List of American utopian communities

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A wide range of utopian intentional communities were founded across US since the 1700s. Several of them are active in the present day.

Contents

Harmonites dominated in the early 1800s.

Secular utopian socialism in the US during the 19th century included adherents of Owenism of the 1820s, [1] Fourierism (American Union of Associationists) (1843–1850), Icarianism (1848–1898), and Bellamyism of the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth (1889–1896).

As well, several anarchist communities were established in the U.S. These included Home, Washington (founded in 1898) and the Socialist Community of Modern Times, founded in New York in 1851.

Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

NameLocationFounderFounding dateEnding dateNotes
Province of Carolina (British Colony of Carolina)Carolina16701711-1729Chartered as a restoration colony, it was planned as a utopian society with an integrated physical, economic and social design. Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, with the assistance of his secretary, the philosopher John Locke, drafted the Grand Model for the Province of Carolina, Carolina's constitution, which was influenced by the utopian aspirations of James Harrington. Settlers were promised religious freedom and free land. [2] Unrest led to Cary's rebellion in 1711. Became a royal colony in 1729.
Province of Pennsylvania (British colony of Pennsylvania)Pennsylvania William Penn 1681Chartered as a restoration colony. Inspired by the writings of James Harrington. Planned as a utopian society with an integrated physical, economic and social design
Ephrata Cloister AKA Ephrata CommunityLancaster County, Pennsylvania Johann Conrad Beissel 17321934Founded as a monastic religious community. Restructured as a both-gender community in 1814. Branches were established at other locations, of which two are said to still exist today. [3]
Province of Georgia (British colony of Georgia)GeorgiaGeneral James Oglethorpe 1733Inspired by writings of James Harrington. Oglethorpe planned the colony to be a utopian society with an integrated physical, economic and social design. Liquor and slavery were prohibited. "Agrarian equality" in which land was allocated equally. Acquisition of land through purchase or inheritance was prohibited. The plan was an early step toward the yeoman republic later envisioned by Thomas Jefferson. Prohibitions against liquor, slavery and private land ownership were lifted in 1749 and 1751, [4] fundamentally ending Georgia's utopian experiment.

