The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), also known as the Indian antelope, is an antelope native to India and Nepal. It inhabits grassy plains and lightly forested areas with perennial water sources. It stands up to 74 to 84cm (29 to 33in) high at the shoulder. Males weigh 20–57kg (44–126lb), with an average of 38kg (84lb). Females are lighter, weighing 20–33kg (44–73lb) or 27kg (60lb) on average. Males have 35–75cm (14–30in) long corkscrew horns, and females occasionally develop horns, as well. The white fur on the chin and around the eyes is in sharp contrast with the black stripes on the face. Both sexes’ coats feature a two-tone colouration; in males, the majority of the body is dark brown to black, with white circles around the eyes, white ears and tail, and the belly, lower jaw, and inner legs also white. Females and juveniles are yellowish-fawn to tan and display the same white areas, only with more of a beige tone than the males. Females also feature a more pronounced horizontal white side-stripe, starting around the shoulder and ending at the rump. The blackbuck is the sole living member of the genusAntilope and was scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Two subspecies are recognized.
The blackbuck is active mainly during the day. It forms three types of small groups: female, male, and young bachelor herds. Males often adopt lekking as a strategy to garner females for mating. While other males are not allowed into these territories, females often visit these places to forage. The male can thus attempt mating with her. The blackbuck is an herbivore and grazes on low grasses, occasionally browsing as well. Females become sexually mature at the age of eight months, but mate no earlier than two years of age. Males mature later, at 1.5 years. Mating takes place throughout the year. Gestation is typically six months long, after which a single calf is born. The lifespan is typically 10 to 15 years.
The antelope is native to and found mainly in India, while it is locally extinct in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. Formerly widespread, only small and scattered herds are seen today, largely confined to protected areas. During the 20th century, blackbuck numbers declined sharply due to excessive hunting, deforestation, and habitat degradation. The blackbuck has been introduced in Argentina and the United States, primarily on hunting ranches. In Argentina, the population is surviving surprisingly well. In India, hunting of blackbuck is prohibited under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. The blackbuck has significance in Hinduism; Indian and Nepali villagers do not harm the antelope.
Etymology
The scientific name of the blackbuck is Antilope cervicapra. Its generic name stems from the Latin word antalopus ("horned animal").[2][3] The specific namecervicapra is composed of the Latin words cervus ("deer") and capra ("she-goat").[2][4] The vernacular name "blackbuck" is a reference to the dark brown to black colour of the dorsal (upper) part of the coat of the males.[5] The earliest recorded use of this name dates back to 1850.[6] Alternative names for the blackbuck are "Indian antelope",[7]kadiyal, kala hiran, krishna mriga in Kannada, krishnasaar in Hindi; kalvit in Marathi; krishna jinka in Telugu); and iralai maan in Tamil.[8][9]
Antilope, Eudorcas, Gazella, and Nanger form a clade within their tribeAntilopini. A 1995 study of the detailed karyotype of Antilope suggested that within this clade, Antilope is closest to the Gazella group.[13] A 1999 phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Antilope is the closest sister taxon to Gazella,[14] although an earlier phylogeny, proposed in 1976, placed Antilope as sister to Nanger.[15] In a more recent revision of the phylogeny of the Antilopini on the basis of sequences from multiple nuclear and mitochondrial loci in 2013, Eva Verena Bärmann (of the University of Cambridge) and colleagues re-examined the phylogenetic relationships and found Antilope and Gazella to be sister genera distinct from the sister genera Nanger and Eudorcas.[16][17]
A. c. cervicapra(Linnaeus, 1758), known as the southeastern blackbuck, occurs in southern, eastern, and central India. The white eye ring of the male is narrow above the eye and the neck is all black in the male and the white on the underside is largely restricted to the belly in both males and females. The black leg stripe is well defined and reaches all along the leg.
A. c. rajputanaeZukowsky, 1927, known as the northwestern blackbuck, occurs in northwestern India. Males have a grey sheen to the dark parts during the breeding season. The white on the underside extends up to half way on the sides of the body and the lower base of the neck of males is white. The white eye ring is broad all around the eye with the leg-stripe going only down to the shanks.
