List of U.S. Marine Hospitals

Last updated

This is a list of U.S. Marine Hospitals and Public Health Service Hospitals that operated during the system's existence from 1798 to 1981. The primary beneficiary of the hospitals were civilian mariners known as the Merchant Marine, although they had other beneficiaries at various times; the system was unrelated to the U.S. Marine Corps.

Contents

The Marine Hospital Fund was founded in 1798; [1] it was reorganized into the Marine Hospital Service in 1871 and renamed the U.S. Public Health Service in 1912. The hospital system became part of the Public Health Service's Bureau of Medical Services when it was created in 1943. The number of major hospitals peaked at thirty in 1943, and declined to nine in 1970. The system was abolished in 1981. Many of the hospitals were transferred to other organizations and are still in use as a variety of purposes, including as hospitals, offices, apartments, and historical sites.

History

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Locations of Marine Hospitals opened prior to 1872. The hospitals still operating in 1872 are marked in blue. [2]
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Locations of major PHS hospitals in 1936. The cities that retained PHS hospitals after 1953 are marked in yellow, and those that retained them after 1970 are marked in blue. [3] [4] [5]

The Marine Hospital Fund was founded in 1798. Although the system was funded and largely operated by the federal government, they were locally managed with little centralized oversight, and with many positions filled through political patronage. In 1871, it was reorganized into a centralized administration, the Marine Hospital Service, led by the Surgeon General and staffed by a Commissioned Corps of officers. [6]

As of 1873, 31 Marine Hospitals had been built by the government, of which 10 remained in operation: Chelsea, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Louisville, Mobile, Pittsburgh, Portland, St. Louis, and Key West. Of the rest, fourteen were sold, one was transferred to the War Department, one abandoned, one burned, one destroyed by a flood, one by a hurricane, one was damaged by an earthquake and abandoned; one remained unfinished due to its completion being impracticable. [7]

Over the late nineteenth century, the Marine Hospital Service was given authority over domestic and foreign quarantine functions, and expanded into other public health activities. In 1899 it formed internal divisions for the first time, with the Division of Hospitals administering the hospital system. The Marine Hospital Service changed its name to the Public Health Service (PHS) in 1912. [8]

At the end of World War I, PHS instituted a numbering system for hospitals, with numbers 1–23 assigned alphabetically to major Marine Hospitals that were operating or recently closed, with higher numbers going to a large number of new Public Health Service Hospitals at facilities transferred from the U.S. Army. [9] Many of these new hospitals were transferred in 1922 [8] to the newly created Veterans Bureau, which assumed responsibility for veterans' health benefits from the PHS. [10] [11]

Beginning in the late 1920s and continuing through the New Deal era, a significant building campaign upgraded several hospitals into large, monumental buildings, in contrast with the smaller buildings common for the 19th-century buildings. [11] By 1936, hospitals were divided into first-class Marine Hospitals, plus second- through fourth-class hospitals. [3]

In 1943, PHS collected its divisions into three operating agencies, and the Division of Hospitals became part of the Bureau of Medical Services. [8] [12] That year, the hospital system had reached its peak of 30 hospitals. [13] In 1951, all hospitals were redesignated Public Health Service Hospitals. [4] As of 1957, the Division of Hospitals operated 13 hospitals, 24 outpatient clinics, plus two neuropsychiatric hospitals and the National Leprosarium, and contracted with 155 other locations. [14] In 1965, there were 12 general hospitals and the 3 special hospitals. [13] [15]

During the PHS reorganizations of 1966–1973, The Bureau of Medical Services was broken up, and the Division of Hospitals became the Federal Health Programs Service, and then in 1973 became a different Bureau of Medical Services within the Health Services Administration. [8] [16]

The system came under pressure for closure starting in the late 1970s, as healthcare needs for sailors were dwindling, and healthcare for veterans was being taken over by the Veterans Administration. [11] The PHS hospital system was finally abolished during the Reagan administration in 1981, with the last eight general hospitals transferred to other organizations. [4] [17] The federal government would however continue to operate the National Leprosarium until 1999. [18]

List

The start year indicates when the hospital opened or was acquired by MHS/PHS. The end year indicates when the hospital was closed, converted to a clinic, or transferred to another organization. This list emphasizes hospitals considered major at some point in the system's history; there were also very many hospitals of lower statuses. [3] [8] [9]

