List of birds by population

Last updated

This is a set of lists of bird species by global population, divided by avian order. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Contributing organizations include the IUCN, BirdLife International, and Partners in Flight.

Contents

The global population of all mature birds is estimated to be 50 – 100 billion individuals. [1] [2] [3] [4] Total species population, including immature individuals, is higher during the breeding season of each species. [3]

These lists are incomplete, because experts have not estimated all bird populations. For example, the spectacled flowerpecker was only discovered in 2010, and did not receive its scientific name (Dicaeum dayakorum) until 2019, [5] adding to the other 73 new bird species described by ornithologists from 2000 – 2009. [6] [7] [8] Global population estimates for many of these at this time would lack accuracy.

All numbers are estimates, because they are made via bird surveys (e.g., point counting) and extrapolating species density estimates made via observation data over a species' known range. [9] Population estimates should be interpreted with a margin of error, even when only one value is provided.

The number of species within a order corresponds to IOC guidance [10] unless otherwise noted. IUCN/Birdlife International taxonomic classifications [11] often differ from the IOC; for specific disagreements, see Order specific pages.

By taxonomy

List by taxonomic orderBirds included# of quantified species / # of total species (%) 1 Example of less common speciesExample of more common species
Accipitriformes Hawks, eagles, kites, Old World vultures180 / 259 (69%) Philippine eagle (CR) Pithecophaga jefferyi front.jpg Roadside hawk (LC) Buteo magnirostris -Goias -Brazil-8.jpg
Pop: 128-924 [12] Pop: 5,000,000-50,000,000 [13]
AegotheliformesOwlet-nightjars1 / 10 (10%)
Anseriformes Waterfowl: ducks, geese, swans, screamers176 / 178 (99%) White-winged duck (CR)

White-winged Duck RWD3.jpg

Mallard (LC)