Genetics
The blackbuck shows variation in its diploid chromosome number. Males have 31-33, while females have 30-32. Males have an XY1Y2 sex chromosome.[20][21] Unusually large sex chromosomes had earlier been described only in a few species, all of which belonged to Rodentia. However, in 1968, a study found that two artiodactyls, the blackbuck and the sitatunga, too, showed this abnormality. Generally, the X chromosome constitutes 5% of the haploid chromosomal complement, but the X chromosome of the blackbuck this percentage is 14.96. Portions of both peculiarly large chromosomes show delayed replication.[22]
A 1997 study found lower variation in blood proteinpolymorphism in Antilope in comparison with Antidorcas, Eudorcas, and Gazella. This was attributed to a history of rapid evolution of an autapomorphicphenotype of Antilope. This might have been aided by a particularly strong selection of a few dominant males due to their lekking behaviour.[23]
Characteristics
Male of A. c. cervicapra, note the black extending lower down on the sides
The blackbuck is a moderately sized antelope. It stands up to 74 to 84cm (29 to 33in) high at the shoulder; the head-to-body length is nearly 120cm (47in).[11] In the population introduced to Texas, males weigh 20–57kg (44–126lb), an average of 38kg (84lb). Females are lighter, weighing 20–33kg (44–73lb) or 27kg (60lb) on average.[24]Sexual dimorphism is prominent, as males are heavier and darker than the females.[24] The long, ringed horns, that resemble corkscrews, are generally present only on males, though females may develop horns, as well. They measure 35–75cm (14–30in), though the maximum horn length recorded in Texas has not exceeded 58cm (23in). The horns diverge forming a "V"-like shape.[24] In India, horns are longer and more divergent in specimens from the northern and western parts of the country.[19]
The white fur on the chin and around the eyes is in sharp contrast with the black stripes on the face. The coats of males show two-tone colouration; while the upper parts and outsides of the legs are dark brown to black, the underparts and the insides of the legs are all white. Darkness typically increases as the male ages.[25] On the other hand, females and juveniles are yellowish fawn to tan.[25] In Texas, blackbuck moult in spring, following which the males look notably lighter, though darkness persists on the face and the legs.[24] On the contrary, males grow darker as the breeding season approaches.[25] Both melanism[26] and albinism have been observed in wild blackbuck. Albino blackbuck are often zoo attractions as in the Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (Andhra Pradesh, India).[27]
Blackbuck bear a close resemblance to gazelles, and are distinguished mainly by the fact that while gazelles are brown in the dorsal parts, blackbuck develop a dark brown or black colour in these parts.[5]
The blackbuck inhabits grassy plains and thinly forested areas where perennial water sources are available for its daily need to drink. Herds travel long distances to obtain water.[1]
India from the base of the Himalayas to the neighbourhood of Cape Comorin (the southernmost locality known to me is Point Calimere), and from the Punjab to Lower Assam, in open plains, not in Ceylon nor east of the Bay of Bengal. Not found on hills nor in thickly wooded tracts, and wanting throughout the Malabar coast south of the neighbourhood of Surat. The statement that this antelope is not found in Lower Bengal is not quite correct; none are found in the swampy Gangetic delta, but many exist on the plains near the coast in Midnapore (I have shot them near Contai), as they also do in Orissa. Antelopes are most abundant in the North-west Provinces, Rajputana, and parts of the Deccan, but are locally distributed and keep to particular tracts.
