List of Columbiformes by population

This is a list of Columbiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

This list is not comprehensive, as not all Columbiformes have had their populations quantified.

The IOC World Bird List (version 15.1) recognizes 352 species of Columbiformes, 13 of which are extinct. ^[1] This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted.

Some members of Columbiformes are extinct:

• Bonin wood pigeon (Columba versicolor) - last observed in 1889; extinct due to deforestation. ^[2]
• Ryukyu wood pigeon (Columba jouyi) - last observed in 1936. ^[3]
• Passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) - last wild bird was shot in 1900; last captive individual died in 1914. ^[4]
• Rodrigues pigeon or Rodrigues turtle dove (Nesoenas rodericanus) - went extinct during the 18th century. ^[5]
• Spotted green pigeon or Liverpool pigeon (Caloenas maculata) - known from one specimen, and not seen since 1928. ^[6]
• Norfolk ground dove (Pampusana norfolkensis) - poorly described species, known only from subfossils. Extinct sometime after 1790. ^{[7] [8]} Not recognized by IUCN/BirdLife International.
• Tanna ground dove (Pampusana ferruginea) - last observed (only record for species) in 1774. ^[9]
• Thick-billed ground dove (Pampusana salamonis) - last observed in 1927. ^[10]
• Choiseul pigeon (Microgoura meeki) - last observed in 1904. ^[11]
• Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) - extinct circa 1662. ^[12]
• Rodrigues solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria) - extinct by end of 1760s. ^[13]
• Red-moustached fruit dove (Ptilinopus mercierii) - last observed in 1922. ^[14]
• Mauritius blue pigeon (Alectroenas nitidissimus) - extinct between 1832 - 1837. ^[15]

Species by global population

Common name	Binomial name	Population	Status	Trend	Notes	Image
Purple-winged ground dove	Claravis geoffroyi	0-49 [16]	CR [16]	? [16]	May be extinct. Only one sighting since 2008. [16]
Negros fruit dove	Ptilinopus arcanus	0-49 [17]	CR [17]	? [17]	May be extinct. Last and only specimen collected in 1953. [17]
Silvery pigeon	Columba argentina	1-49 [18]	CR [18]	[18]	May be an underestimate, due to difficulty of identification. [18]
Sulu bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba menagei	1-49 [19]	CR [19]	? [19]	May be extinct. Last and only specimens were collected in 1891. [19]
Tooth-billed pigeon	Didunculus strigirostris	25-75 [20]	CR [20]	[20]	Total population is estimated to be 50-150 individuals. [20]
Mindoro bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba platenae	50-249 [21]	CR [21]	[21]	Total population is estimated to be 70-400 individuals. [21]
Negros bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba keayi	50-249 [22]	CR [22]	[22]	Total population is estimated to be 70-400 individuals. [22]
Black-naped pheasant-pigeon	Otidiphaps insularis	50-249 [23]	CR [23]	[23]	IOC taxonomy maintains this species (O. n. insularis) as a subspecies of the pheasant pigeon (O. nobilis). [1]
Marquesan ground dove	Pampusana rubescens	50-249 [24]	EN [24]	[24]
Blue-eyed ground dove	Columbina cyanopis	70-180 [25]	CR [25]	[25]	Total population is estimated to be 110-260 individuals. [25]
Rapa fruit dove	Ptilinopus huttoni	97-162 [26]	CR [26]	[26]	Total population is estimated to be 145-243 individuals. [26]
Grenada dove	Leptotila wellsi	136-182 [27]	CR [27]	[27]
Socorro dove	Zenaida graysoni	150 [28]	EW [28]	N/A	Value is an appoximate value of individuals in captivity. Not recorded in the wild since 1972. Re-introductions are planned. [28]
Polynesian ground dove	Pampusana erythroptera	150 [29]	CR [29]	[29]	Total population is estimated to be 200 individuals. [29]
Nuku Hiva imperial pigeon	Ducula galeata	200-249 [30]	EN [30]	[30]	Total population is estimated to be at least 300 individuals. [30]
Caroline Islands ground dove (White-fronted ground dove)	Pampusana kubaryi	200-500 [31]	EN [31]	[31]	Total population is estimated to be 312-715 individuals. [31]
Santa Cruz ground dove	Pampusana sanctaecrucis	218-1,070 [32]	EN [32]	[32]	Total population is estimated to be 300-1,600 individuals. [32]
Palau ground dove	Pampusana canifrons	250-999 [33]	EN [33]	[33]	Total population is likely lower than 500 individuals.