Male mallard duck 2.jpg

Pop: 150-450 [14] Pop: 17,260,000-19,300,000 [15]
Apodiformes Swifts, hummingbirds167 / 480 (35%) Santa Marta sabrewing (CR) Campylopterus phainopeplus.jpg Common swift (LC) Common Swift (Apus apus) (cropped).jpg
Pop: 1-49 [16] Pop: 80,000,000-142,000,000 [17]
Apterygiformes Kiwis5 / 5 (100%) Okarito kiwi (VU) Okarito kiwi 2.jpg Southern brown kiwi (VU) Apteryx australis 5zz.jpg
Pop: 350-400 [18] Pop: 16,500 [19]
Bucerotiformes Hornbills, hoopoes, scimitarbills15 / 75 (20%) Sulu hornbill (CR) Sulu Hornbill.jpg Eurasian hoopoe (LC) Upupa epops, Sand Bath.jpg
Pop: 1 - 49 [20] Pop: 5,000,000 - 10,000,000 [21]
Caprimulgiformes Nightjars, nighthawks, poorwills31 / 98 (32%) Jamaican poorwill (CR) Jamaican Poorwill.png Common nighthawk (LC) Chordeiles minor (cropped).jpg
Pop: 1-49 [22] Pop: 23,000,000 [23]
Cariamiformes Seriemas0 / 2 (0%)
Cathartiformes New World vultures, condors5 / 7 (71%) California condor (CR) California condor (6391184801).jpg Black vulture (LC) Black Vulture - Zamuro (Coragyps atratus) (13074578505).jpg
Pop: 93 [24] Pop: 50,000,000-99,999,999 [25]
Casuariiformes Cassowaries, emus3 / 4 (75%) Northern cassowary (LC) Casuarius unappendiculatus -Northern Cassowary -head to toe.jpg Emu (LC) Dromaius novaehollandiae qtl1.jpg
Pop: 10,000-19,999 [26] Pop: 630,000-725,000 [27]
Charadriiformes Waders, gulls, terns, auks343 / 392 (88%) 2 Jerdon's courser (CR) JC PJ.jpg Sooty tern (LC) Sterna fuscata.JPG
Pop: 1-50 [28] Pop: 23,000,000 [29]
Ciconiiformes Storks20 / 20 (100%) Storm's stork (EN) Storms stork miami metrozoo.jpg White stork (LC) Ciconia ciconia - White Stork 02.jpg
Pop: 300-1,750 [30] Pop: 526,000-588,000 [31]
Coliiformes Mousebirds0 / 6 (0%)
Columbiformes Doves, pigeons147 / 352 (42%) Grenada dove (CR) Ece310767-fig-0001-m.jpg Mourning dove (LC) Mourning DoveMD.jpg
Pop: 136-182 [32] Pop: 120,000,000-140,000,000 [33]
Coraciiformes Kingfishers, motmots, bee-eaters58 / 186 (31%) Marquesan kingfisher (CR) Marquesan kingfisher (Todiramphus godeffroyi) - crop.png Ringed kingfisher (LC) Ringed Kingfisher, Rio Sarare, Mato Grosso, Brazil.jpg
Pop: 350 [34] Pop: 20,000,000 [35]
Cuculiformes Cuckoos29 / 156 (19%) Sumatran ground cuckoo (EN) Sumatran Ground-Cuckoo 0A2A4427.jpg Common cuckoo (LC) Cuculus canorus vogelartinfo chris romeiks CHR0791 cropped.jpg
Pop: 1,500-6,000 [36] Pop: 34,600,000-54,400,000 [37]
Eurypygiformes Kagu, sunbittern2 / 2 (100%) Kagu (EN) Kagu 0A2A3921.jpg Sunbittern (LC) Eurypyga helias Garza del sol Sunbittern (6262055923).jpg
Pop: 250 - 299 [38] Pop: 500,000-4,999,999 [39]
Falconiformes Falcons and caracaras47 / 65 (72%) Mauritius kestrel (EN) Mauritius kestrel (Falco punctatus).jpg American kestrel (LC) American kestrel (Falco sparverius cinnamominus) male Leona Amarga.jpg
Pop: 140 - 170 [40] Pop: 9,200,000 [41]
Galliformes Landfowl: pheasants, guineafowl, quails, curassows, megapodes153 / 307 (50%) Edward's pheasant (CR) Edwards Pheasant RWD.jpg Common pheasant (LC) Pheasant cock (Phasianus colchicus) at the territorial shout.jpg
Pop: 0-49 [42] Pop: 75,000,000-150,000,000 3 [43]
Gaviiformes Loons5 / 5 (100%) Yellow-billed loon (NT) Gavia adamsii.jpg Pacific loon (LC) PacificLoon24.jpg
Pop: 11,000 – 21,000 [44] Pop: 930,000 – 1,600,000 [45]
Gruiformes Cranes, rails, finfoots, trumpeters, limpkin137 / 190 (72%) 4 Lord Howe woodhen (EN) Lord Howe Woodhen 3.jpg American coot (LC) Fulica americana3.jpg
Pop: 200-286 [46] Pop: 7,100,000 [47]
Leptosomiformes Cuckoo-roller0 / 1 (0%)
Mesitornithiformes Mesites3 / 3 (100%) White-breasted mesite (VU) Mesitornis variegatus 114317342.jpg Subdesert mesite (VU) Monias benschi 3717210.jpg
Pop: 5,300 [48] Pop: 65,000-110,000 [49]
Musophagiformes Turacos3 / 23 (13%)
Nyctibiiformes Potoos3 / 7 (43%) Northern potoo (LC) Northern potoo (Nyctibius jamaicensis mexicanus) Orange Walk.jpg Great potoo (LC) Nyctibius grandis - Great Potoo; Apiacas, Mato Grosso, Brazil (cropped).jpg
