List of Urdu-speaking Muslims

Last updated

This is a list of Urdu-speaking people a distinct ethnolinguistic and cultural group from the Indian subcontinent traditionally associated with the Urdu language and Indo-Islamic elite culture of northern and central India. [1] Urdu-speaking Muslims of Hindustan formed a socio-political elite whose shared customs, dress, and literary culture distinguish them from other Muslim communities of South Asia. [1] Many migrated to Pakistan during the Partition of 1947 forming the Muhajir (Pakistan) community who identify as Pakistanis,while a significant population remains in India today. [2]

Contents

Delhi Sultanate era



Rulers of the Carnatic Sultanate

Umdat ul-Umara with his brothers, in a painting by Tilly Kettle Arcotprinces.jpg
Umdat ul-Umara with his brothers, in a painting by Tilly Kettle


















Leaders of the 1857 Indian Rebellion







Rulers, Generals of Hindustani Muslim heritage








Revolutionaries/Poets/Politicians




Urdu-speaking community of Pakistan






Modern Day India

Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari MuhammadSaidKhan.jpg
Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari

See also

References

  1. 1 2 C.A. Bayly (2012). Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion: 1770–1870. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908873-7.
  2. ↑ "Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2020" (PDF).
  3. ↑ Medieval INDIA:From Sultanat to the Mughals Delhi Sultanat(1206-1526).
  4. 1 2 Satish Chandra (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. p. 267. ISBN 9788124110645. Alauddin's wazir was Nusrat Khan Jalesar, and Zafar Khan his Mir Arz. Both were famous warriors but were non-Turks, possibly Indian Muslims.
  5. ↑ Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History — Peter Jackson — Cambridge University Press, 2003 — ISBN 9780521451049 — pp. 85–88.
  6. ↑ Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992, pp. 338–339.
  7. ↑ The Delhi Sultanate: A Political, Military, and Cultural History — Peter Jackson — Oxford University Press, 1992 — ISBN 9780195067866 — pp. 45–48.
  8. ↑ Wagoner & Rice 2001, p. 48.
  9. ↑ Khan-i-Jahan's Tomb - Tomb of Malik Maqbul Khan, Delhi Information, retrieved 17 April 2019.
  10. ↑ The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, Vol. III, H. M. Elliot, Adamant Media Corporation, p. 256, ISBN 1-4021-8212-0.
  11. ↑ A History of the Deccan Sultanates — Richard Eaton — Cambridge University Press, 2005 — ISBN 9780521525531 — pp. 112–115.
  12. 1 2 Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Muzaffarnagar. Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1988. p. 42.
  13. ↑ "Anwaruddinkhan Vs Maratha".
  14. ↑ D.P. Ramachandran (2008). Empire's First Soldiers. Lancer Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-9796174-7-8.
  15. ↑ Hyderabad Under the Nizams: 1724–1758 — Omar Khalidi — Orient Longman, 2000 — ISBN 9788173042199 — pp. 110–115.
  16. ↑ "Newabs". Prince of Arcot. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  17. ↑ "The Tiger and The Thistle – Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India". Natgalscot.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 August 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  18. ↑ Partha Chatterjee (5 April 2012). The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power. Princeton University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4008-4260-5. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  19. ↑ The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1919–1947 — Edward J. Davies — Cambridge University Press, 2010 — ISBN 9780521575882 — pp. 22–25.
  20. ↑ Tipu Sultan and His Times — Mohibbul Hasan — Asia Publishing House, 1951 — ISBN 9780718500788 — pp. 160–165.
  21. ↑ Dictionary of Indian Biography: Carnatic – Azim‑ud‑Daula, Nawab of the Carnatic (1775–1819) — C. Hayavadana Rao — Asian Educational Services, 2002 — ISBN 9788120611406 — pp. 43–45.
  22. ↑ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography – Azim‑ud‑Daula entry — C. Hayavadana Rao — Asian Educational Services, 2002 — ISBN 9788120611406 — pp. 43–45.