Tuxtla quail-dove	Zentrygon carrikeri	250-999 [34]	EN [34]	[34]	Total population is estimated to be 350-1,500 individuals. [34]
Chatham Islands pigeon	Hemiphaga chathamensis	250-999 [35]	VU [35]	[35]
Pink pigeon	Nesoenas mayeri	250-999 [36]	VU [36]	[36]	Total population is estimated to fall approximately between 300-500 individuals. [36]
Makatea fruit dove	Ptilinopus chalcurus	300-1,500 [37]	VU [37]	[37]	Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 650-750. Total population is estimated to be approximately 1,000 individuals. [37]
Tawitawi brown dove	Phapitreron cinereiceps	500-2,500 [38]	EN [38]	[38]
Polynesian imperial pigeon	Ducula aurorae	570-1,200 [39]	EN [39]	[39]	Total population is estimated to be 867-1,677 individuals. [39]
White-fronted quail-dove	Geotrygon leucometopia	600-1,700 [40]	EN [40]	[40]	Total population is estimated to be 1,000-2,499 individuals. [40]
Purple quail-dove	Geotrygon purpurata	600-1,700 [41]	EN [41]	[41]	Total population is estimated to be 1,000-2,499 individuals. [41]
Blue-headed quail-dove	Starnoenas cyanocephala	600-1,700 [42]	EN [42]	[42]	Total population is estimated to be 1,000-2,499 individuals. [42]
Timor green pigeon	Treron psittaceus	660-2,000 [43]	EN [43]	[43]	Total population is estimated to be 1,000-3,000 individuals. [43]
Mindoro imperial pigeon	Ducula mindorensis	800-3,000 [44]	NT [44]	? [44]	Estimate is a preliminary and somewhat arbitrary, based on best guess of species density. [44]
Russet-crowned quail-dove	Zentrygon goldmani	800-6,400 [45]	NT [45]	[45]
Vanuatu imperial pigeon	Ducula bakeri	800-23,000 [46]	LC [46]	? [46]	Best estimate for number of mature individuals in 2,500-23,000. Total population is estimated to be 1,200 - 35,000 individuals. [46]
Raiatea fruit dove	Ptilinopus chrysogaster	1,000-2,499 [47]	EN [47]	[47]
Comoro green pigeon	Treron griveaudi	1,000-2,499 [48]	EN [48]	[48]
New Britain bronzewing	Henicophaps foersteri	1,000-2,499 [49]	VU [49]	[49]	Total population is estimated to be less than 5,000 individuals. [49]
Rarotonga fruit dove (Lilac-crowned fruit dove)	Ptilinopus rarotongensis	1,000-2,499 [50]	NT [50]	[50]	Total population is estimated to be 560-3,400 individuals. [50]
White-tailed laurel pigeon (Laurel pigeon)	Columba junoniae	1,000-2,500 [51]	NT [51]	? [51]	Total population is estimated to be 1,500-3,800 individuals, though this may be an underestimate. [51]
Plain pigeon	Patagioenas inornata	1,000-4,100 [52]	NT [52]	[52]	Total population is estimated to be 1,500-6,100 individuals. [52]
Chestnut-bellied imperial pigeon	Ducula brenchleyi	1,100-19,999 [53]	NT [53]	[53]
Spotted imperial pigeon	Ducula carola	1,200-3,200 [54]	VU [54]	[54]	Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 2,000-3,200. [54]
Taiwan green pigeon	Treron formosae	1,250-2,000 [55]	NT [55]	[55]
Wetar ground dove	Pampusana hoedtii	1,500-7,000 [56]	EN [56]	[56]	Total population is estimated to be 2,500-9,999 individuals. [56]
Grey-fronted quail-dove	Geotrygon caniceps	1,500-7,000 [57]	VU [57]	[57]	Total population is estimated to be 2,500-9,999 individuals. [57]
Comoro olive pigeon	Columba pollenii	1,500-7,000 [58]	NT [58]	[58]	Total population is estimated to be 2,500-9,999 individuals. [58]
Yellow-legged pigeon	Columba pallidiceps	2,500-9,999 [59]	VU [59]	[59]
Pale-capped pigeon	Columba punicea	2,500-9,999 [60]	VU [60]	[60]	Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals. [60]
Sri Lanka wood pigeon	Columba torringtoniae	2,500-9,999 [61]	VU [61]	[61]	Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals. [61]
Western crowned pigeon	Goura cristata	2,500-9,999 [62]	VU [62]	[62]	Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals. [62]
Scheepmaker's crowned pigeon	Goura scheepmakeri	2,500-9,999 [63]	VU [63]	[63]	The southern crowned pigeon has been split into this species and Sclater's crowned pigeon (G. sclateri).
