Lathyrus belinensis

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Lathyrus belinensis
Lathyrus belinensis flower 1.png
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Lathyrus
Species:
L. belinensis
Binomial name
Lathyrus belinensis
N.Maxted & Goyder
Distribution map L. belinensis.jpg
The range of Lathyrus belinensis.

Lathyrus belinensis, also known as the Belin pea [2] is a flowering plant species in the genus Lathyrus under the family Fabaceae. The species was discovered in Turkey by botanists Nigel Maxted and David John Goyder and was first described in 1988. [1] [3] The species is a highly localized endemic found only in the Turkish province of Antalya. [4] L. belinensis was listed among the top one hundred most endangered species of the world by the IUCN in 2012. [4]

Contents

Description

Lathyrus belinensis is an annual climbing plant. Stems reach heights of 90 cm when suitable places to climb are available. [5] The leaves are pinnate with two leaflets and a terminal tendril that curls and intertwines itself to nearby plants and structures, this allows L. belinensis to hook onto things for support. [3] The plant will flower during the summer between the months of June to August and the flowers are strongly scented. [6] Flowers are small, usually around 2.5 cm or less in width. [6] The flowers are bicoloured possessing a yellow keel and a standard hosting striking orange and red veins. [5] [3]

Distribution and habitat

Lathyrus belinensis is endemic to Turkey, [7] where it is found within the province of Antalya. [8] Their entire wild population is restricted to an area of 2 km2 [9] on the outskirts of Belin village. [4] It naturally grows on rocky, limestone hillsides in temperate grassland and shrubland at elevations of 560 metres above sea level. [10] It has also been known to grow in manmade habitats such as graveyards, [10] the sides of roads, railway tracks and margins between arable land. [10] It is also occasionally grown outside of its natural range in gardens as a rare ornamental plant. [11]

Threats

Lathyrus belinensis is threatened due it its entire wild population being found in only one area. [9] The land where it was originally found is heavily overgrazed by livestock, which as a result heavily impacts the survival of L. belinensis. [9] A lot of the species original habitat was also destroyed in the process of building a police station. [9] Much of the habitat which remained was planted with conifer trees, which shade out the vegetation below. [9] This prevents L. belinesis from growing on a lot of its original habitat.

Hybridization with Lathyrus odoratus

The sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) was introduced into cultivation during the 17th century. [12] Many different coloured cultivars were selectively bred by gardeners with many flower colours ranging from: pink, red, purple, white, orange and blue. [13] One colour which was always desired yet could not be obtained was a solid yellow sweet pea. [14] Selective breeding was not successful in creating a yellow flowering plant. Hybridization was attempted between the sweet pea and various other yellow flowering Lathyrus species. Many attempts failed to create viable offspring and those that were created did not possess yellow flowers. [14] The newly discovered Belin pea (L. belinensis) is morphologically very similar to the sweet pea (L. odoratus) and also possesses yellow pigment in its flower. This made it a good candidate for hybridization. [14]

Hybridization was first attempted by plant breeder Dr Keith Hammett. [14] Hybrids were originally created through embryo rescue techniques. [15] [16] Later on successful healthy hybrids were produced when L. belinensis was crosspollinated with L. odoratus 'Orange Dragon'. The F1 hybrids produced possessed pink flowers and were self-sterile. [14] Breeders are continuing to backcross their lines in hopes of producing a yellow sweet pea. [14] [17] [18]

Hybrid cultivars

Through the process of hybridization in attempt to create a yellow sweet pea various new colours and cultivars of sweet pea were produced. These cultivars are sometimes referred to under their hybrid species name Lathyrus x hammettii. [19]

Hybrid cultivar examples [14]
NameDescription
'Blue Shift'Flowers start off mauve in colour, however develop into an intense blue.
'Blue Vein'Flowers start off apricot in colour, however mature to become pale orange with pronounced dark blue veins.
'Erewhon'Flowers are reverse bicoloured with lavender standards and mauve wings.
'Painted Porcelain'Flowers are cream in colour with petals hosting rosy pink edges.
'Porlock'Flowers are crimson in colour with mauve wings and maroon veins.
'Turquoise Lagoon'Flowers start off pale pink, however mature to become turquoise in colour.