Today, only small, scattered herds are seen that are largely confined to protected areas.[1]
The antelope was introduced in Texas in the Edwards Plateau in 1932. By 1988, the population had increased and the antelope was the most populous exotic animal in Texas after the chital.[24][31] As of early 2000s, the population in the United States was estimated at 35,000. The blackbuck was introduced into Argentina, numbering about 8,600 individuals as of the early 2000s.[29]
Ecology and behaviour
A blackbuck herd in Gujarat
The blackbuck is a diurnal antelope, though is less active at noon when summer temperatures rise. It can run at a speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50mph).[11]
Group size fluctuates and seems to depend on the availability of forage and the nature of the habitat. Large herds have an edge over smaller ones in that danger can be detected faster, though individual vigilance is lower in the former. Large herds spend more time feeding than small herds. A disadvantage for large herds, however, is that traveling requires more resources.[32] Herd size reduces in summer.[8]
Males often adopt lekking as a strategy on the part of males to garner females for mating. Territories are established by males on the basis of the local distribution of female groups, which in turn is determined by the habitat, so as to ensure greater access to females.[33] The males actively defend resources in their territories, nearly 1.2 to 12 hectares (3.0 to 29.7 acres; 0.0046 to 0.0463sqmi) in size;[24] territories are marked with scent using preorbital gland and interdigital gland secretions, faeces and urine.[34][35] While other males are not allowed into these territories, females are allowed to visit these places to forage. The male can attempt mating with visiting females. Lekking is a demanding strategy, as the males often have to bear injuries – thus it is a tactic typically adopted by strong, dominant males. Males may either defend their mates or try to forcibly copulate with them. Weaker males, who may not be dominant, might choose the second method.[36]
The blackbuck is severely affected by natural calamities such as floods and droughts, from which it can take as long as five years to recover.[37] The wolf is a major predator.[38] Old rutting bulls might be especially vulnerable prey.[37] The golden jackal hunts juveniles. Village dogs are reported to kill fawns, but are unlikely to successfully hunt and kill adults.[39]
Blackbucks in Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary show flexible habitat use as the resources and risks change seasonally in the landscape. They use small patches in the area of about 3km2 (1.2sqmi). Human activities strongly influenced the movement of herds, but the presence of small refuges allowed them to persist in the landscape.[40]
Diet
Blackbuck prefer grass
The blackbuck is a herbivore and grazes on low grasses, occasionally browsing as well. It prefers sedges, fall witchgrass, mesquite, and live oak and was occasionally observed browsing on acacia trees in the Cholistan Desert.[29] Oats and berseem were found to be palatable and nutritious to captive populations.[41] In Velavadar Black Buck Sanctuary, Dichanthium annulatum comprised 35% of the diet. Digestion of nutrients, especially crude proteins, was poor in summer, but more efficient in the rainy and winter seasons. Crude protein intake in summer was very low, even below the recommended value. Blackbuck consumed less food in summer than in winter, and often foraged on the fruits of Prosopis juliflora.[42]Prosopis becomes a significant food item if grasses are scarce.[43] Water is a daily requirement of the blackbuck.[1]
Females become sexually mature at the age of eight months, but mate no earlier than two years. Males mature at the age of one-and-a-half years. Mating takes place throughout the year; peaks occur during spring and fall in Texas.[24] Two peaks have been observed in India: from August to October and from March to April.[8] Rutting males aggressively establish and defend their territories from other males, giving out loud grunts and engaging in serious head-to-head fights, pushing each other using horns.[11] Aggressive display consists of thrusting the neck forward and raising it, folding the ears and raising the tail. The dominant male pursues the female with his nose pointing upward, smells her urine and shows a flehmen response. The female shows her receptivity by waving her tail and thumping the hindlegs on the ground. This is followed by several mounting attempts, and copulation. The whole process may last as long as six hours. The female will remain still for some time after copulation, following which she may start grazing. The male may then move on to mate with another female.[8][44]
Gestation typically lasts six months,[45] after which a single calf is born.[24] Newborns are a light yellow; infant males may have a black patch on the head and the neck.[8] Young are precocial, they can stand on their own soon after birth.[11] Females can mate again after a month of parturition.[24] Juveniles remain active and playful throughout the day. Juvenile males turn black gradually, darkening notably after the third year.[8] The lifespan is typically 10 to 15 years.[5][24]
Threats
Blackbuck carved on temple pillar at Lepakshi (16th century)
During the 20th century, blackbuck numbers declined sharply due to excessive hunting, deforestation and habitat degradation. Some blackbucks are killed illegally especially where the species is sympatric with nilgai.[1]