Ochre-bellied dove	Leptotila ochraceiventris	2,500-9,999 [64]	VU [64]	[64]	Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals. [64]
Ring-tailed pigeon	Patagioenas caribaea	2,500-9,999 [65]	VU [65]	[65]	Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals. [65]
Dark-eared brown dove (Mindanao brown dove)	Phapitreron brunneiceps	2,500-9,999 [66]	VU [66]	[66]
Carunculated fruit dove	Ptilinopus granulifrons	2,500-9,999 [67]	VU [67]	[67]
Flores green pigeon	Treron floris	2,500-9,999 [68]	VU [68]	[68]	Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals. [68]
Pemba green pigeon	Treron pembaensis	2,500-9,999 [69]	VU [69]	[69]	Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals, but this may be a large overestimate. [69]
Andaman wood pigeon	Columba palumboides	2,500-9,999 [70]	NT [70]	[70]
Enggano imperial pigeon	Ducula oenothorax	2,500-9,999 [71]	NT [71]	[71]	Total population is estimated to be 3,500-15,000 individuals. [71]
Enggano cuckoo-dove	Macropygia cinnamomea	2,500-9,999 [72]	NT [72]	[72]
Peruvian pigeon (Maranon pigeon)	Patagioenas oenops	2,500-9,999 [73]	NT [73]	[73]
Black cuckoo-dove	Turacoena modesta	2,500-9,999 [74]	NT [74]	[74]
Grey-green fruit dove	Ptilinopus purpuratus	2,500-9,999 [75]	LC [75]	? [75]
Dark-tailed laurel pigeon (Bolle's pigeon)	Columba bollii	2,500-10,000 [76]	LC [76]	[76]
Micronesian imperial pigeon	Ducula oceanica	2,500-12,200 [77]	VU [77]	[77]	Best estimate for number of mature individuals in 8,000. Total population is estimated to be 3,800-18,200 individuals [77]
São Tomé olive pigeon	Columba thomensis	2,600-3,700 [78]	EN [78]	[78]	Total population is estimated to be 3,893-5,497 individuals. [78]
Atoll fruit dove	Ptilinopus coralensis	2,800-5,600 [79]	NT [79]	[79]	Total population is estimated to be 4,200-8,400 individuals. [79]
Henderson Island fruit dove (Henderson fruit dove)	Ptilinopus insularis	3,000-4,000 [80]	VU [80]	[80]
Whistling dove	Ptilinopus layardi	3,000-10,000 [81]	NT [81]	[81]	Total population is estimated to be 5,000-15,000 individuals. [81] IUCN/BirdLife International give the binomial name Chrysoena viridis.
Silver-capped fruit dove	Ptilinopus richardsii	3,300-11,500 [82]	LC [82]	[82]	Precautionary estimate. [82]
Pink-bellied imperial pigeon	Ducula poliocephala	5,000-15,000 [83]	NT [83]	[83]
Luzon bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba luzonica	5,000-25,000 [84]	NT [84]	[84]
Cream-bellied fruit dove (Cream-breasted fruit dove)	Ptilinopus merrilli	5,000-30,000 [85]	NT [85]	[85]	IUCN/BirdLife International place species in genus Ramphiculus.
Red-naped fruit dove	Ptilinopus dohertyi	5,600-6,000 [86]	VU [86]	[86]
Mariana fruit dove	Ptilinopus roseicapilla	7,500-12,500 [87]	NT [87]	[87]	Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 10,000. Total population is estimated to be 16,230 individuals. [87]
Timor imperial pigeon	Ducula cineracea	7,500-20,000 [88]	NT [88]	[88]
Grey imperial pigeon	Ducula pickeringii	7,500-26,500 [89]	NT [89]	[89]	Total population is estimated to be 9,300-33,000 individuals. [89]
Flame-breasted fruit dove	Ptilinopus marchei	8,000-15,000 [90]	NT [90]	[90]	IUCN/BirdLife International place species in genus Ramphiculus.
