Limosilactobacillus reuteri

Last updated

Limosilactobacillus reuteri
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacillati
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Lactobacillaceae
Genus: Limosilactobacillus
Species:
L. reuteri
Binomial name
Limosilactobacillus reuteri
Zheng et al., 2020
Synonyms
  • Lactobacillus reuteriKandler et al., 1980
  • Lactobacillus fermentum biotype II Reuter, 1965

Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a lactic acid bacterium. It is a member of the Lactobacillaceae family. It inhabits a variety of natural environments, including the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals. It does not appear to be pathogenic and may have health effects.

Contents

Discovery

At the turn of the 20th century, L. reuteri was recorded in scientific classifications of lactic acid bacteria, [1] though at this time it was mistakenly grouped as a member of Lactobacillus fermentum . In the 1960s, further work by microbiologist Gerhard Reuter  [ de ], for whom the species eventually was named, reclassified the species as L. fermentum biotype II. [2] [3]

Significant differences were found between biotype II and other biotypes of L. fermentum, to the point that in 1980 it was identified as a distinct species and the formal species identity, L. reuteri, was proposed. [4] In April 2020, L. reuteri was reassigned to the genus Limosilactobacillus. [5]

Prevalence

L. reuteri inhabits multiple natural environments. It has been isolated from many foods, especially meats and dairy products. [2] [6] [7] It appears to be ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, including in the gastrointestinal tracts and feces of healthy humans, [8] sheep, chickens, [9] pigs, [10] and rodents. [11] It is the only species to constitute a "major component" of the Lactobacillus genus present in the gut of each of the tested host animals, [12] [13] and each host seems to harbor its own specific strain. [11] [14] It is possible that L. reuteri contributes to the health of its host organism. [15]

L. reuteri is present as a dominant member of fermenting organisms in type II sourdoughs; several metabolic traits of L. reuteri, including exopolysaccharide formation and conversion of glutamine to glutamate, improve bread quality. [16]

Effects

Antimicrobial

Limosilactobacillus reuteri produces reuterin, [17] reutericin 6 [18] and reutericyclin. [19] [20]

Reuterin

In the late 1980s, Walter Dobrogosz, Ivan Casas and colleagues discovered that L. reuteri produced a novel broad-spectrum antibiotic substance via the organism's fermentation of glycerol. They named this substance reuterin, after Reuter. [17] Reuterin is a multiple-compound dynamic equilibrium (HPA system, HPA) consisting of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, its hydrate, and its dimer. [21] [22] At concentrations above 1.4 M, the HPA dimer was predominant. However, at concentrations relevant for biological systems, HPA hydrate was the most abundant, followed by the aldehyde form. [23]

Reuterin inhibits the growth of some harmful Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, along with yeasts, fungi and protozoa. [24] Researchers reported that L. reuteri can secrete sufficient amounts of reuterin to achieve desirable antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, since about four to five times the amount of reuterin is needed to kill "good" gut bacteria (i.e. L. reuteri and other Lactobacillus species) as "bad", L. reuteri can potentially remove gut invaders without harming other gut microbiota. [15]

Some studies questioned whether reuterin production is essential for L. reuteri's health-promoting activity. In 2008, L. reuteri was confirmed to be capable of producing reuterin in the gastrointestinal tract, improving its ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli . [25]

The gene cluster controlling the biosynthesis of reuterin and cobalamin in the L. reuteri genome is a genomic island acquired from an anomalous source. [26]

Clinical results in humans

Although L. reuteri occurs naturally in humans, it is not found in all individuals. Dietary supplementation can sustain high levels of it in those with deficiencies. Oral intake of L. reuteri has been shown to effectively colonize the intestines of healthy individuals. Colonization begins within days of ingestion, although levels drop after months if intake is stopped. [27] L. reuteri is found in breast milk. [28] Oral intake on the mother's part increases the amount of L. reuteri present in her milk, and the likelihood that it will be transferred to her child. [29]

