List of carnivorans by population

This is a list of estimated global populations of Carnivora species. This list is not comprehensive, as not all carnivorans have had their numbers quantified.

List

Common name	Binomial name	Population	Status	Trend	Notes	Image
Red wolf	Canis rufus	20-30 [1]	CR [1]	[1]	Previously extinct in the wild. Reintroduction efforts have been hampered by hybridization with coyotes (C. latrans). [1]
Iriomote cat	Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis	100–109 [2]	CR [3]	[3]	A subspecies of the leopard cat living exclusively on the Japanese island of Iriomote. Population size is declining, and consists of a single subpopulation. [2]
Amur leopard	Panthera pardus orientalis	129-130 [4]	CR [5]	[5]	Subspecies of leopard (P. pardus). Numbers have fluctuated in recent censuses. [5] Newest estimate of mature individuals comes from IUCN Assessment for P. pardus. [4]
Saimaa ringed seal	Pusa hispida saimensis	135-190 [6]	EN [6]	[6]	Subspecies of ringed seal (P. hispida). Total population was estimated to be 320 individuals in 2015. [6]
Asiatic lion	Panthera leo leo	175 [7]	EN [7]	[7]	Total population size is estimated to be 350 individuals. [7]
Cozumel raccoon (Pygmy raccoon)	Procyon pygmaeus	192 [8]	CR [8]	[8]	Total population is estimated to be 323-955 individuals. Populations are severely affected by hurricanes. [8]
Ethiopian wolf	Canis simensis	197 [9]	EN [9]	[9]	Total population is estimated to be 360-440 adults. [9]
Black-footed ferret	Mustela nigripes	206 [10]	EN [10]	[10]	Value given is for number of mature adults living in self-sustaining wild populations. More than 300 individuals are currently held in captive breeding programs. [10]
Malabar large-spotted civet (Malabar civet)	Viverra civettina	249 [11]	CR [11]	[11]	Maximum estimate; may be extinct. [11]
Siberian tiger	Panthera tigris tigris	265-486 [12]	EN [13]	[12]	Subspecies of tiger (P. tigris). Population size and trend are available in the supplementary information available on the P. tigris assessment (estimates of tiger numbers in Russia). [12]
Mediterranean monk seal	Monachus monachus	444-600 [14]	VU [14]	[14]	Values given are for mature individuals. There are three primary subpopulations: [14] Madeira: 27 individuals Ras Nouadhibou: 350 individuals eastern Mediterranean: not given, but estimated to produce ~97 pups annually.
Persian leopard	Panthera pardus tulliana	450-626 [15]	EN [15]	[15]	Subspecies of leopard (P. pardus). Total population is estimated to be 750–1,044 individuals. [15]
Giant panda	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	500-1,000 [16]	VU [16]	[16]	Total population is estimated to be 1,864 individuals. [16]
Iberian lynx	Lynx pardinus	648 [17]	VU [17]	[17]	Total population is estimated to be 1,668 individuals. [17]
Darwin's fox	Pseudalopex fulvipes	659-2,499 [18]	EN [18]	[18]	Minimum number of mature individuals is expected to be 489. No upper limit presented. [18]
Hawaiian monk seal	Neomonachus schauinslandi	922 [19]	VU [19]	[19]	Total population is estimated to be 1,607 individuals. [19]
Dhole	Cuon alpinus	949-2,215 [20]	EN [20]	[20]	Total population is estimated to be 4,500–10,500 individuals. Population estimates were calculated assuming proportion of mature individuals in population is similar to that of African wild dogs. [20]
Chinese mountain cat	Felis bieti	1,177-23,540 [21]	VU [21]	[21]	Total population is estimated to be 2,354–47,081 individuals, though a best estimate is expected to be < 10,000 mature individuals. [21]