Pop: 50,000 - 499,999 [50] Pop: 500,000 - 4,999,999 [51]
Opisthocomiformes Hoatzin0 / 1 (0%)
Otidiformes Bustards, floricans, korhaans11 / 26 (42%) Great Indian bustard (CR) Ardeotis nigriceps, Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India 1.jpg Little bustard (NT) Little Bustard (Tetrax tetrax), Castuera, Extremadura, Spain.jpg
Pop: 50-249 [52] Pop: 100,000-499,999 [53]
Passeriformes Passerines: New Zealand wrens, suboscines, songbirds? / 6533 Banded cotinga (CR) Crejoa macho - Cotinga maculata - Banded cotinga.jpg Barn swallow (LC) Hirundo rustica LC0073.jpg
Pop: 50-249 [54] Pop: 290,000,000 - 487,000,000 [55]
Pelecaniformes Ibises, spoonbills, herons, shoebill, hamerkop, pelicans106 / 118 (90%) White-bellied heron (CR) White-Bellied Heron DSCN1518 06, crop.jpg Cocoi heron (LC) Ardea cocoi-standing.jpg
Pop: 50-249 [56] Pop: 5,000,000-49,999,999 [57]
Phaethontiformes Tropicbirds3 / 3 (100%) Red-billed tropicbird (LC) 20180811-Red-billed tropicbird at Plaza Sur (0374).jpg White-tailed tropicbird (LC) White-tailed Tropicbird (34334497543).jpg
Pop: 16,000-30,000 [58] Pop: 400,000 [59]
Phoenicopteriformes Flamingos6 / 6 (100%) Andean flamingo (VU) Two andeanflamingo june2003 arp.jpg Lesser flamingo (NT) Phoeniconaias minor3.jpg
Pop: 38,000 [60] Pop: 2,220,000 – 3,240,000 [61]
Piciformes Woodpeckers, jacamars, toucans, barbets, honeyguides133 / 448 (30%) Ivory-billed woodpecker (CR) Ivory-billed Woodpecker by Jerry A. Payne.jpg Great spotted woodpecker (LC) Dendrocopos major -Durham, England -female-8.jpg
Pop: 1-49 [62] Pop: 49,000,000-78,000,000 [63]
PodargiformesFrogmouths1 / 16 (6%)
Podicipediformes Grebes22 / 23 (96%) 5 New Zealand grebe (LC) Poliocephalus rufopectus 107057997.jpg Black-necked grebe (LC) Podiceps nigricollis (Marek Szczepanek).jpg
Pop: 1,000 – 5,000 [64] Pop: 3,900,000 – 4,200,000 [65]
Pterocliformes Sandgrouse2 / 16 (13%)
Procellariiformes Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels143 / 149 (96%) New Zealand storm petrel (CR) Oceanites maorianus.jpg Antarctic prion (LC) Pachyptila desolata -South Atlantic -flying-8-crop1.jpg
Pop: 1-49 [66] Pop: 50,000,000 [67]
Psittaciformes Parrots, cockatoos185 / 406 (46%) Orange-bellied parrot (CR) Neophema chrysogaster male - Melaleuca.jpg Blue-headed parrot (LC) Pionus menstruus 565068800.jpg
Pop: 20-25 [68] Pop: 5,000,000-49,999,999 [69]
Rheiformes Rheas0 / 2 (0%)
Sphenisciformes Penguins18 / 19 (95%) Galapagos penguin (EN) Galapagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) -standing on rock.jpg Macaroni penguin (VU) Eudyptes chrysolophus -Antarctic-54.jpg
Pop: 1,200 [70] Pop: 12,600,000 [71]
Steatornithiformes Oilbird1 / 1 (100%)
Strigiformes Owls96 / 254 (38%) Seychelles scops owl (CR) Otus insularis 453454988 (cropped).jpg Ferruginous pygmy owl (LC) Glaucidium brasilianum 177197853.jpg
Pop: 200-280 [72] Pop: 20,000,000 [73]
Struthioniformes Ostriches1 / 2 (50%) Somali ostrich (VU) Struthio molybdophanes 49854225.jpg Common ostrich (LC) Avestruz (Struthio camelus), parque nacional de Amboseli, Kenia, 2024-05-22, DD 62.jpg
Pop: unknown [74] Pop: 300,000-900,000 [75]
Suliformes Shags, frigatebirds, gannets, cormorants44 / 60 (73%) Chatham Islands shag (CR) 20181001 ChathamsA9D3 444 DxO (cropped).jpg Neotropic cormorant (LC) Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Costa Rica).jpg
Pop: 710 [76] Pop: 2,000,000 [77]
Tinamiformes Tinamous17 / 46 (37%) Black tinamou (VU) Tinamus osgoodi imported from iNaturalist photo 70265010 on 10 April 2021.jpg Great tinamou (LC) Tinamus major 377400943.jpg
Pop: 1,900 – 4,400 [78] Pop: 5,000,000 – 49,999,999 [79]
Trogoniformes Trogons, quetzals14 / 43 (33%) Javan trogon (VU) Javan Trogon (Harpactes reinwardtii reinwardtii).jpg Collared trogon (LC)