Safety

Manipulation of gut microbiota is a complex process that may cause bacteria-host interactions. [30] Although probiotics in general are considered safe, concerns exist about their use in certain cases. [30] [31] Some people, such as those with compromised immune systems, short bowel syndrome, central venous catheters, heart valve disease, and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events. [32] Rarely, consumption of probiotics may cause bacteremia, fungemia and sepsis, potentially fatal infections, in children with compromised immune systems or who are already critically ill. [33]

Intestinal health

One of the better documented effects of L. reuteri is a significant reduction of symptom duration in pediatric diarrheal disease. [34] [35] [36] L. reuteri is effective as a prophylactic for this illness; children fed it while healthy are less likely to experience diarrhea. [37] With regard to prevention of gut infections, comparative research reported L. reuteri to be more potent than other probiotics. [38] [39] Animal research reported it to reduce motor complexes and thus intestinal motility. [40]

L. reuteri may be effective treating necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Meta-analysis of randomized studies suggests that L. reuteri can reduce the incidence of sepsis and shorten the required duration of hospital treatment in this population. [41]

L. reuteri is an effective treatment against infant colic. [42] [43] [44] Studies suggest that colicky infants treated with L. reuteri experience a reduction in time spent crying compared to those treated with simethicone [45] or placebo. [46] However, colic is still poorly understood, and it is not clear why or how L. reuteri ameliorates its symptoms. One theory holds that affected infants cry because of gastrointestinal discomfort; if this is the case, it is plausible that L. reuteri somehow acts to lessen this discomfort, since its primary residence is inside the gut.

Gastric health

L. reuteri may be an effective treatment for H. pylori infection and may lead to an improvement of H. pylori-associated gastrointestinal symptoms such as peptic ulcers, [47] reducing specific symptoms such as diarrhea and frequent abdominal distention. [48] L. reuteri may cause fewer side effects than antibiotics. [49] [50] A 2005 study reported the addition of L. reuteri to omeprazole therapy dramatically increased (from 0% to 60%) the cure rate of H. pylori-infected patients compared to the drug alone. [51] A 2008 study reported that L. reuteri effectively suppressed H. pylori infection and decreased the occurrence of dyspeptic symptoms, although it did not improve the outcome of antibiotic therapy. [52] A 2015 study reported a pronounced anti-helicobacter activity and L. reuteri use as an adjuvant therapy in children, especially in the case of detection of infection with H. pylori with no absolute indication of eradication. [53]

Oral health

L. reuteri may promote dental health, as it has been proven to kill Streptococcus mutans , a bacterium responsible for tooth decay. A screen of several probiotic bacteria reported that L. reuteri was the only tested species able to block S. mutans. Clinical trials reported that people whose mouths are colonized with L. reuteri (via dietary supplementation) have significantly less S. mutans. [54] These studies were short-term and did not assess whether L. reuteri prevents tooth decay.

Gingivitis may be ameliorated by L. reuteri. Patients afflicted with severe gingivitis reported decreased gum bleeding, plaque formation and other gingivitis-associated symptoms compared with placebo after chewing gum containing L. reuteri. [55]

Bone density

L. reuteri and other probiotics may influence the gut microbiome in ways that protect against bone loss, common in post-menopausal women. [56] [57] [58] [59] [60]

General health

By protecting against many common infections, L. reuteri promotes overall wellness. Double-blind, randomized studies in child care centers reported L. reuteri-fed infants fall sick less often, require fewer doctor visits and are absent fewer days from the center compared to placebo and to the competing probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis . [61]

Similar results have been reported in adults; those consuming L. reuteri daily end up falling ill 50% less often, as measured by their decrease use of sick leave. [62]

Results in animal models

Due to ethical constraints, many of L. reuteri's effects have been studied only in animal models, such as pigs and mice.

In general, animal studies on L. reuteri use the species-specific strain of the bacterium.

Protection against pathogens

L. reuter confers a high level of resistance to the pathogen Salmonella typhimurium , halving mortality rates in mice, [63] chickens, [64] and turkeys.