Nineteenth century

NameLocationFounderFounding dateEnding dateNotes
Harmony Pennsylvania George Rapp 18051814A Harmonites village. The Harmony Society is a Christian theosophy and pietist society founded in Iptingen, Germany, in 1785.
New Harmony, Indiana Indiana George Rapp 18141824A Harmonites village. Colonists were formerly living in Harmony, Pennsylvania. Moved out to Old Economy Village. Sold the property to Robert Owen who himself founded a short-lived utopian settlement there.
Zoar OhioJoseph Bimeler18171898Founded by German religious separatists who wanted religious freedom in America. Prosperous by the 1890s when it was one of the three strongest communistic societies in the U.S. [5]
Old Economy Village Pennsylvania George Rapp 18241906 (last leaders died in 1951)A Harmonites village. Colonists formerly lived in Harmony and New Harmony.
New Harmony Indiana Robert Owen 18251829Former Harmonite village bought by British reformer Robert Owen. It then became a short-lived Owenite colony. Josiah Warren formed his anarchist beliefs from his experience there.
Nashoba Tennessee Frances Wright 18251828An abolitionist, free-love community inspired by New Harmony, Indiana. (LEP). History covered in 1963 book Nashoba written by Edd Winfield Parks.
United Order Jackson County, Missouri, [6]
Ohio,
Utah
Joseph Smith 18321874Based on the Law of Consecration, a revelation from Joseph Smith who was the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and Mormonism
New Philadelphia Colony Pennsylvania Bernhard Müller [7] 18321833A libertarian socialist community
Oberlin Colony Ohio John J. Shipherd and 8 immigrant families [7] 18331843Community based on Communal ownership of property [7]
Brook Farm (Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education)Massachusetts George Ripley
Sophia Ripley
18411846A Transcendent community. Transcendentalism is based on belief in the inherent goodness of people and nature and on benefits of being truly "self-reliant". Under influence of Albert Brisbane, it adopted Fourierist principles in 1844.
North American Phalanx New JerseyCharles Sears18411856A Fourier Society community. The Fourier Society is based on the ideas of French philosopher Charles Fourier. Longest-lasting of the 30 or so Fourierist communities in the U.S.
Northampton Association of Education and Industry (NAEI) (sometimes called "The Community")Florence, Northampton, Massachusetts Samuel Hill18421846Abolitionist community. Owned some 500 acres including a sawmill. Workers did not get a wage but a profit share. [8] (see Clark, Christopher, The Communitarian Moment: The Radical Challenge of the Northampton Association. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995)
Hopedale Community [9] Massachusetts Adin Ballou 18421868A Fourierist community based on "Practical Christianity", which included ideas such as temperance, abolitionism, Women's rights, spiritualism and education. [10]
Fruitlands Massachusetts Amos Alcott 18431844A Transcendent community.
Skaneateles Community New YorkSociety for Universal Inquiry18431846A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community, based on Fourierist principles at least at first.
Sodus Bay Phalanx New YorkSodus Bay Fourierists18441846A Fourierist community.
Wisconsin Phalanx [11] Wisconsin Albert Brisbane [12] 18441850A Fourierist community. [11] One of the longest-lived phalanxes of the 1840s Fourierist boom in the U.S.
Clermont Phalanx Ohio Followers of Charles Fourier18441845A Fourierist community. replaced by Spiritualist community. later became anarchist society.
Prairie Home Community (also known as "Grand Prairie Community")Ohio John O. Wattles [7]
Valentine Nicholson [7]
18441845A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community. Ascribed to Fourierist principles.
Alphadelphia Association Kalamazoo County, MichiganReverend Richard Thornton, Reverend James Billings, Dr. H. R. Schetterly18441848 Fourierist community. Published commune's newspaper, The Alphadelphia Tocsin
Fruit HillsOhioOrson S. Murray [7] 18451852A community based on Owenism and anarchism. [7] Maintained close contact with the Kristeen and Grand Prairie Communities.
Kristeen CommunityIndianaCharles Mowland [7] 18451847Founded by Charles Mowland and others who had previously been associated with the Prairie Home Community. [7] A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community.
Bishop Hill Colony Illinois Eric Jansson 18461862A Swedish Pietist religious commune.
Spring Farm ColonyWisconsinSix Fourierist families [7] 18461848A Fourierist community.
Utopia Ohio Josiah Warren 18471876 Decentralized community based on equitable commerce or mutualism. [13] replaced a Spiritualist community that in turn had replaced a Fourierist community.
Oneida Community New York John H. Noyes 18481880A Utopian socialism community. Oneida Community practices included Communalism , Complex Marriage , Male Continence , Mutual Criticism and Ascending Fellowship.
Icarians Nauvoo, Icaria, etc.Louisiana, Texas,
Nauvoo, Illinois,
, Corning, Iowa, Cheltenham, Missouri, Cloverdale, California
Étienne Cabet 18481898 Egalitarian communities based on the French utopian movement founded by Cabet, after his followers emigrated to the US. [14] [15]
Amana Colonies Iowa Community of True Inspiration 1850s1932The Amana villages were built one hour apart when traveling by ox cart. Each village had a church, a farm, multi-family residences, workshops and communal kitchens. Prosperous by the 1890s when it was one of the three strongest communistic societies in the U.S. [16] The communal system continued until 1932.