Mindanao bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba crinigera	>10,000 [91]	VU [91]	[91]	Population has not been formally estimated, but is "likely to exceed 10,000 mature individuals". [91]
Andaman green pigeon	Treron chloropterus	>10,000 [92]	NT [92]	[92]	Highly uncertain estimate, given unknown impacts of hunting on population. [92]
Madeira laurel pigeon (Trocaz pigeon)	Columba trocaz	10,000-14,000 [93]	LC [93]	[93]
Sumba green pigeon	Treron teysmannii	10,000-15,000 [94]	NT [94]	[94]
Yellow-eyed pigeon	Columba eversmanni	10,000-19,999 [95]	VU [95]	[95]	Total population is estimated to be 15,000-30,000 individuals. [95]
Large green pigeon	Treron capellei	10,000-19,999 [96]	VU [96]	[96]	Preliminary estimate. [96]
Finsch's imperial pigeon	Ducula finschii	10,000-19,999 [97]	NT [97]	[97]	Total population is estimated to be 15,000-30,000 individuals. [97]
Victoria crowned pigeon	Goura victoria	10,000-19,999 [98]	NT [98]	[98]
Tolima dove	Leptotila conoveri	10,000-19,999 [99]	NT [99]	[99]	Total population is estimated to be 16,000-44,000 individuals. [99]
White-throated ground dove	Pampusana xanthonura	10,000-19,999 [100]	NT [100]	? [100]
Pied cuckoo-dove	Reinwardtoena browni	10,000-19,999 [101]	NT [101]	[101]	Total population is estimated to be 15,000-30,000 individuals. [101]
Buru green pigeon	Treron aromaticus	10,000-19,999 [102]	NT [102]	[102]
Nilgiri wood pigeon	Columba elphinstonii	10,000-50,000 [103]	LC [103]	? [103]
Olive-backed quail-dove	Leptotrygon veraguensis	20,000-49,999 [104]	LC [104]	[104]
Chiriquí quail-dove	Zentrygon chiriquensis	20,000-49,999 [105]	LC [105]	[105]
Buff-fronted quail-dove	Zentrygon costaricensis	20,000-49,999 [106]	LC [106]	[106]
Purplish-backed quail-dove	Zentrygon lawrencii	20,000-49,999 [107]	LC [107]	[107]
Buru mountain pigeon	Gymnophaps mada	20,000-50,000 [108]	LC [108]	[108]
São Tomé green pigeon	Treron sanctithomae	24,670-72,840 [109]	EN [109]	[109]	Total population is estimated to be 37,007-109,255 individuals. [109]
Christmas Island imperial pigeon (Christmas imperial pigeon)	Ducula whartoni	35,000-66,000 [110]	LC [110]	[110]	Best estimate for mature individuals is 50,000. [110]
Bridled quail-dove	Geotrygon mystacea	36,000-240,000 [111]	LC [111]	[111]	Total population is estimated to be 45,000-300,000 individuals. [111]
Yellowish imperial pigeon	Ducula subflavescens	38,000-249,000 [112]	NT [112]	[112]	Total population is estimated to be 57,000-373,000 individuals. [112]
Brown-backed dove (Azuero dove)	Leptotila battyi	50,000-99,999 [113]	VU [113]	[113]
Blue-capped fruit dove	Ptilinopus monacha	50,000-99,999 [114]	LC [114]	[114]	Total population is estimated to be 150,000 individuals. [114]
Violaceous quail-dove	Geotrygon violacea	50,000-499,999 [115]	LC [115]	[115]
Grey-chested dove	Leptotila cassinii	50,000-499,999 [116]	LC [116]	[116]
Caribbean dove	Leptotila jamaicensis	50,000-499,999 [117]	LC [117]	[117]
Grey-headed dove	Leptotila plumbeiceps	50,000-499,999 [118]	LC [118]	[118]
Maroon-chested ground dove	Paraclaravis mondetoura	50,000-499,999 [119]	LC [119]	[119]
White-faced quail-dove	Zentrygon albifacies	50,000-499,999 [120]	LC [120]	[120]
Ruddy quail-dove	Geotrygon montana	50,000-500,000 [121]	LC [121]	[121]
Short-billed pigeon	Patagioenas nigrirostris	50,000-500,000 [122]	LC [122]	[122]