L. reuteri is effective in stopping harmful strains of E. coli from affecting their hosts. A 1997 study performed in chickens reported L. reuteri was as potent as the antibiotic gentamicin in preventing E. coli-related deaths. [65]

The protozoic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum causes severe watery diarrhea, which can become life-threatening in immunocompromised (as in individuals infected with HIV) patients. L. reuteri is reported to lessen the symptoms of C. parvum infection in mice [66] and pigs. [15]

A protective effect against the yeast Candida albicans has been reported in mice, but L. reuteri is less effective than other probiotic organisms, such as L. acidophilus and L. casei . [67]

Body weight and growth

In juvenile commercial livestock, such as turkey poults and piglets, body weight and growth rate are good health indicators. Animals raised in commercial farms are generally less healthy (and therefore weigh less) than those raised in less industrial settings. In turkeys, for example, this phenomenon is known as "poult growth depression", or PGD. [68]

Supplementing diets with L. reuteri helped them to largely overcome the stresses of industrial habitats. Commercial turkeys fed L. reuteri from birth had nearly a 10% higher adult body weight than their peers raised in the same conditions. [69] A similar study on piglets reported L. reuteri is at least as effective as synthetic antibiotics in improving body weight. [70]

The mechanism by which L. reuteri supports healthy growth is not understood. It possibly protects against illness caused by S. typhimurium and other pathogens, which are more common in commercial environments. However, other studies reported that it can help when the growth depression is caused by a lack of dietary protein, rather than by infectious disease. [71] This raises the possibility that L. reuteri somehow improves the intestines' ability to absorb and process nutrients. [15]

Chemical and trauma-induced injury

Treating colonic tissue from rats with acetic acid causes an injury similar to human ulcerative colitis. Treating injured tissue with L. reuteri immediately after removing the acid was reported to almost completely reverse any ill effects. [72]

In addition to its role in digestion, the intestinal wall is vital in preventing harmful bacteria, endotoxins, [73] etc., from "leaking" into the bloodstream. This leaking, known as bacterial "translocation", can lead to lethal conditions such as sepsis. In humans, translocation is more likely to occur following such events as liver injury and ingestion of some poisons. In rodent studies, L. reuteri was reported to greatly reduce the amount of bacterial translocation following either the surgical removal of the liver [74] or injection with D-galactosamine, [75] a chemical which causes liver damage.

Methotrexate causes severe enterocolitis in high doses. L. reuteri mitigates the symptoms of methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats, one of which is bacterial translocation. [76]

In mice, the absence of L. reuteri has been causally linked to maternal diet. A gut microbial imbalance, lacking in L. reuteri, was linked to behavioral abnormalities consistent with autism in humans. These symptoms were reversible by supplementing L. reuteri. [73]

