List of even-toed ungulates by population

This is a list of even-toed ungulate species by estimated global population. This list is not comprehensive, as not all ungulates have had their numbers quantified.

Common name	Binomial name	Population	Status	Trend	Notes	Image
Saola	Pseudoryx nghetinhensis	<750	CR [1]	[1]	Maximum estimate. No individuals in captivity. Wild population highly dispersed, and subpopulations fragmented with numbers of mature individuals below the minimum viable population. Foremost threatened by hunting. [1]
Pygmy hog	Porcula salvania	250 [2]	EN [2]	[2]	Maximum estimate for mature individuals. [2]
Bawean deer	Axis kuhlii	200–500 [3]	CR [3]	[3]	Estimates are for the wild population only; may reach as high as 500. [3]
Addax	Addax nasomaculatus	30–90 [4]	CR [4]	[4]	Maximum estimate for the wild. [4]
Tamaraw	Bubalus mindorensis	300 [5]	CR [5]	[5]
Togian babirusa	Babyrousa togeanensis	500 [6]	EN [6]	[6]	Maximum estimate. [6]
Walia ibex	Capra walie	500 [7]	VU [7]	[7]
Dama gazelle	Nanger dama	500 [8]	CR [8]	[8]	Maximum estimate. [8]
Hirola	Beatragus hunteri	500–2000 [9]	CR [9]	[9]	May be much lower. [9]
Anhui musk deer	Moschus anhuiensis	700–800 [10]	EN [10]	[10]	Most recent estimate was in 1998. [10]
Przewalski's gazelle	Procapra przewalskii	700–800 [11]	EN [11]	[11]	Could be underestimated. [11]
Persian fallow deer	Dama mesopotamica	715 [12]	EN [12]	[12]	Previously thought to be extinct. [12]
Wild Bactrian camel	Camelus ferus	950 [13]	CR [13]	[13]	The latest estimate for the population of the Wild Camel was conducted in 2008. [13]
South Andean deer	Hippocamelus bisulcus	1048–1500 [14]	EN [14]	[14]
Calamian deer	Axis calamianensis	1123 [15]	EN [15]	[15]	1994 estimate; has almost certainly decreased. [15]
Abbott's duiker	Cephalophus spadix	1500 [16]	EN [16]	[16]	Maximum estimate. [16]
Cuvier's gazelle	Gazella cuvieri	1750–2950 [17]	VU [17]	unknown [17]
Nilgiri tahr	Nilgiritragus hylocrius	1800–2000 [18]	EN [18]	[18]	Last estimate for the Nilgiri Tahr was conducted in 2008. [18]
Pygmy hippopotamus	Choeropsis liberiensis	2000–3000 [19]	EN [19]	[19]	Estimate is from 1993; numbers have probably shrunk. [19]
Mountain anoa	Bubalus quarlesi	2500 [20]	EN [20]	[20]	Maximum estimate. [20]
Rhim gazelle	Gazella leptoceros	2500 [21]	EN [21]	[21]	Estimate is for mature individuals only. [21]
Visayan spotted deer	Rusa alfredi	2500 [22]	EN [22]	[22]	Maximum estimate. [22]
Mountain nyala	Tragelaphus buxtoni	2500–4000 [23]	EN [23]	[23]	2500 is a maximum estimate from 1999, but recent work has shown numbers may be as high as 4000. [23]
European bison	Bison bonasus	3200 [24]	NT [24]	[24]	Includes 1400 semi-domestic animals and 1800 wild. Semi-domestic numbers are likely underestimated. [24]
Chacoan peccary	Catagonus wagneri	3200 [25]	EN [25]	[25]	Estimate was made in 2002; wide-scale deforestation of their habitat began in 2003. [25]
Wild water buffalo	Bubalus arnee	3400 [26]	EN
Jentink's duiker	Cephalophus jentinki	3500 [27]	EN [27]	[27]	Maximum estimate; may be less than 2000. [27]
Barasingha	Rucervus duvaucelii	3500–5100 [28]	VU [28]	[28]
Nile lechwe	Kobus megaceros	4291 [29]	EN [29]	[29]