  23. ↑ Maulavi Ahmad Ullah Shah and Great revolt of 1857". National Book Trust, India website (Book by Rashmi Kumari). Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  24. ↑ "History of the Indian Mutiny, 1857-1858". George Bruce Malleson (1858). 1878.
  25. ↑ "Muslim Freedom Fighters Missing in the Indian History Books". 15 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  26. ↑ "1857 The First Challenge: The Rising". The Tribune (India newspaper). Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  27. ↑ "The Indian Muslim Legends (Ahmadullah Shah)". Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  28. ↑ Gott, Richard (7 November 2011). Britain's Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt. Verso Books. ISBN 9781844677382.
  29. ↑ Bhargava, Sangeeta (25 July 2011). The World Beyond. Allison & Busby. ISBN 9780749010898.
  30. ↑ "Battle of Chinhat and Barkat Ahmad". Sonal Gupta The Times Group. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  31. ↑ Asir Adrawi (April 2016). "Mawlāna Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi". Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). Deoband: Darul Moallifeen. pp. 210–211.
  32. ↑ HUSAIN, IQBAL (1987). "Fazle Haq of Khairabad—A Scholarly Rebel of 1857". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 48: 355–365. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44141709.
  33. ↑ Mujeeb., Ashraf (1982). Muslim attitudes towards British rule and Western culture in India : in the first half of the nineteenth century. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 1203516311.
  34. ↑ Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh by S.A.A Rizvi, Vol iv.
  35. ↑ The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond By Acyuta Yājñika, Suchitra Sheth, Page 96.
  36. ↑ "Begum Hazrat Mahal Biography, History and Facts". 3 February 2018. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  37. ↑ "A link to Indian freedom movement in Nepal". The Hindu. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  38. ↑ "Begum Hazrat Mahal". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  39. ↑ Makki, Imdadullah Muhajir (1999). Faisla Haft Masala. Muslim Kitabwi. p. 21.
  40. ↑ Parekh, Rauf (21 September 2015). "Literary Notes: History, war paintings and journalist Moulvi Muhammad Baqir". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  41. ↑ "Install Maulvi's statue in Parliament, Assembly". Times of India. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  42. ↑ Pati, Biswamoy (2010). The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India. Routledge. ISBN 9780415558433. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  43. ↑ Lacy, Lisa McCracken (2017-03-30). Lady Anne Blunt in the Middle East: Travel, Politics and the Idea of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85773-833-2.
  44. ↑ "हमेशा याद रहेंगे मुरादाबाद के आजादी के दीवाने नवाब मज्जू खां, पढ़ें नवाब मज्जू खां की शौर्य गाथा - Will always be remembered Nawab Majju Khan the freedom lover of Moradabad read the heroic story of Nawab Majju Khan". Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 2024-03-06.
  45. ↑ Bakht Khan: shrouded by the sands of time The Express Tribune (newspaper), Published 27 January 2011, Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  46. ↑ Dalrymple, William (2007). The Last Mughal. Bloomsbury. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-7475-8726-2.
  47. ↑ Time check: British India: Bahadur Shah Zafar Dawn (newspaper), Published 6 January 2012, Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  48. ↑ The History of Bengal, Vol. II by R.C. Majumdar (ISBN 9788177564358).
  49. ↑ "Isa Khan - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org.
  50. ↑ The History of Bengal: From the First Mohammedan Invasion until the Virtual Conquest of that Country by the English AD 1757.
  51. ↑ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History.
  52. ↑ "Musa Khan - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org.
  53. ↑ Murshid Quli Khan and His Times — Abdul Karim — Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1963 — ISBN 9789694080916 — pp. 1–20.
  54. ↑ State and Society in Medieval India — Richard M. Eaton — Oxford University Press, 2005 — ISBN 9780195694627 — pp. 150–153.