Modern Times Brentwood, New York Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews 18511864Founded upon individual sovereignty, equitable commerce and mutualism.
Raritan Bay Union New Jersey Marcus Spring
Rebecca Buffum
18531858A Fourierist community. [7]
Aurora Colony Oregon William Keil 18531883Christian utopian community
Free Lovers at Davis HouseBerlin Heights, Erie County, OhioFrancis Barry [12] 18541858A community based on Free love and spiritualism. [12]
Reunion Colony Dallas, Texas Victor P. Considerant 18551869A Fourierist community.
Octagon City Kansas Henry S. Clubb
Charles DeWolfe
John McLaurin
18561857Originally built as a vegetarian colony north of the present-day site of Chanute, Kansas near Vegetarian Creek, a tributary of the Neosho River
Workingmen's Co-operative Colony (Llewellyn Castle) [17] Kansasfollowers of James Bronterre O'Brien 18691874A community based on the political reform philosophy of Chartist James Bronterre O'Brien.
Silkville KansasErnest de Boissière18691892 Sericulture farm in Kansas that was founded on Fourierist principles. Later shifted away from Fourierism before its collapse.
Progressive Colony, near Cedar ValeKansasWilliam Frey18711879A Russian communist colony with a mixture of atheism and liberal Christianity. Fell apart due to the domineering and sometimes cruel manner of its founder. [18]
Zion Valley Kansas William Bickerton 18751879 Bickertonite Mormon religious colony that secularized in 1879 to become the town of St. John, Kansas. [19]
Danish Socialist Colony [20] Kansas Louis Pio 18771877A utopian socialist community near Hays
EsperanzaKansasunknown?1879A utopian communist community founded by settlers from Missouri. [21]
Rugby Tennessee Thomas Hughes (author of bestseller Tom Brown’s School Days (1857)); London and Boston Boards of Aid to Land Ownership18801887A community based on Christian socialism. “Associations” (joint-stock corporations) operated general store and other businesses. A tomato cannery and Rugby Pottery Company operated as joint-stock enterprise but failed financially. Hughes left scene in 1887, $250,000 poorer. [22]
Am Olam Oregon and various locations across the USMania Bakl and Moses Herder1881Mostly disbanded by the 1890sJewish social movement that sought to create agricultural communities in America. [23]
Shalam Colony New Mexico John B. Newbrough
Andrew Howland
18841901A community in which members would live peaceful, vegetarian lifestyles, and where orphaned urban children were to be raised.
Kaweah Colony Sierra Nevada range, California18861892Inspired by the scientific socialism of Laurence Gronlund and Edward Bellamy. Livelihood based on logging of giant sequoia trees. This ended with creation of the Sequoia National Park. "Squatter's Cabin" is last surviving structure of the colony. [24]
Ruskin Colony Dickson County, Tennessee Julius Wayland 18941899Attempt to create a co-operative communal movement. Principles of the community were inspired by Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward (1886). Communal dining hall and laundry, housing, medical care, education, equality, and job security. success hampered by no clear business plan. Eventually some members forced sale of land and disbandment. [25]
Altruria California Edward Byron Payne 18941896 Christian socialist colony inspired by William Dean Howells' 1884 novel A Traveler from Altruria.
Fairhope Single Tax Corporation, Fairhope, ALAlabamaFairhope Industrial Association1894currently activeFairhope was first settled in 1894 by Georgists. The Single tax experiment was incorporated as the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation under Alabama law in 1904. The municipality of Fairhope was incorporated in 1908. [26]
Koreshan Unity Estero, Florida Cyrus Teed 1894Last new member admitted in 1940 (died 1982)Believed in Teed as a Messiah named Koresh , entered heavy decline after Teed's death in 1908. [27] [28]
Home, Washington WashingtonGeorge H. Allen
Oliver A. Verity
B. F. O'Dell
18951919An intentional community based on anarchist philosophy
Nucla Colorado Colorado Cooperative Company 1896Decommmunalized, city remains extantEstablished following the Panic of 1893. Originally called Piñon. [29] [30]
Equality Colony Skagit County, WashingtonBrotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth[ citation needed ]18971907Principles of the community were inspired by Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward (1886) and its sequel novel Equality (1897). In 1905 colony was divided by arrival of Alexander Horr and other adherents of Theodor Hertzka’s "Freeland" concept. Wave of arsons effectively ended the social experiment.
Bellamy Cooperative Colony Lincoln County, Oregon (on the Depai Creek 4 miles north of the county seat of Lincoln)Founded by Norwegian settlers1897unknownPrinciples of the community were inspired by Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward (1886) and its sequel novel Equality (1897). [31]
FreedomBourbon County, KansasG. B. De Bernardi18971905colony's economy was based on a Labor Exchange, designed to eliminate poverty and want, through the creation of a “soft” currency that served as legal tender. At the colony's warehouse, workers exchanged goods for “labor checks” redeemable for items in the warehouse. [32] [33]