PhotoLocationStartEndStatusNotesRefs

East Coast

Marine Hospital - Portland, Maine.JPG Portland, Maine 18591952ExtantIn use as private medical facility; see United States Marine Hospital (Portland, Maine) [2] [4] [9] [19] [20]
1789 CastleWilliam BostonHarbor MassachusettsMagazine.jpg Boston, Massachusetts/
Chelsea, Massachusetts
18001804The first Marine Hospital established; temporary location in rebuilt barracks at Castle Island [5] [9] [19] [21] [22] [23]
Boston Marine Hospital 2.tiff 18041825DemolishedAt Charlestown Navy Yard; transferred to the Navy and demolished
18251827Temporary rented facility in Charlestown
Boston Marine Hospital 3.tiff 18271857DestroyedIn Chelsea; after being sold, it was used as the Hawthorne School and then burned in the 1908 Chelsea fire.
Chelsea Marine Hospital 4.tif 18571940ExtantBuilt near Chelsea Naval Hospital; in use as apartments
U. S. Marine Hospital, Brighton, Mass (69749).jpg 19401981ExtantIn Brighton; in use as private hospital facility
Martha's Vineyard Museum, July 2019 - back of building - main entrance.jpg Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts 18791952ExtantIn use as Martha's Vineyard Museum [4] [9] [19] [24]
Newport, Rhode Island ca. 1802May have been temporary [2] [6]
U.S. Marine Hospital, Staten Island, NY (14359401805).jpg Stapleton, Staten Island, New York 18311981ExtantNotable for the 1858 Staten Island Quarantine War at a satellite location, and being the birthplace of the National Institutes of Health in 1887 [5] [9] [25] [26]
Marine Hospital (NYPL b15279351-104767).tiff 1930s1981ExtantIn use as Bayley Seton Hospital
Abandoned Tuberculosis Hospital Jacob Riis Beach Rockaways New York 2013 Shankbone.JPEG Neponsit, Queens, New York 19451950Extant Neponsit Beach Hospital; leased from City of New York and replaced by Manhattan Beach hospital [4]
Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, New York 19411960Shut down and sold off by USCG [4] [27]
Ellis Island National Monument ELIS4093.jpg Ellis Island, New York 19021951ExtantSee Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital [4] [19]
Cape Henlopen, Delaware 18941903 [19]
Former U.S. Marine Hospital Building, 3100 Wyman Park Drive, Baltimore, MD 21211 (35640870753).jpg Baltimore, Maryland 18871981Extant [5] [9] [28]
U.S. Marine Hospital Former Wyman Park Health System (1934), 3100 Wyman Park Drive, Baltimore, MD 21211 (48865004811).jpg 19341981ExtantBecame a private hospital, now in use as an academic building for Johns Hopkins University
Freedmen's Hospital.tif Washington, D.C. 19401961–
1967
ExtantFreedmen's Hospital; previously operated by Department of the Interior; became Howard University Hospital [8] [29] [30]
St. Elizabeths Hospital 1900.png Washington, D.C.19401968ExtantSee St. Elizabeths Hospital. Opened 1855 and was operated by the U.S. Army and then the Department of the Interior, transferred to PHS in 1940, and then to the National Institute of Mental Health in 1968; the eastern half of the campus is now operated by the District of Columbia, while the western half is now the headquarters of the Department of Homeland Security [8] [31]
Norfolk Marine Hospital 4.tiff Norfolk, Virginia 18001860sDemolishedBuilt in 1787 by the State of Virginia, transferred to the federal government in 1800, sold off shortly after the Civil War, demolished in 1933 [5] [9] [19] [32] [33]
Norfolk Marine Hospital 2.tiff 19221981ExtantIn use as U.S. Navy Lafeyette River Annex
Portsmouth, North Carolina 1847Abandoned before 1869 [2] [19] [34]
Wilmington, North Carolina 18811898Constructed in 1860 but taken over by the Confederacy, and later became first site of Wilmington City Hospital; repurchased and used as Marine Hospital [2] [8] [9] [19] [35] [36]
Wilmington Marine Hospital.jpg 18981918Converted to PHS laboratory
Charleston U.S. Marine Hospital 2021a.jpg Charleston, South Carolina 1833ExtantNRHP-listed. See United States Marine Hospital (Charleston, South Carolina) [8] [19] [37]
Savannah U.S. Marine Hospital 2021a.jpg Savannah, Georgia 19061969ExtantIn use as Bradley Hall of Savannah College of Art and Design [4] [9]
San Juan Marine Hospital 1.tiff San Juan, Puerto Rico 1952 [4]