African wild dog	Lycaon pictus	1,676 [22]	EN [22]	[22]	Value given is for number of mature individuals. [22]
Andean mountain cat (Andean cat)	Leopardus jacobita	2,177 [23]	EN [23]	[23]	Total population is estimated to be 4,354 individuals. [23]
Bay cat (Borneo bay cat)	Catopuma badia	2,200 [24]	EN [24]	[24]	Value given is for number of mature individuals. [24]
Spectacled bear (Andean bear)	Tremarctos ornatus	2,500-10,000 [25]	VU [25]	[25]	Total population is estimated to be 13,000-18,000 individuals. [25]
Tiger	Panthera tigris	2,608-3,905 [26]	EN [26]	[26]	Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 3,140. Total population is estimated to be 3,726-5,578 individuals, not including cubs. [26]
Fossa (Fosa)	Cryptoprocta ferox	2,635-8,626 [27]	VU [27]	[27]	Values given are for number of mature individuals. [27]
Grandidier's mongoose (Grandidier's vontsira)	Galidictis grandidieri	2,650–3,540 [28]	EN [28]	[28]	Values given are estimate for total population, ca. 2006. [28]
Snow leopard	Panthera uncia	2,710-3,386 [29]	VU [29]	[29]	Most recent "best guess" estimate for total population is 3,920-6,390 individuals, from 2013. [29]
New Zealand sea lion	Phocarctos hookeri	3,031 [30]	EN [30]	[30]	Value given is for number of mature individuals. [30]
Clouded leopard	Neofelis nebulosa	3,700 [31]	VU [31]	[31]	Total population is estimated to be 5,580 individuals. [31]
Island fox	Urocyon littoralis	4,001 [32]	NT [32]	[32]	Total population is estimated to be 5,500 individuals. [32]
Brown hyena (Brown hyaena)	Parahyaena brunnea	4,365-10,111 [33]	NT [33]	[33]	Values given are for number of mature individuals. Total population is expected to be, at minimum, 5,000-8,000 individuals, though the Botswanan population may have several thousand individuals not considered. [33]
Sunda clouded leopard	Neofelis diardi	4,500 [34]	VU [34]	[34]	Value given is for number of mature individuals, with an estimated 3,800 on Borneo and 730 on Sumatra. [34]
Striped hyena (Striped hyaena)	Hyaena hyaena	5,000-9,999 [35]	NT [35]	[35]	Total population is estimated to be 5,000-14,000 individuals, ca. 1998. [35]
Giant otter	Pteronura brasiliensis	>6,450 [36]	EN [36]	[36]	Value given is absolute minimum for total population. Estimates are not available for all subpopulations. [36]
Australian sea lion	Neophoca cinerea	6,500 [37]	EN [37]	[37]	Total population is estimated to be 12,690 individuals. [37]
Cheetah	Acinonyx jubatus	6,517 [38]	VU [38]	[38]	Total population of adults and adolescents is estimated to be 7,100 individuals. [38]
Galápagos sea lion	Zalophus wollebaeki	9,200-10,600 [39]	EN [39]	[39]	Total population is estimated to be 14,000-16,000 (2001). [39]
Hoary fox	Lycalopex vetulus	9,840-19,200 [40]	NT [40]	[40]	Total population is estimated to be 49,200-96,000 individuals. [40]
Galápagos fur seal	Arctocephalus galapagoensis	10,000 [41]	EN [41]	[41]	Total population is estimated to be 15,000 individuals. [41]
Guadalupe fur seal	Arctocephalus townsendi	10,000 [42]	LC [42]	[42]	Minimum total population is estimated to be 20,084 individuals. [42]
Pale fox	Vulpes pallida	10,000-19,999 [43]	LC [43]	? [43]	Values given are estimate of mature population, though this estimate may not be founded in empirical data. [43]
Sloth bear	Melursus ursinus	10,000-20,000 [44]	VU [44]	[44]	Values given are for total population; estimates are considered to be tentative. [44]
Marbled cat	Pardofelis marmorata	>10,000 [45]	NT [45]	[45]	Value given is for number of mature individuals, assuming population densities are not exceptionally low across range. [45]