Mildew resistance

It was discovered that L. belinensis possesses an allele associated with mildew resistance. [20] L. odoratus however is susceptible to the disease. [21] It was believed that through the process of introgressive hybridization L. ordoratus could receive improved disease resistance. [20] Hybridization was later conducted to produce viable hybrids between L. belinensis and L. odoratus. These hybrids proved to be resistant to the fungus Erysiphe pisi, which causes powdery mildew in sweet pea plants. [22]

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Pea is a pulse, vegetable or fodder crop, but the word often refers to the seed or sometimes the pod of this flowering plant species. Carl Linnaeus gave the species the scientific name Pisum sativum in 1753. Some sources now treat it as Lathyrus oleraceus; however the need and justification for the change is disputed. Each pod contains several seeds (peas), which can have green or yellow cotyledons when mature. Botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea, the cowpea, the seeds from several species of Lathyrus and is used as a compound form for example Sturt's desert pea.

<i>Iris</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae

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<i>Lathyrus latifolius</i> Species of plant in the pea family

Lathyrus latifolius, the perennial peavine, perennial pea, broad-leaved everlasting-pea, or just everlasting pea, is a robust, sprawling herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae. It is native to Europe but is present on other continents, such as North America and Australia, where it is most often seen along roadsides.

<i>Vitis rupestris</i> Species of grapevine

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<i>Vitis amurensis</i> Species of grapevine

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sweet pea</span> Species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae

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<i>Lathyrus aphaca</i> Species of legume

Lathyrus aphaca, known as the yellow pea or yellow vetchling, is an annual species in the family Fabaceae with yellow flowers and solitary, pea-like fruits. It originated in the Middle East and has spread throughout Europe and beyond as a weed of cultivated fields and roadsides. The fruits are eaten as a supplement to diets in some parts of South Asia but are narcotic and potentially toxic in large quantities.

<i>Lathyrus sylvestris</i> Plant species in the pea family

Lathyrus sylvestris, the flat pea or narrow-leaved everlasting-pea, is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is native to parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia.

<i>Lathyrus vernus</i> Species of legume

Lathyrus vernus, the spring vetchling, spring pea, or spring vetch, is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus Lathyrus, native to forests of Europe and Siberia. It forms a dense clump of pointed leaves with purple flowers in spring, shading to a greenish-blue with age.

<i>Lathyrus hirsutus</i> Species of plant

Lathyrus hirsutus is a species of wild pea known by several common names, including Caley pea, singletary pea, hairy vetchling, and Austrian winter pea. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia, and it is known from other continents, including North America, as an introduced species. This is an annual herb producing a winged stem and leaves each made up of two leaflike leaflets with a branching, coiled tendril. The inflorescence holds one or two pink, blue, or bicolored pea flowers each 1 to 1.5 centimeters wide. The fruit is a dehiscent legume pod covered in hairs with each hair growing from a minute bulbous base. The rest of the plant is generally hairless.

<i>Lathyrus linifolius</i> Species of plant

Lathyrus linifolius is a species of pea, commonly called bitter vetch or heath pea. The name bitter vetch is also sometimes used for Vicia ervilia and also for Vicia orobus. The tubers of Lathyrus linifolius were formerly used as an appetite suppressant in medieval Scotland, and this use has brought the plant to recent medical attention. Attempts are being made to cultivate the plant on a commercial scale.

<i>Lathyrus grandiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae

Lathyrus grandiflorus, two-flowered everlasting pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to southern Europe. Growing to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, it is a twining herbaceous perennial with grey-green leaves and, in late summer, bright magenta-pink flowers, the central keel a darker red. Unlike its cousin, the annual sweet pea, it is unscented. Once established it is a robust plant with the ability to scramble into other shrubs and trees. It is very hardy, down to −20 °C (−4 °F), so is capable of surviving conditions in most temperate regions of the world.