Gulf Coast

Key West Marine Hospital.tiff Key West, Florida 18451943Extant [2] [4] [9] [19] [38]
St. Marks, Florida 1859ca. 1861DemolishedMuseum currently exists on its site at San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park [2] [19]
Marine Hospital, Pensacola Navy Yard.jpg Pensacola, Florida First planned in 1840s and 1850s but never built [2] [8] [19]
U.S. Marine Hospital, Mobile, Alabama.jpg Mobile, Alabama 18431952ExtantBecame Class II hospital after Civil War; NRHP-listed. See United States Marine Hospital (Mobile, Alabama) [2] [4] [9] [19]
Old Marine Hospital NOLA 1845 B Norman.jpg New Orleans, Louisiana 18471858DestroyedAbandoned after floods; destroyed in 1861 explosion [2] [9] [11] [5] [19] [20] [39]
US Marine Hospital NOLA Great South.jpg N/AN/ADemolishedBuilding partially constructed but never used as Marine Hospital; later used as insane asylum; hospital operated out of several temporary locations
New Orleans Marine Hospital 1928.png 18831933DemolishedDemolished and replaced with current building on same site
New Orleans Public Health Service Hospital.tiff 19331981Extant
Galveston Marine Hospital 1.tiff Galveston, Texas/
Nassau Bay, Texas
1931 [5] [40] [41] [42]
Houston Methodist Clear Lake Hospital.jpg 1970s1981ExtantNassau Bay hospital opened in 1972 as a private hospital, but went bankrupt a few years later and was taken over by PHS, replacing the Galveston hospital; became Houston Methodist Clear Lake Hospital
Federal Medical Center, Fort Worth.jpg Fort Worth, Texas 19381967ExtantNarcotics hospital; now Federal Medical Center, Fort Worth [4]

Mississippi River

Carville Public Health Service Hospital.tiff Carville, Louisiana 19211999ExtantNational Leprosarium; became NRHP-listed Carville Historic District [4] [18]
United States Marine Hospital, Natchez, Mississippi.jpg Natchez, Mississippi 18521867DestroyedLeased out after Civil War; became Natchez City Hospital; burned down in 1984 [2] [6] [19]
Vicksburg, Mississippi 18561870Demolished [2] [6] [19]
Napoleon, Arkansas 1855ca. 1861DestroyedDestroyed by flood in 1868. See Napoleon Marine Hospital [2] [6] [19]
U.S. Marine Hospital Executive Building and Laundry-Kitchen.JPG Memphis, Tennessee 18841965ExtantNRHP-listed; now Metal Museum [4] [9] [19] [20] [43] [44]
Memphis Public Health Service Hospital.tiff 19371965Extant
Marine Hospital, southeast corner of Marine Avenue and Miami Street.jpg St. Louis, Missouri/
Kirkwood, Missouri
18581939DemolishedLarger building constructed adjacent in 1882; demolished in 1959 [2] [4] [6] [8] [9] [19] [20] [45] [46]
Kirkwood Marine Hospital.tiff 19391952Demolished
US-Marine-Hospital-Cairo-Illinois.jpg Cairo, Illinois 18861919Demolished [9] [19]
Photocopy of drawing (A. H. Bowman) FRONT AND SIDE ELEVATIONS - Marine Hospital, Galena, Jo Daviess County, IL HABS ILL,43-GALA,35-1.tif Galena, Illinois 18611868ExtantLater used as school and private residence [2] [6] [19]
Burlington, Iowa 18581865Demolished [2] [19]