The blackbuck has associations with the Indian culture. The antelope might have been a source of food in the Indus Valley civilisation (3300–1700 BCE); bone remains have been discovered in sites such as Dholavira[52] and Mehrgarh.[53] The blackbuck is routinely depicted in miniature paintings of the Mughal era (16th to 19th centuries) depicting royal hunts often using cheetahs.[54][55][56] Villagers in India and Nepal generally do not harm the blackbuck.[57] Tribes such as the Bishnois revere and care for most animals including the blackbuck.[9][58]
The animal is mentioned in Sanskrit texts as the krishna mrig.[9] According to Hindu mythology, the blackbuck draws the chariot of Lord Krishna.[57] The blackbuck is considered to be the vehicle of Vayu (the wind god), Soma (the divine drink) and Chandra (the moon god).[9] In Tamil Nadu, the blackbuck is considered to be the vehicle of the Hindu goddess Korravai.[58] In Rajasthan, the goddess Karni Mata is believed to protect the blackbuck.[58]
In the Yājñavalkya Smṛti, Sage Yagyavalkya is quoted stating "in what country there is black antelope, in that Dharma must be known", which is interpreted to mean that certain religious practices including sacrifices were not to be performed where blackbuck did not roam.[59][60]
The hide of the blackbuck (krishnajina in Hindi) is deemed to be sacred in Hinduism. According to the scriptures, it is to be sat upon only by brahmins (priests), sadhus and yogis (sages), forest-dwellers and bhikshus (mendicants).[58][61] Blackbuck meat is highly regarded in Texas.[62] In an analysis, blackbuck milk was found to have 6.9% protein, 9.3% fat, and 4.3% lactose.[63]
In some agricultural areas in northern India, the blackbuck are found in large numbers and raid crop fields.[64] However, the damage caused by blackbuck is far lower than that caused by the nilgai.[65][66]
In 2018, Bollywood actor Salman Khan, in a high-profile case, was sentenced to five years imprisonment for poaching a blackbuck in 1998.[67]
Blackbuck as a heraldry symbol of some princely states of India
The term antelope is used to refer to many species of even-toed ruminant that are indigenous to various regions in Africa and Eurasia.
The four-horned antelope, or chousingha, is a small antelope found in India and Nepal. Its four horns distinguish it from most other bovids, which have two horns. The sole member of the genus Tetracerus, the species was first described by French zoologist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1816. Three subspecies are recognised. The four-horned antelope stands nearly 55–64 centimetres (22–25 in) at the shoulder and weighs nearly 17–22 kilograms (37–49 lb). Slender with thin legs and a short tail, the four-horned antelope has a yellowish brown to reddish coat. One pair of horns is located between the ears, and the other on the forehead. The posterior horns are always longer than the anterior horns, which might be mere fur-covered studs. While the posterior horns measure 8–12 centimetres (3.1–4.7 in), the anterior ones are 2–5 centimetres (0.79–1.97 in) long.
The nilgai is the largest antelope of Asia, and is ubiquitous across the northern Indian subcontinent. It is the sole member of the genus Boselaphus, which was first described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1766. The nilgai stands 1–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) at the shoulder; males weigh 109–288 kg (240–635 lb), and the lighter females 100–213 kg (220–470 lb). A sturdy thin-legged antelope, the nilgai is characterised by a sloping back, a deep neck with a white patch on the throat, a short crest of hair along the neck terminating in a tuft, and white facial spots. A column of pendant coarse hair hangs from the dewlap ridge below the white patch. Sexual dimorphism is prominent – while females and juveniles are orange to tawny, adult males have a bluish-grey coat. Only males possess horns, 15–24 cm (5.9–9.4 in) long.
The scimitar oryx, also known as the scimitar-horned oryx and the Sahara oryx, is a Oryx species that was once widespread across North Africa. In 2000, it was declared extinct in the wild on the IUCN Red List.
The gerenuk, also known as the giraffe gazelle, is a long-necked, medium-sized antelope found in parts of East Africa. The sole member of the genus Litocranius, the gerenuk was first described by the naturalist Victor Brooke in 1879. It is characterised by its long, slender neck and limbs. The antelope is 80–105 centimetres tall, and weighs between 18 and 52 kilograms. Two types of colouration are clearly visible on the smooth coat: the reddish brown back or the "saddle", and the lighter flanks, fawn to buff. The horns, present only on males, are lyre-shaped. Curving backward then slightly forward, these measure 25–44 cm.
The Antilopines are even-toed ungulates belonging to the subfamily Antilopinae of the family Bovidae. The members of tribe Antilopini include the gazelles, blackbucks, springboks, gerenuks, dibatags, and Central Asian gazelles, are often referred to as true antelopes. True antelopes occur in much of Africa and Asia, with the highest concentration of species occurring in East Africa in Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania. The saigas and Tibetan antelopes inhabit much of central and western Asia. The dwarf antelopes of tribe Neotragini live entirely in sub-Saharan Africa.