<i>Lathyrus rotundifolius</i> Species of flowering plant

Lathyrus rotundifolius, the Persian everlasting pea, is a species of flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to Iran. Growing to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall, this herbaceous perennial climber has twining, clinging tendrils and brick red flowers in summer. Unlike its relative, the sweet pea, the flowers are unscented. It is hardy to −20 °C (−4 °F), but requires a position in full sun.

<i>Vicia bithynica</i> Species of flowering plant

Vicia bithynica known as Bithynian vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus, initially as Lathyrus bithynicus but later moved to the genus Vicia (vetches). The specific name is derived from Bithynia, an ancient kingdom situated on the north coast of Anatolia, in modern day Turkey.

Lathyrus × hammettii is a hybrid flowering plant within the genus Lathyrus and family Fabaceae. The hybrid was produced by artificially hybridizing L. odoratus with L. belinensis.

References

  1. 1 2 IUCN Red list entry
  2. ↑ "Lathyrus belinensis Belin Pea". www.ukwildflowers.com. 2018. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  3. 1 2 3 N. Maxted & D.J. Goyder 1988 A new species of Lathyrus sect. Lathyrus from Turkey. Kew Bulletin 43(4): 711-713
  4. 1 2 3 "Priceless or worthless?" (PDF). portals.iucn.org. 2012. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  5. 1 2 "Lathyrus belinensis". Cambridge University Botanic Garden . 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  6. 1 2 "Lathyrus belinensis 'Goldmine'". norfolkcottagegarden.co.uk. 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  7. ↑ "Lathyrus belinensis". powo.science.kew.org. 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  8. ↑ "Rare plant of the month: June 2017". plantheritage.wordpress.com. 2017. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Maxted, Hunter, Ríos, Nigel, Danny, Rodomiro Ortiz (2020). Plant Genetic Conservation. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. ISBN   9781108907774.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. 1 2 3 "Belin Sweet Pea". www.iucnredlist.org. 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  11. ↑ "Sweet Pea (Lathyrus belinensis)". garden.org. 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  12. ↑ Raven, Sarah (2010-08-04). "The Sweet Pea". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  13. ↑ "Sweet peas (annuals)". www.rhs.org.uk. 2022-04-17. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Edwards, Dawn (2014). "Developing a yellow sweet pea" (PDF). www.drkeithhammett.co.nz. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  15. ↑ Archived 2022-09-02 at the Wayback Machine B.G. Murray, K.R.W. Hammett. New Sweet Pea (Lathyrus Odoratus) Cultivars Via Interspecific Hybridization with Wild Lathyrus Species
  16. ↑ Hammett, K. R. W.; Murray, B. G.; Markham, Kenneth R.; Hallett, I. C. (1994). "Interspecific Hybridization between Lathyrus odoratus and L. Belinensis". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 155 (6): 763–771. doi:10.1086/297216. JSTOR   2475337.
  17. ↑ Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Keith Hammett. The art of plant breeding
  18. ↑ [ permanent dead link ] Dawn Edwards. Developing a yellow sweet pea
  19. ↑ Hobbs, Jack (2018-11-04). "Rock star of the plant breeding world is a Kiwi who is sweet on sweet peas". Stuff ltd. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  20. 1 2 Poulter, Taiaroa, R.T.M., G. (2009). "Lathyrus belinensis from Turkey carries a mildew resistance allele that can be introgressed into Lathyrus odoratus". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 2022-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Goswami, Ojha, Jamaluddin, M.S., B.M. (2004). Fungi of India 1989-2001. Scientific Publishers. p. 54. ISBN   9789387893009.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Poulter, Harvey, Burritt, Russell, Lisa, David (2003). "Qualitative resistance to powdery mildew in hybrid sweet peas". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 2022-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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