Small red brocket	Mazama bororo	4500 [30]	VU [30]	[30]	Maximum estimate. [30]
Arabian tahr	Arabitragus jayakari	5000 [31]	EN [31]	[31]	Maximum estimate. [31]
West Caucasian tur	Capra caucasica	4000–5000 [32]	EN [32]	[32]
Barbary sheep	Ammotragus lervia	5000–10000 [33]	VU [33]	[33]
Beira	Dorcatragus megalotis	7000 [34]	VU [34]	[34]
Arabian oryx	Oryx leucoryx	7000–8000 [35]	VU [35]	[35]	6000–7000 in captivity and c. 1000 in the wild. [35]
Hairy-fronted muntjac	Muntiacus crinifrons	7000–8500 [36]	VU [36]	[36]	Most recent estimate was in 1998. [36]
Banteng	Bos javanicus	8000 [37]	EN [37]	[37]	Maximum estimate; may be fewer than 5000. Numbers do not include the non-purebred domestic variety. [37]
Markhor	Capra falconeri	9700 [38]	NT [38]	[38]	Estimate includes approximately 900 animals assumed to live in areas for which data is unavailable. [38]
Nubian ibex	Capra nubiana	5000 [39]	VU [39]	[39]	Estimate for mature individuals only due to some areas lacking population estimates. [39]
Southern pudú	Pudu puda	10000 [40]	NT [40]	[40]	Maximum estimate. [40]
Red goral	Naemorhedus baileyi	10000 [41]	VU [41]	[41]	Maximum estimate for mature individuals. [41]
Four-horned antelope	Tetracerus quadricornis	10000 [42]	VU [42]	[42]
Javan rusa	Rusa timorensis	10000 [43]	VU [43]	[43]	Maximum estimate for mature individuals. [22]
Taruca	Hippocamelus antisensis	12000–17000 [44]	VU [44]	[44]
Gaur	Bos gaurus	13000–30000 [45]	VU [45]	[45]
Soemmerring's gazelle	Nanger soemmerringii	14000 [46]	VU [46]	[46]
Mountain gazelle	Gazella gazella	15000 [47]	EN [47]	[47]	Maximum estimate. [47]
Wild yak	Bos mutus	15000 [48]	VU [48]	[48]	Estimate is from 1995. [48]
Giant eland	Tragelaphus derbianus	15000–20000 [49]	VU [49]	[49]
Black wildebeest	Connochaetes gnou	18000 [50]	LC [50]	[50]	Minimum estimate (11000 wild and 7000 semi-domesticated). [50]
Grey rhebok	Pelea capreolus	18000 [51]	NT [51]	[51]
Harvey's duiker	Cephalophus harveyi	20000 [52]	LC [52]	[52]	Numbers may be overestimated. [52]
Pampas deer	Ozotoceros bezoarticus	20000–80000 [53]	NT [53]	[53]
Red-fronted gazelle	Eudorcas rufifrons	25000 [54]	VU [54]	[54]
Zebra duiker	Cephalophus zebra	28000 [55]	VU [55]	[55]	Could be overestimated; may be less than 15000. [55]
Bongo	Tragelaphus eurycerus	28000 [56]	NT [56]	[56]	Two subspecies: Mountain (75–140) and Lowland (28000). [56]
Alpine ibex	Capra ibex	30000 [57]	LC [57]	[57]	Was as low as 100 individuals in the 1800s. [57]
Silver dik-dik	Madoqua piacentinii	30000 [58]	DD [58]	[58]	Possibly overestimated. [58]
Nyala	Tragelaphus angasii	32000 [59]	LC [59]	[59]
Ogilby's duiker	Cephalophus ogilbyi	35000 [60]	LC [60]	[60]
Okapi	Okapia johnstoni	35000–50000 [61]	EN [61]	[61]
Mountain reedbuck	Redunca fulvorufula	36000 [62]	EN [62]	[62]	Minimum estimate, divided into three subspecies: Southern (33000), Chanler's (2900), and Western (450). [62]
Red forest duiker	Cephalophus natalensis	42000 [63]	LC [63]	[63]	Numbers may be underestimated. [63]
Klipspringer	Oreotragus oreotragus	42000 [64]	LC [64]	[64]	Estimate is considered conservative. [64]
Blackbuck	Antilope cervicapra	50000 [65]	NT [65]	[65]	Numbers have increased from 20000–24000 in the 1970s. [65]