The mountain gazelle, also called the True Gazelle or the Palestine Mountain Gazelle, is a species of gazelle widely but unevenly distributed.
Thomson's gazelle is one of the best known species of gazelles. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and is sometimes referred to as a "tommie". It is considered by some to be a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle and was formerly considered a member of the genus Gazella within the subgenus Eudorcas, before Eudorcas was elevated to genus status.
The Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests is a mostly arid ecoregion in northwestern India that stretches over 103,100 sq mi (267,000 km2) across Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The dry deciduous forests in the region are dominated by teak, and thorny trees and scrub in drier areas.
The gemsbok or South African oryx is a large antelope in the genus Oryx. It is native to the extremely dry, arid regions of Southern Africa; notably, the Kalahari and Namib Desert. Some authorities formerly classified the East African oryx as a subspecies.
The chinkara, also known as the Indian gazelle, is a gazelle species native to Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
The great Indian bustard or Indian bustard, is a bustard found on the Indian subcontinent. A large bird with a horizontal body and long bare legs, giving it an ostrich like appearance, this bird is among the heaviest of the flying birds. Once common on the dry plains of the Indian subcontinent, as few as 150 individuals were estimated to survive in 2018 and the species is critically endangered by hunting and loss of its habitat, which consists of large expanses of dry grassland and scrub. These birds are often found associated in the same habitat as blackbuck. It is protected under Wildlife Protection Act 1972 of India.
Blackbuck National Park is a national park in India located at Velavadar in the Bhavnagar District of Gujarat state, India.
The Deccan thorn scrub forests are a xeric shrubland ecoregion of south India and northern Sri Lanka. Historically this area was covered by tropical dry deciduous forest, but this only remains in isolated fragments. The vegetation now consists of mainly of southern tropical thorn scrub type forests. These consist of open woodland with thorny trees with short trunks and low, branching crowns; spiny and xerophytic shrubs; and dry grassland. This is the habitat of the great Indian bustard and blackbuck, though these and other animals are declining in numbers; this area was at one time home to large numbers of elephants and tigers. Almost 350 species of bird have been recorded here. The remaining natural habitat is threatened by overgrazing and invasive weeds, but there are a number of small protected areas which provide a haven for the wildlife. Trees in these forests have adapted to not require much water.
The Indian wolf is a subspecies of gray wolf that ranges from Southwest Asia to the Indian Subcontinent. It is intermediate in size between the Himalayan wolf and the Arabian wolf, and lacks the former's luxuriant winter coat due to it living in warmer conditions. Within this subspecies, the "Indian plains wolf" is genetically basal to all other extant Canis lupus apart from the older-lineage Himalayan wolf, with both proposed as separate species. The Indian wolf travels in smaller packs and is less vocal than other variants of the gray wolf, and has a reputation for being cunning. The Indian wolf is one of the most endangered populations of gray wolf in the world.
Damaliscus lunatus is a large African antelope of the genus Damaliscus and subfamily Alcelaphinae in the family Bovidae, with a number of recognised geographic subspecies. Some authorities have split the different populations of the species into different species, although this is seen as controversial. Common names include topi, sassaby, tiang and tsessebe
The Rann of Kutch is a large area of salt marshes that span the border between India and Pakistan. It is located mostly in the Kutch district of the Indian state of Gujarat, with a minor portion extending into the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is divided into the Great Rann and Little Rann.
The Blackbuck Conservation Area is located in Gulariya, Bardiya District, Nepal and was established in 2009 to conserve the endangered blackbuck. This protected area covers 16.95 km2 (6.54 sq mi).
Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary situated at Ghatigaon in India. Ghatigaon covers 511.0 km² in Madhya Pradesh state, west of the city of Gwalior. It extends to Tigra Dam, and includes part of the reservoir.
Antilope subtorta is an extinct species of antelope that lived during the Pliocene in the Siwaliks of Pakistan.