References

  1. ↑ Orla-Jensen, Sigurd (1919). The Lactic Acid Bacteria. A. F. Høst.
  2. 1 2 Reuter G. (1965). "Das vorkommen von laktobazillen in lebensmitteln und ihr verhalten im menschlichen intestinaltrakt". ZBL. Bak. Parasit. Infec. Hyg. I Orig. 197 (S): 468–87.
  3. ↑ "Das Vorkommen von Laktobazillen in Lebensmitteln und ihr Verhalten im menschlichen Intestinaltrakt – Publikationsdatenbank". bib.vetmed.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 2026-03-03.
  4. ↑ Kandler, Otto; Stetter, Karl-Otto; Köhl, Ruth (1980-09-01). "Lactobacillus reuteri sp. nov., a New Species of Heterofermentative Lactobacilli". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie: I. Abt. Originale C: Allgemeine, angewandte und ökologische Mikrobiologie. 1 (3): 264–269. doi:10.1016/S0172-5564(80)80007-8. ISSN   0172-5564.
  5. ↑ Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, Hugh M.B.; Mattarelli, Paola; O'Toole, Paul W.; Pot, Bruno; Vandamme, Peter; Walter, Jens; Watanabe, Koichi (2020). "A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (4): 2782–2858. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004107 . hdl: 10067/1738330151162165141 . ISSN   1466-5026. PMID   32293557.
  6. ↑ Lerche M, Reuter G (1965). "Das vorkommen aerob wachsender grampositiver stabchen des genus Lactobacuillus beijerinck im darminhalt erwachsener menchen". ZBL. Bak. Parasit. Infec. Hyg. I Orig. 185 (S): 446–81.
  7. ↑ Dellaglio, Franco; Arrizza, Severino; Ledda, Antonio (1981-12-01). "Classification of Citrate Fermenting Lactobacilli Isolated from Lamb Stomach, Sheep Milk and Pecorino Romano Cheese". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene: I. Abt. Originale C: Allgemeine, angewandte und ökologische Mikrobiologie. 2 (4): 349–356. doi:10.1016/S0721-9571(81)80028-2. ISSN   0721-9571.
  8. ↑ Molin G, Jeppsson B, Johansson ML, et al. (March 1993). "Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated with healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines". Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 74 (3): 314–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03031.x. PMID   8468264.
  9. ↑ Sarra PG, Dellaglio F, Bottazzi V (1985). "Taxonomy of lactobacilli isolated from the alimentary tract of chickens". Syst Appl Microbiol. 6 (1): 86–9. Bibcode:1985SyApM...6...86S. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80017-5.
  10. ↑ Naito S, Hayashidani H, Kaneko K, Ogawa M, Benno Y (August 1995). "Development of intestinal lactobacilli in normal piglets". Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 79 (2): 230–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb00940.x. PMID   7592119.
  11. 1 2 Molin G, Johansson ML, Ståhl M, et al. (April 1992). "Systematics of the Lactobacillus population on rat intestinal mucosa with special reference to Lactobacillus reuteri". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 61 (3): 175–83. doi:10.1007/BF00584224. PMID   1325752. S2CID   46249658.
  12. ↑ Mitsuoka T (1992). "The human gastrointestinal tract". In Wood BJB (ed.). The lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. Vol. 1. The lactic acid bacteria. New York: Elsevier Applied Science. pp. 69–114.
  13. ↑ Wood, Brian J. B. (1995-12-31). The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease. Springer US. ISBN   978-0-7514-0308-4.
  14. ↑ Casas IA; Dobrogosz WJ (1997). "Lactobacillus reuteri: An overview of a new probiotic for humans and animals". Microecol Therap. 25: 221–31.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Casas IA; Dobrogosz WJ (2000). "Validation of the Probiotic Concept: Lactobacillus reuteri Confers Broad-spectrum Protection against Disease in Humans and Animals". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 12 (4). doi:10.3402/mehd.v12i4.8196.
  16. ↑ Gänzle, Michael G.; Zheng, Jinshui (2019-08-02). "Lifestyles of sourdough lactobacilli - Do they matter for microbial ecology and bread quality?". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 302: 15–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.019. ISSN   1879-3460. PMID   30172443. S2CID   52143236.
  17. 1 2 Talarico TL, Casas IA, Chung TC, Dobrogosz WJ (1988). "Production and isolation of reuterin, a growth inhibitor produced by Lactobacillus reuteri". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 32 (12): 1854–8. doi:10.1128/aac.32.12.1854. PMC   176032 . PMID   3245697.