Partridge pigeon	Geophaps smithii	81,800-145,400 [123]	LC [123]	[123]	Best estimate for number of mature individuals is 116,500. Populations given for two subspecies: G. smithii smithi (108,000) & G. smithii blaauwi (8,500). [123]
Cloven-feathered dove	Drepanoptila holosericea	100,000-140,000 [124]	LC [124]	[124]	Total population is estimated to be > 140,000 individuals. [124]
New Caledonian imperial pigeon (Goliath imperial pigeon)	Ducula goliath	100,000-220,000 [125]	NT [125]	[125]
Red-knobbed imperial pigeon	Ducula rubricera	150,000-750,000 [126]	LC [126]	[126]	Tentative estimate based on assumption that suitable habitat is 25-40% occupied. [126]
Spectacled imperial pigeon	Ducula perspicillata	500,000-999,999 [127]	LC [127]	[127]
Grey-fronted dove	Leptotila rufaxilla	500,000-4,999,999 [128]	LC [128]	[128]	Values given are for total population. [128]
Zenaida dove	Zenaida aurita	500,000-4,999,999 [129]	LC [129]	[129]
Blue ground dove	Claravis pretiosa	500,000-5,000,000 [130]	LC [130]	[130]
Plain-breasted ground dove	Columbina minuta	500,000-5,000,000 [131]	LC [131]	[131]
Scaled pigeon	Patagioenas speciosa	500,000-5,000,000 [132]	LC [132]	[132]
White-crowned pigeon	Patagioenas leucocephala	550,000 [133]	NT [133]	[133]
Stock dove	Columba oenas	1,700,000-2,860,000 [134]	LC [134]	[134]
Red-billed pigeon	Patagioenas flavirostris	2,000,000 [135]	LC [135]	[135]
Laughing dove	Spilopelia senegalensis	2,400,000-8,200,000 [136]	LC [136]	[136]	Preliminary estimate extrapolating from European population data. [136]
Inca dove	Columbina inca	4,700,000 [137]	LC [137]	[137]
Ruddy ground dove	Columbina talpacoti	5,000,000-50,000,000 [138]	LC [138]	[138]
Pale-vented pigeon	Patagioenas cayennensis	5,000,000-50,000,000 [139]	LC [139]	[139]
Ruddy pigeon	Patagioenas subvinacea	5,000,000-50,000,000 [140]	LC [140]	[140]
Northern band-tailed pigeon (Band-tailed pigeon)	Patagioenas fasciata	6,100,000 [141]	LC [141]	[141]	IUCN/BirdLife International split the band-tailed pigeon into two species, this one and southern band-tailed pigeon (P. albilinea). [142] IOC taxonomy maintains both within P. fasciata. [1]
Common ground dove	Columbina passerina	11,000,000 [143]	LC [143]	[143]
European turtle dove	Streptopelia turtur	12,800,000 - 47,600,000 [144]	VU [144]	[144]
White-winged dove	Zenaida asiatica	14,000,000 [145]	LC [145]	[145]
White-tipped dove	Leptotila verreauxi	20,000,000 [146]	LC [146]	[146]
Eurasian collared dove	Streptopelia decaocto	40,000,000-75,000,000 [147]	LC [147]	[147]	Total population is estimated to be 60-110 million individuals. Includes population in introduced range. [147]
Common wood pigeon	Columba palumbus	51,000,000-73,000,000 [148]	LC [148]	[148]	Preliminary estimate extrapolating from European population data. [148]
Rock dove	Columba livia	140,000,000 [149]	LC [149]	? [149]	Value given is for total population, which includes feral pigeon populations. [149]
Mourning dove	Zenaida macroura	120,000,000-140,000,000 [150]	LC [150]	[150]

Species without population estimates

Common name	Binomial name	Population	Status	Trend	Notes	Image
White-naped pheasant-pigeon	Otidiphaps aruensis	unknown [151]	VU [151]	[151]	IOC taxonomy maintains this species (O. n. aruensis) as a subspecies of the pheasant pigeon (O. nobilis). [1]
Sclater's crowned pigeon	Goura sclaterii	unknown [152]	NT [152]	[152]	The southern crowned pigeon has been split into this species and Scheepmaker's crowned pigeon (G.scheepmakeri).