Sechuran fox	Lycalopex sechurae	< 15,000 [46]	NT [46]	? [46]	Value given is for number of mature individuals, but estimate is supported by very little data. [46]
Juan Fernández fur seal	Arctocephalus philippii	16,000 [47]	LC [47]	[47]	Value given is for number of mature individuals. [47]
Maned wolf	Chrysocyon brachyurus	23,600 [48]	NT [48]	? [48]	Total population is estimated to be 23,600 individuals. [48]
Leopard seal	Hydrurga leptonyx	18,000 [49]	LC [49]	? [49]	Total population is estimated to be 35,500 (95% confidence interval: 10,900-102,600) individuals. [49]
Polar bear	Ursus maritimus	22,000-31,000 [50]	VU [50]	? [50]	Values given are for total population. Best estimate for total population is 26,000 individuals. [50]
Lion	Panthera leo	22,670-25,670 [51]	VU [51]	[51]	Values given are estimates for number of adults and subadults. [51]
Kodkod (Guiña)	Leopardus guigna	26,383-101,294 [52]	LC [52]	? [52]	Values given are for number of mature individuals. [52]
Spotted hyena (Spotted hyaena)	Crocuta crocuta	27,000–47,000 [53]	LC [53]	[53]	Values given are a tentative estimate of total population. [53]
Tibetan fox	Vulpes ferrilata	37,000 [54]	LC [54]	? [54]	Value given is for total population, but is from 1989 and considered to be "very coarse and unreliable." [54]
Ross seal	Ommatophoca rossii	40,000 [55]	LC [55]	? [55]	Estimates for total population are highly variable. Most recent estimate (2012) estimates 78,500 total individuals. [55]
Asian black bear (Asiatic black bear)	Ursus thibetanus	50,000-61,000 [56]	VU [56]	[56]	Values given are estimate of total population is the four countries with the largest populations (China, Japan, India, and Russia). Likely to be a considerable underestimate, given known populations across south and east Asia. [56]
Baikal seal	Pusa sibirica	54,000 [57]	LC [57]	[57]	Total population is estimated to be 108,200 individuals. [57]
Jaguar	Panthera onca	64,000 [58]	NT [58]	[58]	Value given is for total population. A single large population in Amazonia is estimated to account for 89% of total population, with 57,000 individuals. [58]
Caspian seal	Pusa caspica	68,000 [59]	EN [59]	? [59]	Value given is for mature individuals. Total population is highly uncertain. [59]
Eurasian lynx	Lynx lynx	>69,510 [60]	LC [60]	[60]	Value given is an underestimate of total population, due to unknown populations across large portions of the species' Asian range. National/regional population estimates are available for Europe, Russia, China, and Mongolia. [60]
Steller sea lion	Eumetopias jubatus	81,327 [61]	NT [61]	[61]	Total population is estimated to be 160,867 individuals. Divided by subspecies: [61] Western (79,929) Loughlin's (80,938).
New Zealand fur seal	Arctocephalus forsteri	100,000 [62]	LC [62]	[62]	Total population is estimated to be 200,000 individuals. [62]
South American fur seal	Arctocephalus australis	109,500 [63]	LC [63]	[63]	Total population is estimated to be 219,000 individuals. [63]
Bush dog	Speothos venaticus	110,000 [64]	NT [64]	[64]	Value given is for total population; may be an overestimate. [64]
Northern elephant seal	Mirounga angustirostris	110,000 [65]	LC [65]	[65]	Total population is estimated to be 210,000-239,000 individuals. [65]
Brown bear	Ursus arctos	110,000 [66]	LC [66]	[66]	Total population is estimated to be more than 200,000 individuals. Regional estimates exist for several areas: [66] Russia: >100,000 United States: 33,000 Canada: 25,000 Europe (excluding Russia): 15,400.