  55. ↑ The Administration of Mughal India: The Subah System, 1600–1750 — P. Muḥammad K̲h̲ān — Oxford University Press, 2000 — ISBN 9780195643298 — pp. 22–25.
  56. ↑ Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb — Munir Ansari — Academic Press, 1997 — ISBN 9788122801147 — pp. 87–90.
  57. ↑ Court Society in Late Medieval India — Muzaffar Alam — Oxford University Press, 2000 — ISBN 9780195642369 — pp. 120–125.
  58. ↑ Succession Struggle in the Mughal Empire: The Imperial Family and State — Satish Chandra — Oxford University Press, 1988 — ISBN 9780195615614 — pp. 210–213.
  59. ↑ Mughal Warfare: 1500–1750 — Kumāra Sāhāyai — Bloomsbury Academic, 2012 — ISBN 9781441169717 — pp. 73–76.
  60. ↑ Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire — Jadunath Sarkar — Orient Longman, 1972 — ISBN 9788125002789 — pp. 350–355.
  61. ↑ Lives of the Mughal Emperors — Jill Beale — Roli Books, 2001 — ISBN 9788174360311 — pp. 182–185.
  62. ↑ Islamic Intellectual Tradition in South Asia — Barbara D. Metcalf — Oxford University Press, 2019 — ISBN 9780199477480 — pp. 200–202.
  63. ↑ Syed Ahmad Shaheed: His Life and Mission — Shaikh Muhammad Ghulam Ali — Islamic Publications Ltd, 1975 — ISBN 9789694080916 — pp. 1–30.
  64. ↑ Shah Abdul Aziz: The Pioneer of Reform — Usha Sanyal — Oxford University Press, 1992 — ISBN 9780199097013 — pp. 15–18.
  65. ↑ Intellectual Awakening in Early 19th-Century India — Muhammad Omar — OUP, 2008 — ISBN 9780195694658 — pp. 73–76.
  66. ↑ Mughal Expansion and Provincial Polities — Noor Ahmad — Primus Books, 2010 — ISBN 9788176548503 — pp. 99–102.
  67. ↑ Nobility and Power in India 1500–1700 — John F. Richards — Columbia University Press, 1995 — ISBN 9780231105368 — pp. 160–163.
  68. ↑ Mughal Provincial Elites — Katherine Butler Schofield — Cambridge University Press, 2013 — ISBN 9781107011338 — pp. 67–69.
  69. ↑ Delhi Sultanate: A Political Study — Peter Jackson — Cambridge University Press, 2003 — ISBN 9780521451049 — pp. 120–123.
  70. ↑ Admirals and Coastal Wars: Maratha Navy — Dr. Prachi Shah — Dorling Kindersley, 2015 — ISBN 9781405352058 — pp. 80–83.
  71. ↑ Hyderabad under the Nizams — Omar Khalidi — Orient Longman, 2000 — ISBN 9788173042199 — pp. 33–36.
  72. ↑ The Fakir-Saheed: Participation in the 1857 Rebellion — Gyanendra Pandey — Oxford University Press, 1994 — ISBN 9780195653322 — pp. 87–90.
  73. ↑ "Shah Waliullah Dehlavi". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Encyclopedia.com.
  74. ↑ Peter N. Stearns, ed. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Vol. 4. Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN 9780195176322.
  75. ↑ Mohammad Afzal (2003). "Shah Wali Allah's Philosophy of Education". No. 108 of N.I.H.C.R. publication.
  76. ↑ Bijnori, Muhammad Salman, ed. (March 2021). "Hazrat Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi and Shaikhul Hind Academy, Darul Uloom Deoband: Imranullah Qasmi". Monthly Darul Uloom (in Urdu). 105 (3). Deoband: Darul Uloom: 47–48.
  77. ↑ The Shaykh al-Hind Program.
  78. ↑ Syeda Saiyidain Hameed, 'Introduction', Hali's Musaddas: A Story in Verse of the Ebb and Tide of Islam (New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 24.
  79. ↑ Amrita Dutta (16 June 2013). "Finding Wazir". The Indian Express (newspaper). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  80. ↑ Ikram, S.M. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Muslim Scholar. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  81. ↑ Cyril Glasse (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Altamira Press.
  82. ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thomson Gale (2004).
  83. ↑ "Ahmad Khan, Sayyid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  84. ↑ "International Urdu conference from Nov. 10". The Hindu. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  85. ↑ Chawla, Muhammad (2016). "Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan: A Reappraisal". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 64 (3): 7–24.
  86. ↑ Anil Chandra Banerjee (1981). Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism. Concept Publishing Company. p. 211.