Grey-naped pheasant-pigeon	Otidiphaps cervicalis	unknown [153]	LC [153]	[153]	IOC taxonomy maintains this species (O. n. cervicalis) as a subspecies of the pheasant pigeon (O. nobilis). [1]
Green-naped pheasant-pigeon	Otidiphaps nobilis	unknown [154]	LC [154]	[154]	IOC taxonomy maintains this species (O. n. nobilis) as a subspecies of the pheasant pigeon (O. nobilis). [1]
Shy ground dove	Pampusana stairi	unknown [155]	LC [155]	[155]	Population may be ~10,000 mature individuals, but recent surveys have failed to find numbers to support this; likely lower. [155]

See also

• Biology portal
• Birds portal

• Lists of birds by population
• Lists of organisms by population

References

1. "Pigeons – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
2. BirdLife International (2023). "Columba versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22690218A228153391. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690218A228153391.en .
3. BirdLife International (2023). "Columba jouyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22690222A228150824. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690222A228150824.en .
4. BirdLife International (2019). "Ectopistes migratorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T22690733A152593137. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690733A152593137.en .
5. BirdLife International (2024). "Nesoenas rodericanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22728722A261913120. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22728722A261913120.en .
6. BirdLife International (2023). "Caloenas maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22734732A228022431.
7. del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., eds. (2023). "Norfolk Ground Dove (Pampusana norfolkensis)". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA.: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2026-01-18.
8. Forshaw, Joseph (2015). Pigeons and Doves in Australia.
9. BirdLife International (2023). "Pampusana ferruginea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691052A228008609. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691052A228008609.en .
10. BirdLife International (2023). "Pampusana salamonis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691056A228004766. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691056A228004766.en .
11. BirdLife International (2023). "Microgoura meeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691086A228013744. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691086A228013744.en .
12. BirdLife International (2024). "Raphus cucullatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22690059A261916273. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22690059A261916273.en .
13. BirdLife International (2024). "Pezophaps solitaria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22690062A261927718. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22690062A261927718.en .
14. BirdLife International (2023). "Ptilinopus mercierii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691495A228024595. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691495A228024595.en .
15. BirdLife International (2024). "Alectroenas nitidissimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22691601A261969150. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691601A261969150.en .
16. BirdLife International (2025). "Paraclaravis geoffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22690819A161737866. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690819A161737866.en .
17. BirdLife International (2024). "Ptilinopus arcanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22691568A216481099. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691568A216481099.en .
18. BirdLife International (2019). "Columba argentina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T22690195A155300126. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690195A155300126.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
19. BirdLife International (2021). "Gallicolumba menagei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22691005A203927952. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691005a203927952.en .
20. BirdLife International (2025). "Didunculus strigirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22691890A266433917. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691890A266433917.en .
21. BirdLife International (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Gallicolumba platenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22690985A125475425.
22. BirdLife International (2021). "Gallicolumba keayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22690988A181469833. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22690988a181469833.en .
23. BirdLife International (2022). "Otidiphaps insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22726273A216252040.
24. BirdLife International (2017). "Alopecoenas rubescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T22691061A118535609. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22691061A118535609.en .
25. BirdLife International (2019). "Columbina cyanopis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T22690804A145971767. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22690804a145971767.en .
26. BirdLife International (2018). "Ptilinopus huttoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22691470A131333951. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22691470a131333951.en .
27. BirdLife International (2021). "Leptotila wellsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22690874A178391475. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22690874A178391475.en .
28. BirdLife International (2020). "Zenaida graysoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690740A178409463. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690740A178409463.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
29. BirdLife International (2018) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Pampusana erythroptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22691030A129084352. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691030A129084352.en .
30. BirdLife International (2023). "Ducula galeata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691674A218092219. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691674A218092219.en .
31. BirdLife International (2025) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Alopecoenas kubaryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22691024A216247381. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22691024A216247381.en .
32. BirdLife International (2018). "Alopecoenas sanctaecrucis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22691047A131854908. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691047A131854908.en .
33. BirdLife International (2022) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Pampusana canifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691071A216247017.