Walrus	Odobenus rosmarus	112,500 [67]	VU [67]	? [67]	Total population is estimated to be more than 245,000-295,000 individuals, in two subspecies: [67] Pacific (O. r. divergens): 200,000-250,000 Atlantic (O. r. rosmarus): >45,000
Sea otter	Enhydra lutris	128,902 [68]	EN [68]	[68]	Value given is for total population. [68]
Leopard	Panthera pardus	146,768- 461,512 [4]	VU [4]	[4]	Values given are estimate of total population. [4]
California sea lion	Zalophus californianus	180,000 [69]	LC [69]	[69]	Total population is estimated to be 387,646 individuals. [69]
Ribbon seal	Histriophoca fasciata	183,000 [70]	LC [70]	? [70]	Total population is estimated to be approximately 365,000 individuals. [70]
Subantarctic fur seal	Arctocephalus tropicalis	200,000 [71]	LC [71]	[71]	Total population is estimated to be more than 400,000 individuals. [71]
Grey wolf	Canis lupus	200,000-250,000 [72]	LC [72]	[72]	Values given are for total population. [72]
South American sea lion	Otaria flavescens	222,500 [73]	LC [73]	[73]	Total population is estimated to be, at least, 445,000 individuals. IUCN gives binomial name as Otaria byronia. [73]
Weddell seal	Leptonychotes weddellii	300,000 [74]	LC [74]	? [74]	Species is widespread and range is difficult to cover in a survey. Total population is estimated to be between 200,000 and 1.0 million individuals. [74]
Arctic fox	Vulpes lagopus	300,000-999,999 [75]	LC [75]	[75]	Total population is estimated to number "several hundred thousand animals," with population fluctuating significantly with prey populations. [75]
Harbor seal	Phoca vitulina	315,000 [76]	LC [76]	? [76]	Total population is estimated to be 610,000-640,000 individuals. [76]
Grey seal	Halichoerus grypus	316,000 [77]	LC [77]	[77]	Total population is estimated to be 632,000 individuals. [77]
Hooded seal	Cystophora cristata	316,832 [78]	EN [78]	[78]	Value given is estimated total population from two subpopulations: [78] Northeast Atlantic: 76,832 individuals Northwest Atlantic: 240,000 individuals, assuming decline of 60% from 2005.
Spotted seal	Phoca largha	320,000 [79]	LC [79]	? [79]	Total population has not been well quantified, but may be between 400,000-640,000 individuals. [79]
Southern elephant seal	Mirounga leonina	325,000 [80]	LC [80]	[80]	Total population is estimated to be 650,000 individuals, ca. mid 1990s. [80]
Northern fur seal	Callorhinus ursinus	650,000 [81]	VU [81]	[81]	Total population is estimated to be 1.29 million individuals. [81]
Antarctic fur seal	Arctocephalus gazella	700,000-1,000,000 [82]	LC [82]	[82]	Values given are for mature individuals. [82]
American black bear	Ursus americanus	850,000–950,000 [83]	LC [83]	[83]	Values given are for total population. [83]
Brown fur seal (Afro-Australian fur seal)	Arctocephalus pusillus	1,060,000 [84]	LC [84]	[84]	Divided into two subspecies: Cape (A. p. pusillus) and Australian (A. p. doriferus). [84]
Ringed seal	Pusa hispida	1,500,000 [85]	LC [85]	? [85]	Value given is for mature individuals. Mature populations for subspecies are estimated to be: [85] Arctic (P. h. huspida): 1.45 million Okhotsk (P. h. ochotensis): 44,000 Baltic (P. h. botnica): 11,500 Ladoga (P. h. ladogensis): 3,000-4,500 Saimma (P. h. saimensis): 135-190
Bobcat	Lynx rufus	2,352,276 - 3,571,681 [86]	LC [86]	[86]	Values given are total population for species range in the United States. Population is certainly much larger, considering sizeable population also exist in Canada and Mexico. [86]
Crabeater seal	Lobodon carcinophaga	4,000,000 [87]	LC [87]	? [87]	Value given is for number of mature individuals. Most recent estimate of total population (1980s - 1990s) yielded an estimate of 9.5 million individuals. [87]
Harp seal	Pagophilus groenlandicus	7,000,000 [88]	NT [88]	[88]	Value given is for total population. [88]
Cat (domestic)	Felis catus	600,000,000 [89]	Domesticated	[89]	2007 estimate
