing members.
Ting (old Norse: þing) means assembly. It first came into being during Viking times and was formed by the freemen of the community, and it generally numbered about a hundred men. Tings were necessary in the clan-based society of Northern Germany and Scandinavia, because they allowed for inter-clan wars to be resolved or prevented through the mediation of the ting. It also served as the place for religious rites and trade negotiations.
The Danish Court of Impeachment, Rigsretten, during a session in the Landsting Chamber, Christiansborg Palace, 1877.
Under the Constitution of 1849, the requirements for the right to vote was the same for the two houses, however the requirements for electability were stricter for Landstinget; candidates were limited to those of age 40 and above and they were required to have a substantial income.[1] The house originally had 51 members, all elected indirectly.[2] The voters elected a group of electors for each constituency, and the electors elected the members of the house. The members were elected for a term of eight years; however, terms were staggered so that half of the seats were up for election every four years.
With the Constitution of 1866, the electoral system was reformed. The number of seats was increased to 66 of which 12 were appointed by the king for a period of twelve years, and one by the FaroeseLøgting.[3] The remaining 53 were elected indirectly.
In Copenhagen, half the electors were elected by the voters paying the largest amount of tax, and the other half by all the voters. In the rest of the country, one elector was elected by the voters in each parish in the countryside and half as many electors were elected in the market towns by the same system as in Copenhagen. Then for each elector elected in the parishes and the market towns, one elector was found among those that paid the greatest amount of tax in the parishes.[4] As the main direct tax of the time was based on real estate and its value as farmland, this system greatly favoured manor owners. The result was a conservative majority lasting 35 years, until the 1902 election.[3]
The next reform of the electoral system came with the Constitution of 1915, and the first election under this system was the 1918 election. Women were given the right to vote, the number of seats was increased to 72, the number of constituencies was reduced to seven, and the system of royally appointed members was replaced by 18 members elected by the resigning Landsting for a period of eight years.[5][6] The same year, Inger Gautier Schmit, along with Nina Bang, Marie Christensen, Marie Hjelmer and Olga Knudsen, were the first women elected to the Landsting.[7]
Although a 1939 referendum that would have replaced Landstinget with another chamber—the Rigsting—and simplified the legislative process, failed due to a low voter turnout, the bicameral system and thereby Landstinget was abolished when the current constitution was approved in a 1953 referendum.
↑ Engelstoft, Povl (1951). Bomholt, J.; Fabricius, K.; Hjelholt, H.; Mackeprang, M.; Møller A. (eds.). Den Danske Rigsdag 1849–1949 bind II – Rigsdagens historie 1866–1949 (in Danish). Copenhagen: J. H. Schultz Forlag. pp.27–28.
The Folketing, also known as the Parliament of Denmark or the Danish Parliament in English, is the unicameral national legislature (parliament) of the Kingdom of Denmark—Denmark proper together with the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Established in 1849, until 1953 the Folketing was the lower house of a bicameral parliament, called the Rigsdag; the upper house was the Landsting. It meets in Christiansborg Palace, on the islet of Slotsholmen in central Copenhagen.
The Rigsdag was the name of the national legislature of Denmark from 1849 to 1953.
The Constitutional Act of the Realm of Denmark, also known as the Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, or simply the Constitution, is the constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark, applying equally in the Realm of Denmark: Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The first democratic constitution was adopted in 1849, replacing the 1665 absolutist constitution. The current constitution is from 1953. The Constitutional Act has been changed a few times. The wording is general enough to still apply today.
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 6 May 1915. In order to make amendments to the constitution, the government called for the dissolution of both the Folketing and the Landsting to allow a new Rigsdag to make the revisions. However, as this was during World War I, no campaigning took place, and 105 of the 115 were uncontested.
Landsting elections were held in Denmark on 11 May 1918, with the exceptions that the seats elected by the resigning parliament were elected on 20 March 1918, the Faroese member was elected on 13 May, and the electors that elected the candidates standing in the constituencies were elected on 30 April.
Landsting elections were held in Denmark on 10 August 1920, with the exceptions that the seats elected by the resigning parliament were elected on 26 June, the Faroese member was elected on 23 August, and the electors that elected the candidates standing in the constituencies were elected on 30 July.
Landsting elections were held in Denmark on 1 October 1920, with the exceptions that the seats elected by the resigning parliament were elected on 10 September, except for the representative of South Jutland County who was elected on October 7, the Faroese member was elected on 3 February 1921, and the electors that elected the candidates standing in the constituencies were elected on 24 September 1920.
Landsting elections were held in Denmark on 14 April 1939, with the exception that the electors that elected the candidates standing in the constituencies were elected on 3 April.
A referendum on the sale of the Danish West Indian Islands to the United States of America was held in Denmark on 14 December 1916. The non-binding referendum saw 283,670 vote in favor of the sale of the Danish West Indian Islands and 158,157 against. The residents of the islands were not allowed to vote on the matter, but in an unofficial vote on Saint Croix arranged by David Hamilton Jackson, 4,027 voted in favor of the sale and only seven voted against. As a result of the referendum the islands were formally relinquished to the United States by the Treaty of the Danish West Indies on 31 March 1917 as the United States Virgin Islands for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold.
A constitutional referendum was held in Denmark on 23 May 1939. Voters were asked whether they approved of a new constitution. Although it was approved by 91.9% of those who voted, a turnout of only 48.9% meant that the percentage of eligible voters approving it was only 44.46%, below the 45% required by the existing constitution of 1915.
Landsting elections were held in Denmark on 23 September 1924, with the exception that the electors were elected on 18 September.
Landsting elections were held in Denmark on 21 September 1928, with the exceptions that the electors were elected on 14 September, that the candidates elected by the resigning parliament were elected on 15 August, and that the Faroese candidate was elected by the Løgting on 23 August.
The Society of the Friends of Peasants was a liberal Danish political society founded on 5 May 1846 by members of the provincial consultative assemblies Johan Christian Drewsen and Balthazar Christensen, with the intent to promote the liberation of the peasantry and equality among the different classes of society. Among its most politically influential members were Anton Frederik Tscherning, Jens Andersen Hansen and Carl Christian Alberti.
Landsting elections were held in Denmark on 6 April 1943, with the exception that the electors were elected on 23 March. Along with the corresponding Folketing election, it was the first election during the German occupation, and although many people feared how the Germans might react to the election, the event took place peacefully.
For the Danish-American artist and curator, see Peter Rice Bruun.
Andreas Frederik Krieger was a Danish politician, government minister, professor of law and supreme court judge. He was a member of the National Constitutional Assembly from 1848 to 1849, a member of the Folketing from 1849 to 1852 representing the National Liberal Party and a member of the Landsting from 1863 to 1890 representing first the National Liberal Party and later the conservative party Højre.
Carl Christian Vilhelm Liebe was a Danish politician representing first the National Liberal Party and later the conservative Højre, lawyer and speaker of the Landsting, a chamber of the parliament. He was an elected member of the Folketing from 1861 to 1866, and a royally appointed member of the Landsting from 1866 to 1895.
Hans Christian Steffensen was a Danish politician, jurist and speaker of the Landsting, a chamber of the parliament.
The position of Speaker of the Landsting (Denmark) was created in 1850 and existed until it was abolished in 1953.
Inger Gautier Schmit (1877–1963) was a Danish politician who represented Venstre or the Liberal Party of Denmark. In 1918, she was one of the first five women to be elected to the Landsting. The others were Nina Bang, Marie Christensen, Marie Hjelmer and Olga Knudsen.
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