Ohio River

Fort Anderson. Fort Anderson, Paducah, Kentucky, and the camp of the 6th Illinois Cavalry, April, 1862 - sketched by A.E. Mathews, 31st Regt. O.V.U.S.A. LCCN92508857.jpg Paducah, Kentucky 18521861DestroyedDuring the Civil War, Fort Anderson was constructed around the hospital building, which burned in 1862 [2] [6] [19]
Evansville, Indiana 18561867DemolishedDemolished around 1912 [2] [4] [9] [19]
Evansville Marine Hospital.tiff 18921947DemolishedDemolished early 1980s
U.S. Marine Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky.jpg Louisville, Kentucky 18521946ExtantNRHP-listed. See United States Marine Hospital (Louisville, Kentucky) [2] [4] [9] [19]
Louisville Marine Hospital 4.jpg 19331946Extant
Good Samaritan Hospital 1896.png Cincinnati, Ohio 18601860DemolishedBecame a military hospital upon completion and was never used as a Marine Hospital, later used by Good Samaritan Hospital; demolished ca. 1970. See United States Marine Hospital (Cincinnati) [2] [8] [19] [20] [47] [48] [49] [50]
Historic American Buildings Survey, Edgar D. Tyler, Photographer March 4, 1934 NORTH ELEVATION. - Marine Hospital, Third and Kilgour Streets, Cincinnati, Hamilton County, OH HABS OHIO,31-CINT,6-2.tif 18821905DemolishedLocated in former Kilgour Mansion, built around 1815; in 1912 it was reopened as PHS Stream Pollution Investigations Station. See United States Marine Hospital (Cincinnati)
Lexington Public Health Service Hospital 5.tiff Lexington, Kentucky 19351967ExtantNarcotics hospital; now Federal Medical Center, Lexington [4]
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 18511875DemolishedDemolished in late 1880s [2] [4] [9] [51] [52]
Pittsburgh U.S. Marine Hospital.jpg 19091949ExtantConverted to clinic, now occupied by Allegheny County Health Department's Frank B. Clack Health Center; part of NRHP-listed Lawrenceville Historic District. See United States Marine Hospital (Pittsburgh)

Great Lakes

Burlington, Vermont 18581866DestroyedNever used due to lack of patients; became Home for Destitute Children; burned down in 1893 [2] [19]
Former Benedict House, Marine Hospital, UB Chronic Disease Institute - Buffalo, New York - 20200515.jpg Buffalo, New York 19091949Extant [4] [9]
Cleveland Marine Hospital 1896.jpg Cleveland, Ohio 18521929DemolishedSold to Pennsylvania Railroad in 1929 and demolished [2] [4] [9] [19] [53] [54]
Cleveland Marine Hospital.tiff 19291953
Old Detroit Marine Hospital.jpg Detroit, Michigan 18571930DemolishedMain building demolished in 1962; 1933 building on site NRHP-listed as U.S. Immigration Station Detroit [2] [4] [9] [19] [55] [56]
Aerial Photo of Windmill Point on the Detroit River in 1948 crop.jpg 19301969DemolishedDemolished in 1984
Chicago Marine Hospital 1871.jpg Chicago, Illinois 18521864DestroyedAt Fort Dearborn; sold; burned down in 1871 Great Chicago Fire [2] [4] [9] [19] [20] [57]
U. S. Marine Hospital (3678982250).jpg 18731965DemolishedDemolished for Disney Magnet School

Western U.S.

Port Townsend/Port Angeles, Washington
18551858Privately built and operated [2] [4] [19] [20] [9] [58] [59] [60]
18581893DestroyedOriginally privately built and operated under contract; purchased by government in 1883; burned down
18621866DestroyedRelocated to Port Angeles; destroyed by flood and restored to Port Townsend
Port Townsend Marine Hospital.jpg 18961933DemolishedDemolished in 1971
Pacific Medical Center pano 01.jpg Seattle, Washington 19331981ExtantReplaced Port Townsend hospital; transferred to City of Seattle and became Pacific Tower [4] [5] [61] [62] [63]
San Francisco Marine Hospital 2.tiff San Francisco, California 18541868DemolishedAt Rincon Point; damaged by the 1868 Hayward earthquake and temporarily abandoned; later used as Sailor's Home and demolished in 1920s [2] [5] [9] [19] [64] [65]
San Francisco Marine Hospital 7.tiff 18751932On the Presidio of San Francisco
Presidio Landmark, San Francisco (former Public Health Service Hospital), 2017 uncropped.jpg 19321981ExtantOn the Presidio of San Francisco; reopened as apartments in 2010. See Public Health Service Hospital (San Francisco)
Adjutant Office Fort Stanton New Mexico.jpg Fort Stanton, New Mexico 18981953ExtantTuberculosis sanatorium; created from former Fort Stanton; NRHP-listed [4] [19]
Maui-Lahaina-USSeamensHospital-front.JPG Lahaina, Hawaii 18441862DestroyedSee United States Marine Hospital (Lahaina, Hawaii) [19] [66]

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