Dog (domestic)	Canis familiaris	900,000,000 [90]	Domesticated	[90]

Species without population estimates

Common name	Binomial name	Population	Status	Trend	Notes	Image
Red panda	Ailurus fulgens	unknown [91]	EN [91]	[91]	Four different attempts have been made in the 21st century to estimate population for this species, but results are highly divergent and do not account for total range. [91]
Marine otter	Lontra felina	unknown [92]	EN [92]	[92]	Difficulty in accurately surveying this species has led to IUCN not giving a population estimate in its most recent assessment. However, Peruvian subpopulation is estimated to be 800-2,000 total individuals. [92]
African golden cat	Caracal aurata	unknown [93]	VU [93]	[93]
Bearded seal	Erignathus barbatus	unknown [94]	NT [94]	? [94]	Total population is estimated to be roughly 400,000–500,000 individuals in the Pacific Arctic, but not enough is known to make robust estimates across the rest of its range. [94]
Rusty-spotted cat	Prionailurus rubiginosus	unknown [95]	NT [95]	[95]	Not enough data exist to estimate almost anything about this species. [95]
Cougar (Puma)	Puma concolor	unknown [96]	LC [96]	[96]	Estimates exist for some parts of the species' range, though the largest subpopulation in South America has not been quantified: [96] Canada: 3,500-5,000 individuals Western U.S.: 10,000 individuals Florida: 100-180 individuals
American badger	Taxidea taxus	unknown [97]	LC [97]	[97]	Total population in the United States has been estimated to be "several hundred thousand," and population in Canada was estimated to be 17,700-43,900 individuals in 2002. Mexican population is unknown. [97]
Red fox	Vulpes vulpes	unknown [98]	LC [98]	[98]	Global population is unknown. [98] Population on Great Britain is estimated to be 357,000. [99]

See also

• Biology portal
• Mammals portal

• Lists of organisms by population
• Lists of mammals by population

References

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29. McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.P.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T22732A50664030. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en .
30. Chivers, B.L. (2015). "Phocarctos hookeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T17026A1306343. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T17026A1306343.en .
31. Gray, T.N.E.; Borah, J.; Coudrat, C.N.Z.; Ghimirey, Y.; Giordano, A.; Greenspan, E.; Petersen, W.; Rostro-García, S.; Shariff, M.; Wai-Ming, W. (2021). "Neofelis nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T14519A198843258. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14519A198843258.en .
32. Coonan, T.; Ralls, K.; Hudgens, B.; Cypher, B.; Boser, C. (2013). "Urocyon littoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013 e.T22781A13985603. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22781A13985603.en .
33. Wiesel, I. (2015). "Hyaena brunnea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T10276A82344448. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10276A82344448.en .
34. Hearn, A.; Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Hadir, I.A.; Loken, B.; Mathai, J.; Wilting, A.; McCarthy, J. (2016) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Neofelis diardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T136603A97212874.
35. AbiSaid, M.; Dloniak, S.M.D. (2015). "Hyaena hyaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T10274A45195080. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10274A45195080.en .
36. Groenendijk, J.; Leuchtenberger, C.; Marmontel, M.; Van Damme, P.A.; Wallace, R.; Schenck, C. (2023) [amended version of 2022 assessment]. "Pteronura brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T18711A244867206. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T18711A244867206.en .