Twentieth century

NameLocationFounderFounding dateEnding dateNotes
Arden Village Delaware Frank Stephens
William Lightfoot Price
1900currently activeAn art colony founded as a Georgist single-tax art community.
Zion, Illinois Illinois John Alexander Dowie 19001907A Utopian Christian religious community, reorganized following fraud allegations and founder's death into modern city.
Equality Colony Washington Norman W. Lermond
Ed Pelton
19001907One of the many U.S. socialist intentional communities inspired by Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward. These communities were often called Nationalist Clubs.
Freeland Association WashingtonDissident members of the Equality Colony19001906 [12] A socialist commune. The first settlers dissident members of the nearby Equality Colony. [34] While the Freeland Association dissolved in 1906 [12] the census-designated place (CDP) of Freeland, Washington continues to exist.
Helicon Home Colony New Jersey Upton Sinclair (who had funds due to his successful book The Jungle)19071908A "co-operative home". A "home colony," in which to "secure the advantage of the application of machinery to domestic processes, and incidentally to solve the problem of the management of servants." [35]
Post Post, Texas C.W. Post 1907currently active
Free Acres New Jersey Bolton Hall 1910currently active Georgist community
Llano del Rio California Job Harriman 19141918Project designed by architect and planner Alice Constance Austin with strong emphasis on shared domestic work
New Llano Louisiana Job Harriman 19171937Founded by Job Harriman & other members of the California Llano del Rio colony who relocated to Louisiana.
Holy City California William E. Riker 19191959Founded by a sect that promoted celibacy, temperance and a segregationist interpretation of Christianity.
Jersey Homesteads Roosevelt, New Jersey President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Benjamin Brown 19361939socialist Jewish farming community formed as part of F.D.R.'s New Deal. Its history is presented in a 1983 documentary Roosevelt, New Jersey: Visions of Utopia
Druid Heights California Elsa Gidlow
Isabel Quallo
Roger Somers
19541987 Bohemian and artistic community. A meeting place used by three U.S. countercultural movements -- the Beat Generation of the 1950s, the hippie movement of the 1960s, and the women's movement of the 1970s.
Kerista Commune New York ("Old Tribe")
San Francisco ("New Tribe")
John Peltz "Bro Jud" Presmont1956 (Old Tribe)
1971 (New Tribe)
1991 Polyamorous new religious movement with communal ownership and a polyfidelitous nightly sleeping schedule.
Padanaram Settlement IndianaDaniel Wright1966largely privatized soon after the death of the founder in 2001 (communal businesses, school, dining hall, common purse were all discontinued) Christian fundamentalist commune in rural Indiana
Twin Oaks Virginia Kat Kinkade, others1967currently activeOriginally a behaviourist utopian society based on the novel Walden Two; eventually becoming an egalitarian commune.
The Farm Lewis County, Tennessee Stephen Gaskin 1971currently active (became a co-op in 1983) Buddhist-inspired Hippie vegetarian community. De-collectivized in 1983.
East Wind Community Ozark County, Missouri Kat Kinkade 1973currently activeA secular and democratic community in which members hold all communities assets in common.
Uranian Phalanstery and the associated First New York Gnostic Lyceum TempleLower East Side of Manhattan, New YorkRichard Oviet Tyler and Dorothea Baer1974currently activefollows the "Practice of the Eightfold Way on the Path" and exercise "Creativity in Practice of the Path". Fourierist.
Acorn Community Farm Virginia Ira Wallace 1993currently active egalitarian commune; branched off of Twin Oaks.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. Harrison, "Robert Owen's Quest for the New Moral World in America," in Robert Owen's American Legacy, p. 37
  2. The American People- Creating a Nation and a Society (6th? Ed.), Pearson/Longman
  3. "The Ephrata Cloister" https://www.cob-net.org/cloister.htm accessed May 29, 2025.
  4. Elson, Henry W. (Henry William); Hart, Charles Henry (April 25, 1905). "History of the United States of America". New York, Pub. for the Review of reviews company by the Macmillan company; London, Macmillan & co., ltd. – via Internet Archive
  5. "Communism" in Bliss et all, The Encyclopedia of Social Reform (1897), p. 312