Spanish ibex	Capra pyrenaica	50000 [66]	LC [66]	[66]	Numbered only c. 7900 in the early 1990s. [66]
Royal antelope	Neotragus pygmaeus	62000 [67]	LC [67]	[67]	Possibly underestimated. [67]
East African oryx	Oryx beisa	67000 [68]	EN [68]	[68]	Divided into two subspecies: Beisa (50000) and Fringe-eared (17000). [68]
Bighorn sheep	Ovis canadensis	70000 [69]	LC [69]	[69]	Estimate was made in 2010. [69]
Southern reedbuck	Redunca arundinum	73000 [70]	LC [70]	[70]
Sable antelope	Hippotragus niger	75000 [71]	LC [71]	[71]
Roan antelope	Hippotragus equinus	76000 [72]	LC [72]	[72]
Mountain goat	Oreamnos americanus	80000–119000 [73]	LC [73]	[73]
Gerenuk	Litocranius walleri	95000 [74]	NT [74]	[74]
Sharpe's grysbok	Raphicerus sharpei	95000 [75]	LC [75]	[75]	Difficult to study due to the animal's nocturnal nature; numbers may be underestimated. [75]
Japanese serow	Capricornis crispus	100000 [76]	LC [76]	[76]
Black duiker	Cephalophus niger	100000 [77]	LC [77]	[77]
Bohor reedbuck	Redunca redunca	101000 [78]	LC [78]	[78]	Probably underestimated. [78]
Wild goat	Capra aegagrus	110000 [79]	NT [79]	[79]	Minimum estimate, due to lacking population data in some areas. [79]
Dall sheep	Ovis dalli	111500–116500 [80]	LC [80]	[80]	Consists of approximately 41500 sheep in Canada and between 70000 and 75000 animals in the United States. [80]
Hippopotamus	Hippopotamus amphibius	115000–130000 [81]	VU [81]	[81]
Lesser kudu	Tragelaphus imberbis	118000 [82]	NT [82]	[82]	Minimum estimate. [82]
Goitered gazelle	Gazella subgutturosa	120000–140000 [83]	VU [83]	[83]
Puku	Kobus vardonii	130000 [84]	NT [84]	[84]
Muskox	Ovibos moschatus	135000 [85]	LC [85]	[85]	Estimate includes 75400 animals in the Northwest Territories, 45300 in Nunavut, 3714 in Alaska, and between 9500 and 12500 in Greenland. [85]
Common eland	Tragelaphus oryx	136000 [86]	LC [86]	[86]
Yellow-backed duiker	Cephalophus silvicultor	160000 [87]	NT [87]	[87]
Saiga antelope	Saiga tatarica	165000 [88]	NT [88]	[88]	Numbers stood at 1250000 in the mid-1970s. [88]
Red-flanked duiker	Cephalophus rufilatus	170000 [89]	LC [89]	[89]
Sitatunga	Tragelaphus spekii	170000 [90]	LC [90]	[90]	Yet-to-be-published research suggests the population has been overestimated. [90]
Siberian ibex	Capra sibirica	170000–250000 [91]	NT [91]	[91]
Weyns's duiker	Cephalophus weynsi	188000 [92]	LC [92]	[92]
Waterbuck	Kobus ellipsiprymnus	200000 [93]	LC [93]	[93]	About 95000 of the Defassa subspecies and 105000 of the Common. [93]
Lechwe	Kobus leche	212000 [94]	NT [94]	[94]	Combined numbers of three subspecies: Red (98000), Kafue (78000), and Black (36000). [94]
Bates's pygmy antelope	Neotragus batesi	219000 [95]	LC [95]	[95]
Water chevrotain	Hyemoschus aquaticus	278000 [96]	LC [96]	[96]
White-bellied duiker	Cephalophus leucogaster	287000 [97]	NT [97]	[97]
Black-fronted duiker	Cephalophus nigrifrons	300000 [98]	LC [98]	[98]
Vicuña	Vicugna vicugna	350000 [99]	LC [99]	[99]
Grant's gazelle	Nanger granti	350000 [100]	LC [100]	[100]
Hartebeest	Alcelaphus buselaphus	362000 [101]	LC [101]	[101]
Suni	Nesotragus moschatus	365000 [102]	LC [102]	[102]