  18. ↑ Kabuki T, Saito T, Kawai Y, Uemura J, Itoh T (1997). "Production, purification and characterization of reutericin 6, a bacteriocin with lytic activity produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LA6". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 34 (2): 145–56. doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01180-4. PMID   9039561.
  19. ↑ Gänzle MG, Höltzel A, Walter J, Jung G, Hammes WP (2000). "Characterization of reutericyclin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66 (10): 4325–33. Bibcode:2000ApEnM..66.4325G. doi:10.1128/aem.66.10.4325-4333.2000. PMC   92303 . PMID   11010877.
  20. ↑ Knysh O, Martynov A (2020). "Lactobacillus reuteri cell-free extracts against antibiotic-resistant bacteria". Zaporozhye Medical Journal. 22 (4): 547–553. doi: 10.14739/2310-1210.2020.4.208397 .
  21. ↑ Hall RH, Stern ES (1950). "Acid-catalysed hydration of acrylalde. Kinetics of the reaction and isolation of β-hydroxypropionaldehyde". J Chem Soc: 490–8. doi:10.1039/jr9500000490.
  22. ↑ Nielsen AT; Moore DW; Schuetze Jr. A. "13C and 1H NMR study of formaldehyde reactions with acetaldehyde and acrolein. Synthesis of 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol". Pol J Chem. 55: 1393–1403.
  23. ↑ Vollenweider S, Grassi G, König I, Puhan Z (May 2003). "Purification and structural characterization of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its derivatives". J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (11): 3287–93. Bibcode:2003JAFC...51.3287V. doi:10.1021/jf021086d. PMID   12744656. S2CID   39296044.
  24. ↑ Talarico TL, Dobrogosz WJ (May 1989). "Chemical characterization of an antimicrobial substance produced by Lactobacillus reuteri". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33 (5): 674–9. doi:10.1128/aac.33.5.674. PMC   172512 . PMID   2751282.
  25. ↑ Cleusix V, Lacroix C, Vollenweider S, Le Blay G (January 2008). "Glycerol induces reuterin production and decreases Escherichia coli population in an in vitro model of colonic fermentation with immobilized human feces". FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 63 (1): 56–64. Bibcode:2008FEMME..63...56C. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00412.x . hdl: 20.500.11850/11671 . PMID   18028400.
  26. ↑ Morita H, Toh H, Fukuda S, et al. (June 2008). "Comparative genome analysis of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus fermentum reveal a genomic island for reuterin and cobalamin production". DNA Res. 15 (3): 151–61. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsn009. PMC   2650639 . PMID   18487258.
  27. ↑ Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Ataya DG, Casas IA (1995). "Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri in healthy adult male subjects". Microb Ecol Health Dis. 8 (2): 41–50. doi: 10.3109/08910609509141381 .
  28. ↑ Sinkiewicz G, Nordström EA (2005). "Occurrence of Lactobacillus reuteri, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk". Pediatr Res. 58 (2): 415, abstract 353. doi: 10.1203/00006450-200508000-00381 .
  29. ↑ Abrahamsson T, Jakobsson T, Sinkiewicz G, Fredriksson M, Björkstén B (2005). "Intestinal microbiota in infants supplemented with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri". J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr. 40 (5): 692, abstract PN 1–17. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200505000-00232 . S2CID   71355253.
  30. 1 2 Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF (2016). "Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new". World J Gastroenterol (Review). 22 (7): 2179–94. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179 . PMC   4734995 . PMID   26900283.
  31. ↑ Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML (2006). "Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks?". Am J Clin Nutr (Review). 83 (6): 1256–64, quiz 1446–7. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256 . PMID   16762934.
  32. ↑ Doron S, Snydman DR (2015). "Risk and safety of probiotics". Clin Infect Dis (Review). 60 (Suppl 2): S129–34. doi:10.1093/cid/civ085. PMC   4490230 . PMID   25922398.
  33. ↑ Singhi SC, Kumar S (2016). "Probiotics in critically ill children". F1000Res (Review). 5: 407. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7630.1 . PMC   4813632 . PMID   27081478.