  87. ↑ "Khuda Baksh Khan | District Siwan, Government Of Bihar | India". Siwan.nic.in. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  88. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). Khuda Bakhsh: The Indian Bodley. Longmans, Green and Company. pp. 270–286.
  89. ↑ "Profile of Shaukat Ali (politician) Maulana Shaukat Ali". storyof indain.com website. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  90. ↑ Lelyveld, David (1975). "Three Aligarh Students: Aftab Ahmad Khan, Ziauddin Ahmad and Muhammad Ali".
  91. ↑ Shibli Nomani: Life and Works — Syed Zohair Wahi — Oxford University Press, 1992 — ISBN 9780195627415 — pp. 5–30.
  92. ↑ Sir Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari: Life and Contributions — Mohd. Usman — Orient Longman, 1989 — ISBN 9788170222105 — pp. 10–35.
  93. ↑ Ashfaqullah Khan: Martyr of India's Freedom Movement — Sarfaraz Ahmad — National Book Trust, 2000 — ISBN 9788172310238 — pp. 15–40.
  94. ↑ Maulana Mohammad Ali: Prophet of Pakistan — Ayyaz Sheikh — Oxford University Press, 2003 — ISBN 9780195797822 — pp. 1–25.
  95. ↑ Hakim Ajmal Khan: A Political Biography — Kenneth E. Newell — Oxford University Press, 1978 — ISBN 9780195772500 — pp. 15–40.
  96. ↑ Muẓṭar Khairābādī: Life and Poetry — Moin Uddin Ahmad — National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, 1995 — ISBN 9788179960043 — pp. 5–20.
  97. ↑ "Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk | Former Deputy Collector in U. P. & Secretary of the Muslim Educational Conference". October 22, 2013.
  98. ↑ Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari on GoogleBooks website Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  99. ↑ "Mahmudabad". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  100. ↑ Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work — Muhammad Reza Kazimi — Oxford University Press Pakistan, 2003 — ISBN 9780195797884 — pp. 10–30.
  101. ↑ In the Line of Fire: A Memoir — Pervez Musharraf — Free Press, 2006 — ISBN 0743283449 — pp. 1–20.
  102. ↑ Generals of Pakistan: Profiles in Command — Rafiullah Khan — Oxford University Press, 2010 — ISBN 9780195478163 — pp. 98–110.
  103. ↑ Pakistan's Power Structure: A Study — Hamid Khan — Oxford University Press, 2010 — ISBN 9780195479078 — pp. 130–140.
  104. ↑ Generals of Pakistan — Ayesha Siddiqa — Oxford University Press, 2014 — ISBN 9780195479054 — pp. 155–165.
  105. ↑ Heroes of the Air: Pakistan's Flying Stars — Air Commodore Iqbal Hussain — Pakistan Air Force Museum, 2011 — ISBN 9789694008671 — pp. 30–45.
  106. ↑ Agha Hasan Abedi: A Visionary Banker — James Kaplan — Oxford University Press, 2012 — ISBN 9780199760231 — pp. 45–60.
  107. ↑ Prince of Pilots: The Story of Air Commodore Fuad Shahid Hussain — Air Commodore Adnan Khan (Retd.) — Second To None Press, 2019 — ISBN 9789694082002 — pp. 1–50.
  108. ↑ "Air Commodore FS Hussain: The pioneer of PAF aerobatics". www.thenews.com.pk.
  109. ↑ khaled.ahmed (2012-07-03). "What makes Zia Mohyeddin tick?". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
  110. ↑ The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan — Latif Ahmed Sherwani — Oxford University Press, 2007 — ISBN 9780195692951 — pp. 198–200.
  111. ↑ "Transcending boundaries: Pakistani actors in B-Town films". Mid-day. 2014-08-10. Archived from the original on 2024-01-13. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  112. ↑ Sentinels in the Sky: A Saga of PAF's Gallant Air Warriors — Azam Qadri — Pakistan Air Force Book Club, 2002 — ISBN 9789694080312 — pp. 30–45.
  113. ↑ Altaf Hussain: The Man and the Movement — Nasreen Munni Kabir — Oxford University Press, 2015 — ISBN 9780195620508 — pp. 20–35.
  114. ↑ Military Leadership in Pakistan — Kamran Asdar Ali — Oxford University Press, 2005 — ISBN 9780195697779 — pp. 120–130.
  115. ↑ The Man Who Changed Pakistan: A.Q. Khan — Shahid-ur-Rehman — Harvard University Press, 2006 — ISBN 9780674039404 — pp. 55–70.
  116. ↑ Science and Society in Pakistan — Ziauddin Ahmad — Oxford University Press, 1997 — ISBN 9780195664696 — pp. 40–50.
  117. ↑ Pakistan's Navy: A Short History — M. Rafique Afzal — Oxford University Press, 2003 — ISBN 9780195784701 — pp. 15–25.
  118. ↑ Sulaiman Nadvi: Historian and Civil Servant — Manzoor-ul-Haq — National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 1968 — ISBN 9789694105035 — pp. 1–15.