Gemsbok	Oryx gazella	373000 [103]	LC [103]	[103]
Peters's duiker	Cephalophus callipygus	382000 [104]	LC [104]	[104]
Greater kudu	Tragelaphus strepsiceros	482000 [105]	LC [105]	[105]
Salt's dik-dik	Madoqua saltiana	485600 [106]	LC [106]	[106]
Günther's dik-dik	Madoqua guentheri	511000 [107]	LC [107]	[107]
American bison	Bison bison	530000 [108]	NT [108]	[108]	Includes 500000 semi-domestic animals and 30000 wild (19000 plains bison and 11000 wood bison). [108]
Thomson's gazelle	Eudorcas thomsonii	550000 [109]	LC [109]	[109]
Steenbok	Raphicerus campestris	600000 [110]	LC [40]	[110]	Considered an underestimate. [110]
Pronghorn	Antilocapra americana	700000 [111]	LC [111]	[111]	Numbered over 35000000 in the early 1800s and as little as 20000 in the early 1920s. [111]
Bay duiker	Cephalophus dorsalis	725000 [112]	NT [112]	[112]
Oribi	Ourebia ourebi	750000 [113]	LC [113]	[113]
African buffalo	Syncerus caffer	890000 [114]	NT [114]	[114]	Considered conservative. Divided into four subspecies: West African Savanna (27000), Central African Savanna (133000), Southern Savanna (670000), and Forest (60000). [114]
Kirk's dik-dik	Madoqua kirkii	971000 [115]	LC [115]	[115]
Siberian roe deer	Capreolus pygargus	1000000 [116]	LC [116]	[116]	About 500000 were hunted annually in Russia in the 1800s. [116]
Bushbuck	Tragelaphus scriptus	1340000 [117]	LC [117]	[117]	Estimate is considered conservative. [117]
Guanaco	Lama guanicoe	1000000 [118]	LC [118]	[118]
Moose	Alces alces	1500000 [119]	LC [119]	[119]
Blue wildebeest	Connochaetes taurinus	1550000 [120]	LC [120]	[120]
Common duiker	Sylvicapra grimmia	1660000 [121]	LC [121]	[121]	Considered extremely conservative; yet-to-be-published research shows it may number as high as 10000000. [121]
Impala	Aepyceros melampus	2000000 [122]	LC [122]	[122]
Springbok	Antidorcas marsupialis	2000000–2500000 [123]	LC [123]	[123]
Maxwell's duiker	Philantomba maxwellii	2137000 [124]	LC [124]	[124]	Quite possibly underestimated. [124]
Mongolian gazelle	Procapra gutturosa	2140000 [125]	LC [125]	Unknown [125]	Estimate has dropped from 2700000 since 1998. [125]
Blue duiker	Philantomba monticola	7000000 [126]	LC [126]	[126]	Estimate is considered conservative. [126]
White-tailed deer	Odocoileus virginianus	11500000 [127]	LC [127]	[127]	Estimated population in the United States and Canada only, with estimate of 11000000 in the US considered a minimum. [127]
Water buffalo	Bubalus bubalis	172000000 [128]	Domesticated		incl. 3200000 Carabao in the Philippines
Domestic goat	Capra hircus	850000000 [129]	Domesticated
Cattle	Bos taurus	1500000000 [130]	Domesticated
Domestic pig	Sus domesticus	1000000000 [131]	Domesticated
Domestic sheep	Ovis aries	1000000000 [131]	Domesticated

See also

• Biology portal
• Mammals portal

• Lists of mammals by population
• Lists of organisms by population

References

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2. Narayan, G., Deka, P. & Oliver, W. (2008). "Porcula salvania". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T21172A9254675. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21172A9254675.en . Retrieved 15 January 2018.