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↑ Effron, M.; Bogart, M. H.; Kumamoto, A. T.; Benirschke, K. (1976). "Chromosome studies in the mammalian subfamily Antilopinae". Genetica. 46 (4): 419–44. doi:10.1007/BF00128089. S2CID23227689.
1 2 Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore, Maryland (US): Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN978-1-4214-0093-8.
↑ Sontakke, S.D.; Kandukuri, L.R.; Umapathy, G.; Kulashekaran, K.M.; Venkata, P.O.; Shivaji, S.; Singh, L. (2012). "The 34,XY 1 ,der(13) Chromosome Constitution with Loss of Y 2 Is Associated with Unilateral Testicular Hypoplasia in the Endangered Indian Blackbuck Antelope (Antilope cervicapra)". Sexual Development. 6 (5): 240–246. doi:10.1159/000339898. PMID22846804. S2CID27843494.
↑ Wurster, D.H.; Benirschke, K.; Noelke, H. (February 1968). "Unusually large sex chromosomes in the sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) and the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)". Chromosoma. 23 (3): 317–23. doi:10.1007/BF02451003. PMID5658170. S2CID20620389.
↑ Schreiber, A.; Fakler, P.; Osterballe, R. (1997). "Blood protein variation in blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), a lekking gazelle". Zeitschrift für Saugetierkunde. 62 (4): 239–49.
1 2 3 4 5 Mallon, D.P.; Kingswood, S.C.; East, R. (2001). Antelopes: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). p.184. ISBN978-2-8317-0594-1.
↑ Isvaran, K. (2004). "Female grouping best predicts lekking in blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 57 (3): 283–294. doi:10.1007/s00265-004-0844-z. S2CID32511584.
↑ Rajagopal, T.; Manimozhi, A. & Archunan, G. (2011). "Diurnal variation in preorbital gland scent marking behaviour of captive male Indian Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra L.) and its territorial significance". Biological Rhythm Research. 42 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1080/09291011003693161. S2CID84513333.
↑ Rajagopal, T. & Archunan, G. (2006). "Scent marking by Indian blackbuck: Characteristics and spatial distribution of urine, pellet, preorbital and interdigital gland marking in captivity". Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation: Proceedings of the "National Seminar on Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation", 13 to 15 October 2006, A Seminar Conducted During the "bi-decennial Celebrations" of Pondicherry University: 71–80.
1 2 Jhala, Y.V. (1991). Habitat and population dynamics of wolves and blackbuck in Velavadar National Park, Gujarat. Ph.D. dissertation.
↑ Jhala, Y.V. (1993). "Predation on blackbuck by wolves in Velavadar National Park, Gujarat, India". Conservation Biology. 7 (4): 874–881. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740874.x.
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↑ Jhala, Y.V. (1997). "Seasonal effects on the nutritional ecology of blackbuck Antilope cervicapra". Journal of Applied Ecology. 34 (6): 1348–1358. doi:10.2307/2405252. JSTOR2405252.
↑ Archunan, G. & Rajagopal, T. (2013). "Detection of estrus in Indian blackbuck: Behavioural, hormonal and urinary volatiles evaluation". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 181: 156–166. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.11.012. PMID23229002.
↑ "Schedule I - Wildlife Protection Act"(PDF). moef.nic.in. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
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↑ Hughes, J.E. (2013). Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment, and Power in the Indian Princely States (Firsted.). Cambridge, Massachusetts (US): Harvard University Press. pp.151–154. ISBN978-0-674-07280-0.
↑ Welch, S.C. (1987). The Emperors' Album: Images of Mughal India. New York, US: Abrams. p.185. ISBN978-0-8109-0886-4.
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1 2 Dinerstein, E. (2013). Discovering Big Cat Country: On the Trail of Tigers and Snow Leopards. Washington, US: Island Press. ISBN978-1-61091-479-6.
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↑ Dill, C. W.; Tybor, P. T.; Mcgill, R.; Ramsey, C. W. (1972). "Gross composition and fatty acid constitution of blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra) milk". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 50 (8): 1127–1129. doi:10.1139/z72-150. PMID5056105.
↑ Jhala, Y. V. (January 1993). "Damage to Sorghum crop by blackbuck". International Journal of Pest Management. 39 (1): 23–7. doi:10.1080/09670879309371754.
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