  119. ↑ "Raja of Mahmudabad". Story of Pakistan website. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  120. ↑ From Civil Service to Public Service: The Life of Inamul Haq — Tahira Naqvi — Oxford University Press, 2008 — ISBN 9780195667833 — pp. 22–35.
  121. ↑ State and Terror: The Case of Saulat Mirza — Tahir Mirza — Vanguard Books, 2012 — ISBN 9789694020846 — pp. 60–75.
  122. ↑ "Riz Ahmed: 'You don't need to tell me we live in scary times. I'm Muslim'". The Guardian. 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  123. ↑ "Ahmed, Riz (23 June 2016). "Grandparents migrated from India to Pakistan in partition, parents came to UK in 70s". Twitter. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2017".
  124. ↑ "Sadiq Khan makes historic border crossing from India to Pakistan on foot". London Evening Standard. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017.
  125. ↑ Eaton, George (11 March 2016). "The pugilist: Sadiq Khan's quest to become mayor of London". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016. His grandparents emigrated from India to Karachi, Pakistan following Partition; his parents emigrated from Pakistan to London shortly before his birth.
  126. ↑ "Mohammed Ikramullah and Princess Sarvath of Jordan's Family History". 26 February 2007. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  127. ↑ ":: Majlis El Hassan :: Sarvath El Hassan :: Biography". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  128. ↑ "Princess Sarvath on the Education of Women in the Muslim World". Arabic News. 10 December 1998.
  129. ↑ Humayun, Ali. "Manchester United academy graduate Khan making his mark for Pakistan: 'It was a no-brainer'". The Athletic. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  130. ↑ Froston, Nancy (October 28, 2023). "Otis Khan on 1947 partition and wait to be eligible for Pakistan: 'It's a unique case'" – via NYTimes.com.
  131. ↑ "Hussain, Abid (6 July 1999). "Hussain makes history"".
  132. ↑ Who's who in India, Burma & Ceylon. Who's who Publishers India. 1936. p. 307.
  133. ↑ "Azharuddin's presence at Iftaar rakes up controversy". ESPNcricinfo. 25 December 2000. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  134. ↑ V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army 2005, Chapter 5.
  135. ↑ Rohit Singh, Brig Mohammed Usman, MVC, The Lion of Naushera, CLAWS Journal, Autumn 2010.
  136. ↑ Abdul Hamid death anniversary: Lesser-known facts about the Indian Army soldier posthumously conferred with the Param Vir Chakra, News9, 10 September 2022.
  137. ↑ Alka Pande (9 December 2005). "A Slice Of Sicily". Outlook. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020.
  138. ↑ "1993 Mumbai serial blasts: Abu Salem, five others convicted". 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  139. ↑ "Indian Boxing Federation Boxer Details". www.indiaboxing.in. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  140. ↑ "India's Nikhat Zareen wins silver at Youth World Boxing". Firstpost. 29 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  141. ↑ Antony, A. Joseph (31 March 2017). "Hussamuddin — outshining his siblings". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  142. ↑ "Players archive – Ghaus Mohammed Khan". Wimbledon. AELTC.
  143. ↑ "Who won the first-ever Commonwealth Games medal for India?". Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  144. ↑ "Indian hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid dies aged 56 – Times of India". The Times of India. 20 July 2016. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  145. ↑ Saiyidain Hameed, Syeda (18 October 2017). "Khwaja Ahmad Abbas: The Inveterate Communicator". Sahapedia. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024.

[1] [2] [3]

  1. ↑ Ali Nadwi, Abul Hasan (1953). Muslims in India. Dar Ibn Kathir. ISBN   9789388850919.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  2. ↑ Halim Sharar, Abdul (1975). Guzashta Lucknow: Hindustan Mein Mashriqi Tamuddan Ka Akhri Namuna. Sahitya Akademi.
  3. ↑ Siddiqui, Ismail (2020). Usage of Urdu as the Language of Elitism among the Muslims of the Northern and the Deccan parts of India. Journal: Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.