  34. ↑ Urbańska M, Gieruszczak-Białek D, Szajewska H (May 2016). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for diarrhoeal diseases in children". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 43 (10): 1025–34. doi: 10.1111/apt.13590 . PMID   26991503.
  35. ↑ Szajewska, H; Urbańska, M; Chmielewska, A; Weizman, Z; Shamir, R (September 2015). "Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus reuteri strain DSM 17938 (and the original strain ATCC 55730) for treating acute gastroenteritis in children". Benef Microbes. 5 (3): 285–93. doi:10.3920/BM2013.0056. PMID   24463209.
  36. ↑ Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkänen H, Salo E, Vesikari T (December 1997). "Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16 (12): 1103–7. doi:10.1097/00006454-199712000-00002. PMID   9427453.
  37. ↑ Ruiz-Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Hilty M (1996). "Feeding of a probiotic for the prevention of community-acquired diarrhea in young Mexican children". Pediatr Res. 39 (4 Part 2): 184A, abstract 1089. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199604001-01111 .
  38. ↑ Romeo MG, Betta P, Oliveri S. (2006) Presented at the 5th Annual meeting of the Italian Society of Perinatal Medicine, Parma, Italy, 15–17 June 2006. Abstract published in J Perinat Med 34(Suppl 1): A9, abstract MSL_24.
  39. ↑ Guerrero M, Dohnalek M, Newton P, Kuznetsova O, Ruiz-Palacios G, Murphy T, Calva J, Hilty M, Costigan T., 1st World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dec. 1996, abstract no. 610:45-2.
  40. ↑ Wang, B.; Mao, YK.; Diorio, C.; Pasyk, M.; Wu, RY.; Bienenstock, J.; Kunze, WA. (Oct 2010). "Luminal administration ex vivo of a live Lactobacillus species moderates mouse jejunal motility within minutes". FASEB J. 24 (10): 4078–88. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-153841 . PMID   20519636. S2CID   25182003.
  41. ↑ Athalye-Jape, G; Rao, S; Patole, S (June 9, 2015). "Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 as a Probiotic for Preterm Neonates: A Strain-Specific Systematic Review". JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 40 (6): 783–94. doi:10.1177/0148607115588113. PMID   26059900.
  42. ↑ Schreck, Bird A; Gregory, PJ; Jalloh, MA; Risoldi Cochrane, Z; Hein, DN (March 2, 2016). "Probiotics for the Treatment of Infantile Colic: A Systematic Review". J Pharm Pract. 30 (3): 366–374. doi:10.1177/0897190016634516. PMID   26940647. S2CID   3809924.
  43. ↑ Harb, T; Matsuyama, M; David, M; Hill, RJ (May 2016). "Infant Colic-What works: A Systematic Review of Interventions for Breast-fed Infants". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 62 (5): 668–86. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001075. hdl: 10072/398461 . PMID   26655941. S2CID   26126920.
  44. ↑ Kornienko, Elena A; Parolova, Natalia I; Ivanov, Sergey V; Polev, Dmitry S; Zykin, Pavel A; Kondratenko, Yulia D; Zakharchenko, Mikhail M (2020-01-16). "Gastric microbiota and probiotics opportunities in helicobacter pylori eradication in children". Gastroenterology & Hepatology: Open Access. 11 (1): 13–23. doi:10.15406/ghoa.2020.11.00407. ISSN   2373-6372.
  45. ↑ Savino F.; Pelle E.; Palumeri E.; Oggero R.; Miniero R. (2007). "Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study". Pediatrics. 119 (1): 124–130. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1222. PMID   17200238. S2CID   2306025.
  46. ↑ Savino F.; Cordisco L.; Tarasco V.; Palumeri E.; Calabrese R.; Oggero R.; Roos S.; Diego Matteuzzi. (2010). "Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in Infantile Colic: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial". Pediatrics. 126 (3): e526–e533. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0433. PMID   20713478. S2CID   207164055.
  47. ↑ Buckley, Martin; Lacey, Sean; Doolan, Andrea; Goodbody, Emily; Seamans, Kelly (December 2018). "The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in Helicobacter pylori infection: a placebo-controlled, single-blind study". BMC Nutrition. 4 (1) 48. doi: 10.1186/s40795-018-0257-4 . ISSN   2055-0928. PMID   32153909.