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13. Hare, J. (2008). "Camelus ferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T63543A12689285. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T63543A12689285.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
14. Black-Decima, P.A.; Corti, P.; Díaz, N.; Fernandez, R.; Geist, V.; Gill, R.; Gizejewski, Z.; Jiménez, J.; Pastore, H.; Saucedo, C.; Wittmer, H. (2016). "Hippocamelus bisulcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T10054A22158895. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10054A22158895.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
15. Widmann, P.; Lastica, E. (2015). "Axis calamianensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2446A22156678. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2446A22156678.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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17. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella cuvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8967A50186003. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8967A50186003.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
18. Alempath, M.; Rice, C. (2008). "Nilgiritragus hylocrius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T9917A13026736. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T9917A13026736.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
19. Ransom, C.; Robinson, P.T.; Collen, B. (2015). "Choeropsis liberiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T10032A18567171. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10032A18567171.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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21. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella leptoceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8972A50186909. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8972A50186909.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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30. Vogliotti, A.; Oliveira, M.L.; Duarte, J.M.B (2016). "Mazama bororo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41023A22155086. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41023A22155086.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
31. Ross, S.; Al-Rawahi, H.; Al-Jahdhami, M.H.; Spalton, J.A.; Mallon, D.; Al-Shukali, A.S.; Al-Rasbi, A.; Al-Fazari, W.; Chreiki, M.K. (2019). "Arabitragus jayakari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T9918A156925170. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T9918A156925170.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
32. Weinberg, P. (2019-11-29). "Capra caucasica". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T3794A22143809. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-2.rlts.t3794a22143809.en . S2CID   240704447.
33. Cassinello, J.; Cuzin, F.; Jdeidi, T.; Masseti, M.; Nader, I.; de Smet, K. (2008). "Ammotragus lervia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T1151A3288917. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T1151A3288917.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
34. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Dorcatragus megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T6793A50185898. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6793A50185898.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
35. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Oryx leucoryx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T15569A50191626. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T15569A50191626.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
36. Timmins, R.; Chan, B. (2016). "Muntiacus crinifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T13924A22160753. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13924A22160753.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
37. Gardner, P.; Hedges, S.; Pudyatmoko, S.; Gray, T.N.E.; Timmins, R.J. (2016). "Bos javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2888A46362970. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2888A46362970.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
38. Michel, S. & Rosen Michel, T. (2015). "Capra falconeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015. Retrieved 2018-04-09.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
39. Ross, S.; Elalqamy, H.; Al Said, T.; Saltz, D. (2020). "Capra nubiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T3796A22143385. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3796A22143385.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
40. Silva-Rodríguez, E.; Pastore, H.; Jiménez, J. (2016). "Pudu puda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T18848A22164089. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18848A22164089.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
41. Nijhawan, S. (2020). "Naemorhedus baileyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T14294A179947455. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14294A179947455.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
42. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Tetracerus quadricornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T21661A50195368. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21661A50195368.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
43. Hedges, S.; Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R.; Semiadi, G.; Dryden, G. (2015). "Rusa timorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41789A22156866. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41789A22156866.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
44. Barrio, J.; Nuñez, A.; Pacheco, L.; Regidor, H.A.; Fuentes-Allende, N. (2017). "Hippocamelus antisensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T10053A22158621. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10053A22158621.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
45. Duckworth, J.W.; Sankar, K.; Williams, A.C.; Samba Kumar, N.; Timmins, R.J. (2016). "Bos gaurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2891A46363646. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2891A46363646.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
46. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nanger soemmerringii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T63541A50197739. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T63541A50197739.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
47. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T8989A50186574. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8989A50186574.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
48. Buzzard, P.; Berger, J. (2016). "Bos mutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2892A101293528. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2892A101293528.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
49. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Tragelaphus derbianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T44172A50197518. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T44172A50197518.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