34. BirdLife International (2020). "Zentrygon carrikeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690901A178396399. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690901A178396399.en .
35. BirdLife International (2022). "Hemiphaga chathamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22732918A214005740. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22732918A214005740.en .
36. BirdLife International (2021). "Nesoenas mayeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22690392A179390191. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22690392A179390191.en .
37. BirdLife International (2022). "Ptilinopus chalcurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691485A217933799. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691485A217933799.en .
38. BirdLife International (2025). "Phapitreron cinereiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22691121A269528624. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691121A269528624.en .
39. BirdLife International (2017). "Ducula aurorae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T22691668A118663538. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t22691668a118663538.en .
40. BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon leucometopia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22729909A178320963. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22729909A178320963.en .
41. BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon purpurata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22728282A178029202. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22728282A178029202.en .
42. BirdLife International (2020). "Starnoenas cyanocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690970A178419260. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690970A178419260.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
43. BirdLife International (2021). "Treron psittaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22691186A198435213. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22691186A198435213.en .
44. BirdLife International (2024). "Ducula mindorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22691622A253954493. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691622A253954493.en .
45. BirdLife International (2023). "Zentrygon goldmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22690942A182272808. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690942A182272808.en .
46. BirdLife International (2021). "Ducula bakeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22691749A196239344. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691749a196239344.en .
47. BirdLife International (2018). "Ptilinopus chrysogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T60760066A131388042. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t60760066a131388042.en .
48. BirdLife International (2021). "Treron griveaudi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22728176A191512211. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22728176a191512211.en .
49. BirdLife International (2018). "Henicophaps foersteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22690664A131925883. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690664A131925883.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
50. BirdLife International (2021). "Ptilinopus rarotongensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22691465A196449443. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691465a196449443.en .
51. BirdLife International (2025). "Columba junoniae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22690122A206819404. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690122A206819404.en .
52. BirdLife International (2020). "Patagioenas inornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690312A178305283. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690312A178305283.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
53. BirdLife International (2021). "Ducula brenchleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22691744A196153100. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691744a196153100.en .
54. BirdLife International (2022). "Ducula carola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691634A219121788. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691634A219121788.en .
55. BirdLife International (2023). "Treron formosae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22727539A154687344. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22727539A154687344.en .
56. BirdLife International (2021). "Alopecoenas hoedtii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22691076A180472915. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22691076A180472915.en .
57. BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon caniceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22729904A178317449. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22729904A178317449.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
58. BirdLife International (2017). "Columba pollenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T22690152A118619451. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22690152A118619451.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
59. BirdLife International (2018). "Columba pallidiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22690226A131925376. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690226A131925376.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
60. BirdLife International (2020). "Columba punicea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690191A180939007. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690191A180939007.en .
61. BirdLife International (2021). "Columba torringtoniae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22690178A181016348. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22690178a181016348.en .
62. BirdLife International (2018). "Goura cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22691865A131926965. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691865A131926965.en .
63. BirdLife International (2021). "Goura scheepmakeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T45014473A195859393. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T45014473A195859393.en .
64. BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila ochraceiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690895A178032389. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690895A178032389.en .
65. BirdLife International (2020). "Patagioenas caribaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690281A178296493. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690281A178296493.en .
66. BirdLife International (2025). "Phapitreron brunneiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22724523A267400584. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22724523A267400584.en .
67. BirdLife International (2023). "Ptilinopus granulifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691539A227783308. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691539A227783308.en .
68. BirdLife International (2020). "Treron floris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22691170A177699445. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22691170A177699445.en .
69. BirdLife International (2022). "Treron pembaensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691236A208408136. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22691236a208408136.en .
70. BirdLife International (2017). "Columba palumboides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T22690201A118217922. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t22690201a118217922.en .
71. BirdLife International (2021). "Ducula oenothorax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22725573A177351258. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22725573a177351258.en .
72. BirdLife International (2023). "Macropygia cinnamomea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T232610475A234980772. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T232610475A234980772.en .
73. BirdLife International (2022). "Patagioenas oenops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22690302A208235691. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22690302A208235691.en .
74. BirdLife International (2023). "Turacoena modesta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22690609A177759496. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690609A177759496.en .
75. BirdLife International (2025). "Ptilinopus purpuratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T60759996A263602418. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T60759996A263602418.en .