  48. ↑ Yang, Chenghai; Liang, Liping; Lv, Pinjing; Liu, Le; Wang, Siqi; Wang, Zhiqing; Chen, Ye (2021-10-10). "Effects of non-viableLactobacillus reutericombining with 14-day standard triple therapy onHelicobacter pylorieradication: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial". Helicobacter. 26 (6) e12856. doi:10.1111/hel.12856. ISSN   1083-4389. PMID   34628695.
  49. ↑ MIHAI, CĂTĂLINA; MIRCEA MIHAI, BOGDAN; DRANGA, MIHAELA; CARDONEANU, ANCA; PRELIPCEAN, CRISTINA CIJEVSCHI (2019). "LACTOBACILLUS REUTERI – AN ALTERNATIVE IN THE FIRST-LINE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION – Farmacia Journal". farmaciajournal.com. Retrieved 2026-03-03.
  50. ↑ Imase K, Tanaka A, Tokunaga K, Sugano H, Ishida H, Takahashi S (July 2007). "Lactobacillus reuteri tablets suppress Helicobacter pylori infection—a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled cross-over clinical study". Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 81 (4): 387–93. doi: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.81.387 . PMID   17695792.
  51. ↑ Saggioro A, Caroli M, Pasini M, Bortoluzzi F, Girardi L, Pilone G (2005). "Helicobacter pylori eradication with Lactobacillus reuteri. A double blind placebo-controlled study". Dig Liver Dis. 37 (Suppl 1): 407–13. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000007. PMID   24296423. S2CID   25834848.
  52. ↑ Francavilla R, Lionetti E, Castellaneta SP, et al. (April 2008). "Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori infection in humans by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and effect on eradication therapy: a pilot study". Helicobacter. 13 (2): 127–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00593.x . PMID   18321302. S2CID   28856447.
  53. ↑ Parolova NI, Kornienko EA, Antonov PV Egorov Mikhail Gorbunov EF, Dmitrienko MA (2015) ) "An innovative approach in the treatment of H. pylori infection in children."
  54. ↑ Nikawa H, Makihira S, Fukushima H, et al. (September 2004). "Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95 (2): 219–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.006. PMID   15282133.
  55. ↑ Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, Paulsson A, Nilsson A, Sinkiewicz G (2006). "Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri". Swed Dent J. 30 (2): 55–60. PMID   16878680.
  56. ↑ Dance, Amber (23 February 2022). "Fun facts about bones: More than just scaffolding" . Knowable Magazine. doi: 10.1146/knowable-022222-1 . Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  57. ↑ Nilsson, A. G.; Sundh, D.; Bäckhed, F.; Lorentzon, M. (September 2018). "Lactobacillus reuteri reduces bone loss in older women with low bone mineral density: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial". Journal of Internal Medicine. 284 (3): 307–317. doi: 10.1111/joim.12805 . PMID   29926979. S2CID   49332819.
  58. ↑ Jansson, Per-Anders; Curiac, Dan; Lazou Ahrén, Irini; Hansson, Fredrik; Martinsson Niskanen, Titti; Sjögren, Klara; Ohlsson, Claes (November 2019). "Probiotic treatment using a mix of three Lactobacillus strains for lumbar spine bone loss in postmenopausal women: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial". The Lancet Rheumatology. 1 (3): e154–e162. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(19)30068-2. PMID   38229392. S2CID   208455504.
  59. ↑ Ding, Kai; Hua, Fei; Ding, Wenge (2020). "Gut Microbiome and Osteoporosis". Aging and Disease. 11 (2): 438–447. doi:10.14336/AD.2019.0523. PMC   7069453 . PMID   32257552.
  60. ↑ Cooney, Olivia D.; Nagareddy, Prabhakar R.; Murphy, Andrew J.; Lee, Man K. S. (19 February 2021). "Healthy Gut, Healthy Bones: Targeting the Gut Microbiome to Promote Bone Health". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 11 620466. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.620466 . PMC   7933548 . PMID   33679604.
  61. ↑ Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A (January 2005). "Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents" . Pediatrics. 115 (1): 5–9. Bibcode:2005Pedia.115....5W. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1815. PMID   15629974. S2CID   1103712.
  62. ↑ Tubelius P, Stan V, Zachrisson A (2005). "Increasing work-place healthiness with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study". Environ Health. 4 (1) 25. Bibcode:2005EnvHe...4...25T. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-4-25 . PMC   1298318 . PMID   16274475.