Trogon collaris (Trogon collarejo) (14027165535).jpg

Pop: 2,500 – 9,999 [80] Pop: 5,000,000 – 49,999,999 [81]


See also

Notes

1. ^ Denominator (Total Species in Order) from IOC List of Birds (version 15.1). [10]
2. ^ Number of species with population estimates includes estimates for Northern New Zealand dotterel, common white tern, and little white tern, which are considered full species by IUCN/BirdLife International, but subspecies by the IOC. [82] [83] [11]
3. ^ Values include the common pheasant's estimated population across its introduced range. [43]
4. ^ Number of species with population estimates includes estimates for black-winged trumpeter and Junin crake, which are considered full species by IUCN/BirdLife International, but subspecies by the IOC. [84] [11]
5. ^ IOC recognizes tricolored grebe as a full species; IUCN/BirdLife International do not. [85] [11] The latter splits silvery grebe into two species (northern/southern silvery grebe); which the former retains as one species. [85] [86] This results in 23 total species regardless, and 22 species with populations quantified.

References

  1. ↑ Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (2018-06-19). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711842115 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   6016768 . PMID   29784790.
  2. ↑ Gaston, Kevin J.; Blackburn, Tim M. (1997). "How many birds are there?" . Biodiversity and Conservation. 6 (4): 615–625. Bibcode:1997BiCon...6..615G. doi:10.1023/A:1018341530497.
  3. 1 2 Gaston, K. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Goldewijk, K. K. (2003-06-22). "Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1521): 1293–1300. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2303. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   1691371 . PMID   12816643.
  4. ↑ Callaghan, Corey T.; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Cornwell, William K. (2021). "Global abundance estimates for 9,700 bird species". PNAS. 118 (21) e2023170118.
  5. ↑ Saucier, Jacob R.; Milensky, Christopher M.; Caraballo-Ortiz, Marcos A.; Ragai, Roslina; Dahlan, N. Faridah; Edwards, David P. (2019-10-17). "A distinctive new species of flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4686 (4). doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.1 . ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   31719467.
  6. ↑ ""Spectacled flowerpecker" bird found in Borneo". Reuters. 2010-01-14.
  7. ↑ Walton, Doreen (2010-01-14). "New Borneo bird species spotted". BBC News.
  8. ↑ Pennak, Sara (18 January 2012). "State of observed species: A decade of species discovery in review" (PDF). Arizona State University: International Institute for Species Exploration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  9. ↑ Sólymos, Péter; Toms, Judith D.; Matsuoka, Steven M.; Cumming, Steven G.; Barker, Nicole K.S.; Thogmartin, Wayne E.; Stralberg, Diana; Crosby, Andrew D.; Dénes, Francisco V.; Haché, Samuel; Mahon, C. Lisa; Schmiegelow, Fiona K.A.; Bayne, Erin M. (2020). "Lessons learned from comparing spatially explicit models and the Partners in Flight approach to estimate population sizes of boreal birds in Alberta, Canada". The Condor. 122 (2) duaa007. doi:10.1093/condor/duaa007.
  10. 1 2 "Orders of Birds – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International Digital Checklist of the Birds of the World: Version 10. BirdLife International. 2025.
  12. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Pithecophaga jefferyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22696012A273773083. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22696012A273773083.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  13. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Rupornis magnirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22695880A168800737. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695880A168800737.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  14. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Asarcornis scutulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22680064A244637841. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22680064A244637841.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  15. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Anas platyrhynchos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22680186A281835571. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22680186A281835571.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  16. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Campylopterus phainopeplus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22687086A181107620. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22687086A181107620.en .
  17. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Apus apus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22686800A281017590. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22686800A281017590.en .
  18. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Apteryx rowi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22732871A180757495. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22732871A180757495.en . Retrieved 2025-12-24.
  19. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Apteryx australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22678122A214272214. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22678122A214272214.en . Retrieved 2025-12-24.
  20. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Anthracoceros montani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22682447A178062684. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682447A178062684.en .
  21. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Upupa epops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22682655A181836360. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682655A181836360.en .
  22. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Siphonorhis americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22689738A178420953. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689738A178420953.en .
  23. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Chordeiles minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22689714A189010894. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689714A189010894.en .
  24. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Gymnogyps californianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22697636A181151405. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en .
  25. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Coragyps atratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22697624A281039099. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22697624A281039099.en .
  26. ↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Casuarius unappendiculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T22678114A118134784. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22678114A118134784.en . Retrieved 2025-12-23.
  27. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Dromaius novaehollandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22678117A131902466. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678117A131902466.en . Retrieved 2025-12-23.