  6. Smith, Gregory (2002). "The United Order of Enoch in Independence". The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal. 22: 99–117. JSTOR   43200431.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Morris, James M.; Kross, Andrea L. (2009). The A to Z of Utopianism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   978-0810863354.
  8. Bliss et al. Encyclopedia of Social Reform (1909), p. 838
  9. Spann, Edward K. (1992). Hopedale: From Commune to Company Town, 1840-1920 (Urban life and urban landscape series ed.). Ohio: Ohio State University Press. ISBN   0814205755 . Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  10. Spann, Edward K. (1992). Hopedale: From Commune to Company Town, 1840-1920 (Urban life and urban landscape series ed.). Ohio: Ohio State University Press. p. 71. ISBN   0814205755 . Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  11. 1 2 McCarville, Colin (2012). "Ceresco: A Utopian Community in Ripon, Wisconsin". Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Morris, James Matthew; Kross, Andrea L. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Utopianism. Scarecrow Press. pp.  108 and 111. ISBN   0810849127 . Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  13. Martin, James J. (1970) [1953]. "The Colonial Period: Utopia and "Modern Times"". Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles Publisher. pp. 56–64. ISBN   9780879260064. OCLC   8827896.
  14. Albert Shaw's 1884 book Icarias - A Chapter in the history of Communism, recounts the history of the Icarias movement and on pages 175-186, recounts history of many other intentional communities as well. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t5r78bp6f&seq=197
  15. "Cabet Etienne" in Bliss et al, Encyclopedia of Social Reform (1897), p. 204 https://ia801605.us.archive.org/20/items/encyclopediofsoc00blisrich/encyclopediofsoc00blisrich.pdf
  16. "Communism" in Bliss et al, The Encyclopedia of Social Reform (1897), p. 312
  17. Entz, Gary R. (2013). Llewellyn Castle: A Worker's Cooperative on the Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN   9780803245396.
  18. https://homesteadontherange.com/2016/05/10/8-utopian-experiments-in-kansas/ accessed May 28, 2025
  19. Entz, Gary R. (2006). "The Bickertonites: Schism and Reunion in a Restoration Church, 1880-1905". Journal of Mormon History : 8.
  20. Miller, Kenneth E. (1972). Danish Socialism on the Kansas Prairie. Kansas State Historical Society.
  21. https://homesteadontherange.com/2016/05/10/8-utopian-experiments-in-kansas/ accessed May 28, 2025
  22. "Utopian communities inspired by novels" https://teachingwiththemes.com/index.php/2020/01/06/utopian-communities-inspired-by-novels/
  23. "Am Olam". www.oregonencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
  24. "List of classified structures." https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210241/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=CA&PARK=SEKI&STRUCTURE=&SORT=&RECORDNO=7
  25. "Utopian communities inspired by novels" https://teachingwiththemes.com/index.php/2020/01/06/utopian-communities-inspired-by-novels/
  26. Fairhope 1894-1954, The Story of a Single Tax Colony, Paul E. and Blanche R. Alyea, University of Alabama Press 1956
  27. Millner, Lyn (2015). The Allure of Immortality: An American Cult, a Florida Swamp, and a Renegade Prophet. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. p. xiii. ISBN   9780813061238.
  28. Warren, M. (2023). "Florida's hollow-earth cult left behind a bizarre ghost town". floridatraveler.com. Retrieved 24 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. "Colorado's Utopian Colonies: Greeley and Nucla". Denver Public Library History. 2013-08-28. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  30. "Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado (Chapter 7)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  31. "Bellamy Beamings" by O.A. Tveitmoe. Published in Industrial Freedom [Edison, WA], whole no. 40 (Feb. 4, 1899), pg. 2. http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/parties/bcc/1899/0204-tveitmoe-bellamybeamings.pdf
  32. H. Roger Grant. Portrait of a Workers' Utopia: The Labor Exchange and the Freedom, Kan., Colony. https://www.kancoll.org/khq/1977/77_1_grant.htm
  33. https://homesteadontherange.com/2016/05/10/8-utopian-experiments-in-kansas/ accessed May 28, 2025
  34. Charles Pierce LeWarne, Utopias on Puget Sound, 18851915, Seattle, University of Washington State Press, 1975; pp. 114-28.
  35. New York Times, July 16, 1906, p. 6 "For a Co-operative Home..." https://www.nytimes.com/1906/07/16/archives/for-a-cooperative-home-the-plan-for-a-colony-to-be-discussed-her-to.html. accessed May 17, 2025