  63. ↑ Carbajal N, Sriburi A, Carter P, Dobrogosz W, Casas, I. Probiotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri protect mice from Salmonella typhimurium infection. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Gnotobiotics. 1998 Jun 14–16; Bethesda (MD): Association for Gnotobiotics; 1998.
  64. ↑ Casas, IA; Edens, FW; Dobrogosz, WJ (1998-02-13). "Lactobacillus reuteri: an effective probiotic for poultry and other animals. Lactic acid bacteria". In Ouwehand, Arthur C.; Wright, Atte von; Lahtinen, Sampo; Salminen, Seppo (eds.). Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiological and Functional Aspects, Fourth Edition (2 ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 475–518. ISBN   978-0-8247-0133-8.
  65. ↑ Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ (January 1997). "Principles of ex ovo competitive exclusion and in ovo administration of Lactobacillus reuteri". Poult. Sci. 76 (1): 179–96. doi: 10.1093/ps/76.1.179 . PMID   9037704.[ permanent dead link ]
  66. ↑ Alak JI, Wolf BW, Mdurvwa EG, Pimentel-Smith GE, Adeyemo O (January 1997). "Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on intestinal resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". J. Infect. Dis. 175 (1): 218–21. doi: 10.1093/infdis/175.1.218 . PMID   8985225.
  67. ↑ Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner T, et al. (October 1997). "Biotherapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria on candidiasis in immunodeficient mice". Infect. Immun. 65 (10): 4165–72. doi:10.1128/IAI.65.10.4165-4172.1997. PMC   175599 . PMID   9317023.
  68. ↑ Barnes JH (1993). "Evaluating poult growth and productivity during brooding". Turkeys. 41: 23–4.
  69. ↑ Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Dobrogosz WJ (1998). "Probiotic treatment with Lactobacillus reuteri protects commercial turkeys from avian growth depression". Biosci Microflora. 17 (2): 141–7. doi: 10.12938/bifidus1996.17.141 .
  70. ↑ Blanchard P, Gill P, Schulze H. Efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri 1063-IA in pre- and post-weaning pigs. Hertfordshire SG5 4JG (UK): MLC Stotfold Pig Development Unit; 1998. Study Reference No. FF9801.
  71. ↑ Dunham HJ, Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Garlich JD, Dobrogosz WJ (1998). "Avian growth depression in chickens induced by environmental, microbiological, or nutritional stress is moderated by probiotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri". Biosci Microflora. 17 (2): 133–9. doi: 10.12938/bifidus1996.17.133 .
  72. ↑ Fabia R, Ar'Rajab A, Johansson ML, et al. (February 1993). "The effect of exogenous administration of Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC and oat fiber on acetic acid-induced colitis in the rat". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 28 (2): 155–62. doi:10.3109/00365529309096063. PMID   8382837.
  73. 1 2 Buffington, Shelly A.; Prisco, Gonzalo Viana Di; Auchtung, Thomas A.; Ajami, Nadim J.; Petrosino, Joseph F.; Costa-Mattioli, Mauro (2016). "Microbial Reconstitution Reverses Maternal Diet-Induced Social and Synaptic Deficits in Offspring". Cell. 165 (7): 1762–1775. Bibcode:2016Cell..165.1762B. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.001. PMC   5102250 . PMID   27315483.
  74. ↑ Wang XD, Soltesz V, Molin G, Andersson R (February 1995). "The role of oral administration of oatmeal fermented by Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC on bacterial translocation after acute liver failure induced by subtotal liver resection in the rat". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 30 (2): 180–5. doi:10.3109/00365529509093259. PMID   7732342.
  75. ↑ Adawi D, Kasravi FB, Molin G, Jeppsson B (March 1997). "Effect of Lactobacillus supplementation with and without arginine on liver damage and bacterial translocation in an acute liver injury model in the rat". Hepatology. 25 (3): 642–7. doi: 10.1002/hep.510250325 . PMID   9049212. S2CID   37579834.
  76. ↑ Mao Y, Nobaek S, Kasravi B, et al. (August 1996). "The effects of Lactobacillus strains and oat fiber on methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats". Gastroenterology. 111 (2): 334–44. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690198 . PMID   8690198.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.