  28. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Rhinoptilus bitorquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22694103A217265541. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22694103A217265541.en .
  29. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Onychoprion fuscatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22694740A168895142. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694740A168895142.en .
  30. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Ciconia stormi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22697685A274423260. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22697685A274423260.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  31. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Ciconia ciconia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22697691A281839847. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22697691A281839847.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  32. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Leptotila wellsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22690874A178391475. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22690874A178391475.en .
  33. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Zenaida macroura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22690736A264596868. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22690736A264596868.en .
  34. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Todiramphus godeffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T22683487A149519891. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22683487A149519891.en .
  35. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Megaceryle torquata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22683634A168873464. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22683634A168873464.en .
  36. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Carpococcyx viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22724459A266075416. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22724459A266075416.en .
  37. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Cuculus canorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22683873A264553575. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22683873A264553575.en .
  38. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Rhynochetos jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T22692211A156666402. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22692211A156666402.en . Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  39. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eurypyga helias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22691893A163625651. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22691893A163625651.en . Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  40. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Falco punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22696373A226885309. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22696373A226885309.en . Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  41. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Falco sparverius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22696395A140950605. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22696395A140950605.en . Retrieved 2025-12-21.
  42. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Lophura edwardsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T45354985A249120158. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T45354985A249120158.en .
  43. 1 2 BirdLife International (2025). "Phasianus colchicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T45100023A280926744. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T45100023A280926744.en .
  44. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Gavia adamsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22697847A132607949. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697847A132607949.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  45. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Gavia pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22697839A132607134. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697839A132607134.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  46. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Hypotaenidia sylvestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22692395A212806713. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22692395A212806713.en .
  47. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Fulica americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T62169677A281035771. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T62169677A281035771.en .
  48. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Mesitornis variegatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22692949A129882359. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692949A129882359.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  49. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Monias benschi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22692971A193815333. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692971A193815333.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
  50. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Nyctibius jamaicensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22689642A163601677. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689642A163601677.en .
  51. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Nyctibius grandis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22689636A163599353. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689636A163599353.en .
  52. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Ardeotis nigriceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22691932A134188105. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691932A134188105.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
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  58. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Phaethon aethereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T22696637A155736224. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696637A155736224.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
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  77. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Nannopterum brasilianum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22696773A133550739. Retrieved 2025-12-23.
  78. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Tinamus osgoodi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T22678145A136641166. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22678145A136641166.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
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  83. ↑ "Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2026-01-09.
  84. ↑ "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
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  86. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Podiceps juninensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T62114603A181449214. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T62114603A181449214.en . Retrieved 2025-12-22.
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