50. Vrahimis, S.; Grobler, P.; Brink, J.; Viljoen, P.; Schulze, E. (2017). "Connochaetes gnou". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T5228A50184962. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T5228A50184962.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
51. Taylor, A.; Cowell, C.; Drouilly, M. (2017). "Pelea capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T16484A50192715. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T16484A50192715.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
52. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus harveyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4154A50184807. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4154A50184807.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
53. González, S.; Jackson, III, J.J.; Merino, M.L. (2016). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15803A22160030. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15803A22160030.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
54. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Eudorcas rufifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T8973A50187042. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8973A50187042.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
55. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4153A50184648. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4153A50184648.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
56. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus eurycerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
57. Toïgo, C.; Brambilla, A.; Grignolio, S.; Pedrotti, L. (2020). "Capra ibex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T42397A161916377. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42397A161916377.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
58. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua piacentinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T12667A50190430. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12667A50190430.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
59. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus angasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
60. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus ogilbyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4148A50183770. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4148A50183770.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
61. Mallon, D.; Kümpel, N.; Quinn, A.; Shurter, S.; Lukas, J.; Hart, J.A.; Mapilanga, J.; Beyers, R.; Maisels, F. (2015). "Okapia johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T15188A51140517. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15188A51140517.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
62. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Redunca fulvorufula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T19391A50193881. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T19391A50193881.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
63. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus natalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4144A50183272. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4144A50183272.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
64. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Oreotragus oreotragus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15485A50191264. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15485A50191264.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
65. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Antilope cervicapra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T1681A50181949. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T1681A50181949.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
66. Herrero, J.; Acevedo, P.; Arnal, M.C.; Fernández de Luco, D.; Fonseca, C.; García-González, R.; Pérez, J.M.; Sourp, E. (2021). "Capra pyrenaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T3798A195855497. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3798A195855497.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
67. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Neotragus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14602A50190835. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14602A50190835.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
68. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2018). "Oryx beisa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T15571A50191877. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T15571A50191877.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
69. Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Ovis canadensis". IUCN Red List. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T15735A22146699.en . S2CID   240645873 . Retrieved 31 May 2023.
70. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Redunca arundinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T19390A50193692. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19390A50193692.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
71. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Hippotragus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T10170A50188654. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10170A50188654.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
72. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Hippotragus equinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T10167A50188287. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10167A50188287.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
73. Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Oreamnos americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T42680A22153133. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42680A22153133.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
74. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Litocranius walleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T12142A50190292. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12142A50190292.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
75. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Raphicerus sharpei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T19307A50193414. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19307A50193414.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
76. Tokida, K. (2020). "Capricornis crispus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T3811A22151909. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3811A22151909.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
77. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4145A50183437. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4145A50183437.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
78. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Redunca redunca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T19392A50194059. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19392A50194059.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
79. Weinberg, P.; Ambarli, H. (2020-03-22). "Capra aegagrus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T3786A22145942. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-2.rlts.t3786a22145942.en . S2CID   243285496.
80. Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Ovis dalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39250A22149895. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39250A22149895.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
81. Lewison, R.; Pluháček, J. (2017). "Hippopotamus amphibius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T10103A18567364. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10103A18567364.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
82. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus imberbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
83. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella subgutturosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T8976A50187422. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8976A50187422.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
84. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Kobus vardonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T11037A50189881. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11037A50189881.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
85. Gunn, A. & Forchhammer, M. (2008). "Ovibos moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2018-04-09.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
86. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus oryx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
87. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus silvicultor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4150A50184147. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4150A50184147.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
88. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2018). "Saiga tatarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T19832A50194357. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T19832A50194357.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
89. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus rufilatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4149A50183959. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4149A50183959.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
90. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus spekii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
91. Reading, R.; Michel, S.; Suryawanshi, K. & Bhatnagar, Y. V. (2020). "Capra sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42398A22148720.en . ISSN   2307-8235. S2CID   241338578 . Retrieved 31 May 2023.
92. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus weynsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4152A50184533. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4152A50184533.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
93. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Kobus ellipsiprymnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T11035A50189324. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11035A50189324.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
94. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus leche". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T11033A50189021. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11033A50189021.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
95. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Neotragus batesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14603A50190946. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14603A50190946.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
96. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T10341A50188841. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10341A50188841.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
97. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4141A50182823. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4141A50182823.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
98. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus nigrifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4146A50183573. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4146A50183573.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
99. Acebes, O.; Wheeler, J.; Baldo, J.; Tuppia, P.; Lichtenstein, G.; Hoces, D.; Franklin, W.L. (2018). "Vicugna vicugna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22956A145360542. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22956A145360542.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
100. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nanger granti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8971A50186774. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8971A50186774.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
101. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019). "Alcelaphus buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T811A143160967. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T811A143160967.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
102. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nesotragus moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14604A50191073. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14604A50191073.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
103. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020). "Oryx gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T15573A166485425. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15573A166485425.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
104. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus callipygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4138A50182358. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4138A50182358.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
105. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020). "Tragelaphus strepsiceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22054A166487759. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T22054A166487759.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
106. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua saltiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T12668A50190537. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12668A50190537.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
107. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua guentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T12669A50190613. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12669A50190613.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
108. Gates, C. & Aune, K. (2008). "Bison bison". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
109. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2018). "Eudorcas thomsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T8982A172360006. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8982A172360006.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
110. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Raphicerus campestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T19308A50193533. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19308A50193533.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
111. Hoffmann, M., Byers, J. & Beckmann, J. (2008). "Antilocapra americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
112. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020). "Cephalophus dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T4139A166523704. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4139A166523704.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
113. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Ourebia ourebi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15730A50192202. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15730A50192202.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
114. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019). "Syncerus caffer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T21251A50195031. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21251A50195031.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
115. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua kirkii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T12670A50190709. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12670A50190709.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
116. Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Lorenzini, R. (2016). "Capreolus pygargus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T42396A22161884. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42396A22161884.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
117. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus scriptus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
118. Baldi, R.B.; Acebes, P.; Cuéllar, E.; Funes, M.; Hoces, D.; Puig, S.; Franklin, W.L. (2016). "Lama guanicoe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T11186A18540211. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11186A18540211.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
119. Hundertmark, K. (2016). "Alces alces". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T56003281A22157381. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
120. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Connochaetes taurinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T5229A163322525. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T5229A163322525.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
121. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Sylvicapra grimmia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T21203A50194717. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21203A50194717.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
122. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Aepyceros melampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T550A50180828. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T550A50180828.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
123. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Antidorcas marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
124. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Philantomba maxwellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4142A50182944. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4142A50182944.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
125. Buuveibaatar, B., Strindberg, S., Ariunbaatar, B., Batdorj, S., Batzaya, T., Dashpurev, T., Dejid, N., Kirilyuk, V.E., Mueller, T., Naranbaatar, G. and Otgonbayar, B., 2024. Assessment of the global population size of the Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa. Oryx, pp.1-10.
126. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Philantomba monticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4143A50183103. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4143A50183103.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
127. Gallina, S. and Lopez Arevalo, H. (2016). "Odocoileus virginianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T42394A22162580. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42394A22162580.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
128. Borghese, A. (2011). Situation and Perspectives of Buffalo in the World, Europe and Macedonia Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine . Macedonian Journal of Animal Science 1 (2): 281–296.
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