76. BirdLife International (2025). "Columba bollii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22690117A280992184. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690117A280992184.en .
77. BirdLife International (2022). "Ducula oceanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691663A216253173.
78. BirdLife International (2021). "Columba thomensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22690138A176726868. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22690138A176726868.en .
79. BirdLife International (2023). "Ptilinopus coralensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691480A232148521. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691480A232148521.en .
80. BirdLife International (2022). "Ptilinopus insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691490A218345463. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691490A218345463.en .
81. BirdLife International (2023). "Chrysoena viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691581A209525653. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691581A209525653.en .
82. BirdLife International (2019). "Ptilinopus richardsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T22691445A157038889. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22691445a157038889.en .
83. BirdLife International (2025). "Ducula poliocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22691611A259765134. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691611A259765134.en .
84. BirdLife International (2024). "Gallicolumba luzonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22690979A223388034. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22690979A223388034.en .
85. BirdLife International (2024). "Ramphiculus merrilli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22691322A259498100. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691322A259498100.en .
86. BirdLife International (2024). "Ptilinopus dohertyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024 e.T22691307A227854859. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22691307A227854859.en .
87. BirdLife International (2022). "Ptilinopus roseicapilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691435A210892456. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22691435a210892456.en .
88. BirdLife International (2025). "Ducula cineracea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22691794A224747025. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691794A224747025.en .
89. BirdLife International (2025). "Ducula pickeringii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22691710A270007328. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691710A270007328.en .
90. BirdLife International (2025). "Ramphiculus marchei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22691317A228074717. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22691317A228074717.en .
91. BirdLife International (2023). "Gallicolumba crinigera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22690991A219164912. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22690991A219164912.en .
92. BirdLife International (2021). "Treron chloropterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22726279A198251435. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22726279A198251435.en .
93. BirdLife International (2017). "Columba trocaz". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 e.T22690112A118618501. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22690112A118618501.en .
94. BirdLife International (2022). "Treron teysmannii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691178A219163862. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691178A219163862.en .
95. BirdLife International (2022). "Columba eversmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22690097A217014626. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22690097A217014626.en .
96. BirdLife International (2022). "Treron capellei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691198A217936434. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22691198A217936434.en .
97. BirdLife International (2018). "Ducula finschii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22691729A131926698. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22691729a131926698.en .
98. BirdLife International (2021). "Goura victoria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22691874A181555952. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22691874A181555952.en .
99. BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila conoveri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690898A153948092. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690898A153948092.en .
100. BirdLife International (2023). "Pampusana xanthonura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691037A218088160. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691037A218088160.en .
101. BirdLife International (2018). "Reinwardtoena browni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018 e.T22690596A132062362. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22690596A132062362.en .
102. BirdLife International (2023). "Treron aromaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22726297A185811911. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22726297A185811911.en .
103. BirdLife International (2025). "Columba elphinstonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22690173A250437157. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690173A250437157.en .
104. BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotrygon veraguensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690928A139754965. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690928A139754965.en .
105. BirdLife International (2020). "Zentrygon chiriquensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690936A163498569. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690936A163498569.en .
106. BirdLife International (2020). "Zentrygon costaricensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690908A163496250. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690908A163496250.en .
107. BirdLife International (2020). "Zentrygon lawrencii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22728963A163496799. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22728963A163496799.en .
108. BirdLife International (2025). "Gymnophaps mada". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T45448755A280939277. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T45448755A280939277.en .
109. BirdLife International (2021). "Treron sanctithomae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 e.T22691227A176255708. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22691227a176255708.en .
110. BirdLife International (2022). "Ducula whartoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691699A210749243. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22691699a210749243.en .
111. BirdLife International (2025). "Geotrygon mystacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2025 e.T22690958A172359038. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22690958A172359038.en .
112. BirdLife International (2022). "Ducula subflavescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022 e.T22691828A216252470.
113. BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila battyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690868A178324856. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690868A178324856.en .
114. BirdLife International (2023). "Ptilinopus monacha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2023 e.T22691415A223382607. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22691415A223382607.en .
115. BirdLife International (2020). "Geotrygon violacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690962A163493772. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690962A163493772.en .
116. BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila cassini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690891A152215408. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690891A152215408.en .
117. BirdLife International (2020). "Leptotila jamaicensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T22690883A163495033. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690883A163495033.en .
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