37. Goldsworthy, S.D. (2015). "Neophoca cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T14549A45228341. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T14549A45228341.en .
38. Durant, S.M.; Groom, R.; Ipavec, A.; Mitchell, N.; Khalatbari, L. (2024) [amended version of 2023 assessment]. "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T219A259025524. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-1.RLTS.T219A259025524.en .
39. Trillmich, F. (2015). "Zalophus wollebaeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T41668A45230540. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41668A45230540.en .
40. Lemos, F.G.; Azevedo, F.C.; Paula, R.C.; Dalponte, J.C. (2020). "Lycalopex vetulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T6926A87695615. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6926A87695615.en .
41. Trillmich, F. (2015). "Arctocephalus galapagoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T2057A45223722. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en .
42. Aurioles-Gamboa, D. (2015). "Arctocephalus townsendi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T2061A45224420. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2061A45224420.en .
43. Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Wacher, T. (2012). "Vulpes pallida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2012 e.T23052A16813736. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T23052A16813736.en .
44. Dharaiya, N.; Bargali, H.S.; Sharp, T. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T13143A166519315. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13143A166519315.en .
45. Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Datta, A.; Hearn, A.; Loken, B.; Lynam, A.J.; McCarthy, J.; Phan, C.; Rasphone, A.; Singh, P.; Wilting, A. (2016). "Pardofelis marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T16218A97164299. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16218A97164299.en .
46. Cossios, D. (2017). "Lycalopex sechurae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T6925A86074993. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T6925A86074993.en .
47. Aurioles-Gamboa, D. (2015). "Arctocephalus philippii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T2059A61953525. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2059A61953525.en .
48. Rodden, M., Rodrigues, F. & Bestelmeyer, S. (2008). "Chrysocyon brachyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
49. Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T10340A45226422. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10340A45226422.en .
50. Wiig, Ø.; Amstrup, S.; Atwood, T.; Laidre, K.; Lunn, N.; Obbard, M.; Regehr, E.; Thiemann, G. (2015). "Ursus maritimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T22823A14871490. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22823A14871490.en .
51. Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P.F.; Asfaw, T.; Venkataraman, M.; Loveridge, A. (2025). "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T15951A280792135. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T15951A280792135.en .
52. Gálvez, N.; Napolitano, C.; Ibacache, F.; Agostini, I.; Pliscoff, P. (2025). "Leopardus guigna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T15311A273961103. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T15311A273961103.en .
53. Bohm, T.; Höner, O.R. (2015). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T5674A45194782. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5674A45194782.en .
54. Harris, R. (2014). "Vulpes ferrilata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014 e.T23061A46179412. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T23061A46179412.en .
55. Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Ommatophoca rossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T15269A45228952. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15269A45228952.en .
56. Garshelis, D.; Steinmetz, R. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Ursus thibetanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22824A166528664. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en .
57. Goodman, S. (2016). "Pusa sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T41676A45231738. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en .
58. Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. (2018). "Panthera onca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T15953A123791436.
59. Goodman, S.; Dmitrieva, L. (2016). "Pusa caspica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T41669A45230700. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41669A45230700.en .
60. Breitenmoser, U.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Lanz, T.; von Arx, M.; Antonevich, A.; Bao, W.; Avgan, B. (2017) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Lynx lynx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T12519A121707666.
61. Gelatt, T.; Sweeney, K. (2016). "Eumetopias jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T8239A45225749. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8239A45225749.en .
62. Chivers, B.L.; Goldsworthy, S.D. (2015). "Arctocephalus forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T41664A45230026. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41664A45230026.en .
63. Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Oliveira, L.; Crespo, E. (2016). "Arctocephalus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T2055A45223529. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2055A45223529.en .
64. DeMatteo, K.; Michalski , F.; Leite-Pitman, M.R.P. (2011). "Speothos venaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011 e.T20468A9203243. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T20468A9203243.en .
65. Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Mirounga angustirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T13581A45227116. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13581A45227116.en .
66. McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D.; Michel, S. (2017). "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T41688A121229971. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en .
67. Kovacs, K.M. (2025). "Odobenus rosmarus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T15106A272356023. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T15106A272356023.en .
68. Doroff, A.; Burdin, A.; Larson, S. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Enhydra lutris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T7750A219377647. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T7750A219377647.en .
69. Aurioles-Gamboa, D.; Hernández-Camacho, J. (2015). "Zalophus californianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T41666A45230310. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41666A45230310.en .
70. Lowry, L. (2016). "Histriophoca fasciata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T41670A45230946. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41670A45230946.en .
71. Hofmeyr, G.J.G. (2015). "Arctocephalus tropicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T2062A45224547. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2062A45224547.en .
72. Boitani, L.; Phillips, M.; Jhala, Y.V. (2023). "Canis lupus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T3746A247624660. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en .
73. Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Crespo, E.; Oliveira, L. (2016). "Otaria byronia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T41665A61948292. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41665A61948292.en .
74. Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Leptonychotes weddellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T11696A45226713. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11696A45226713.en .
75. Angerbjörn, A.; Tannerfeldt, M. (2014). "Vulpes lagopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014 e.T899A57549321. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T899A57549321.en .
76. Lowry, L. (2016). "Phoca vitulina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T17013A45229114. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17013A45229114.en .
77. Bowen, D. (2016). "Halichoerus grypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T9660A45226042. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9660A45226042.en .
78. Kovacs, K.M. (2025). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T6204A279892432. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T6204A279892432.en .
79. Boveng, P. (2016). "Phoca largha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T17023A45229806. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17023A45229806.en .
80. Hofmeyr, G.J.G. (2015). "Mirounga leonina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T13583A45227247. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13583A45227247.en .
81. Gelatt, T.; Ream, R.; Johnson, D. (2015). "Callorhinus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T3590A45224953. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T3590A45224953.en .
82. Hofmeyr, G.J.G. (2016). "Arctocephalus gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T2058A66993062. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2058A66993062.en .
83. Garshelis, D.L.; Scheick, B.K.; Doan-Crider, D.L.; Beecham, J.J.; Obbard, M.E. (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Ursus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T41687A114251609.
84. Hofmeyr, G.J.G. (2015). "Arctocephalus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T2060A45224212. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2060A45224212.en .
85. Lowry, L. (2016). "Pusa hispida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T41672A45231341. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41672A45231341.en .
86. Kelly, M.; Morin, D.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A. (2016). "Lynx rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T12521A50655874. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12521A50655874.en .
87. Hückstädt, L. (2025). "Lobodon carcinophaga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T12246A95969809. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T12246A95969809.en .
88. Kovacs, K.M. (2025). "Pagophilus groenlandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T41671A280391816. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T41671A280391816.en .
89. Wade, Nicholas (June 29, 2007). "DNA traces 5 matriarchs of 600 million domestic cats". The New York Times . Retrieved 2013-06-12.
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91. Glaston, A.; Wei, F.; Than Zaw; Sherpa, A. (2017) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Ailurus fulgens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T714A110023718.
92. Mangel, J.; Alfaro-Shigueto, J.; Verdi, R.; Rheingantz, M.L. (2022). "Lontra felina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T12303A215395045. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T12303A215395045.en .
93. Bahaa-el-din, L.; Mills, D.; Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. (2015). "Caracal aurata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 e.T18306A50663128. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18306A50663128.en .
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95. Mukherjee, S.; Duckworth, J.W.; Silva, A.; Appel, A.; Kittle, A. (2016). "Prionailurus rubiginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T18149A50662471. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18149A50662471.en .
96. Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A. (2016) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Puma concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T18868A97216466.
97. Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Taxidea taxus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T41663A45215410. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41663A45215410.en .
98. Hoffmann, M.; Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Vulpes vulpes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T23062A193903628. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T23062A193903628.en .
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