List of earthquakes in Ecuador

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This list of earthquakes in Ecuador is a list of notable earthquakes that have affected Ecuador in recorded history.

Contents

Tectonic setting

The active tectonics of Ecuador is dominated by the effects of the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. Ecuador lies within the Northern Volcanic Zone where the subduction zone is moving at a rate of 7 cm/yr to the east-northeast, significantly oblique to the trend of this segment of the Andes. The subduction zone has an overall dip of 25–30°, but varies rapidly along strike due to the effects of subduction of the Carnegie Ridge. The Carnegie Ridge is an oceanic plateau that formed as the Nazca plate passed over the Galapagos hotspot. The plate interface above the subducted part of the ridge has a shallower dip than the area to both north and south, the boundaries interpreted to consist of two large tears in the downgoing Nazca plate. [1] The northern part of Ecuador overlies the subducted part of the Carnegie Ridge and is an area where the Nazca plate is interpreted to be strongly coupled to the South American plate, causing an unusually large degree of intraplate deformation. The main active fault zones of Ecuador are SSW-NNE trending dextral strike-slip faults running parallel to the main subdivisions of the Andes, two major SW-NE dextral strike-slip zones, the Pallatanga and Chingual faults, and north–south trending reverse faults such as the Quito fault. [2]

Seismicity

Earthquakes that affect Ecuador can be divided into those that result from movement on the subduction interface along the plate boundary, those that result from deformation within the South American and Nazca plates and those that are associated with active volcanoes.

Interplate earthquakes

Megathrust events along the subduction interface generate the largest earthquakes, often triggering destructive tsunamis, such as the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake.

Intraplate earthquakes

The most damaging earthquakes to affect Ecuador are those associated with faulting within the South American plate, such as the 1949 Ambato earthquake.

Earthquakes within the downgoing Nazca plate, such as the Mw 7.1 event of August 2010, are generally too deep to cause significant damage in Ecuador although they are felt over a wide area. [3]

Volcanic earthquakes

Swarms of relatively small earthquakes are commonly associated with volcanic activity, such as the Quito swarm in 1998-1999 related to the Guagua Pichincha volcano. [4]

List of notable earthquakes

DateTimeEventLocation MMI CoordDeaths Mag. NotesSources
1698-06-2001:00 1698 Ambato earthquake Carihuairazo X 1°42′S78°42′W / 1.7°S 78.7°W / -1.7; -78.7 6,500+7.2–7.9 Muk 
1797-02-0412:30 1797 Riobamba earthquake Riobamba XI 1°36′S78°36′W / 1.6°S 78.6°W / -1.6; -78.6 6,000-40,0008.3 ML [5]
1868-08-1606:30 1868 Ecuador earthquakes Ibarra 0°19′N78°11′W / 0.31°N 78.18°W / 0.31; -78.18 70,0006.7 Mw [6]
1906-01-3115:36 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake Esmeraldas IX 1°00′N81°30′W / 1.0°N 81.5°W / 1.0; -81.5 1,0008.8 MwTsunami [7]
1942-05-1421:13 1942 Ecuador earthquake Pedernales IX 0°06′S79°54′W / 0.1°S 79.9°W / -0.1; -79.9 2007.8 ML [8]
1949-08-0519:08 1949 Ambato earthquake Ambato XI 1°30′S78°12′W / 1.5°S 78.2°W / -1.5; -78.2 5,0506.8 ML [9]
1953-12-1217:31 1953 Tumbes earthquake Guayaquil VIII 3°24′S80°36′W / 3.4°S 80.6°W / -3.4; -80.6 77.5 Mw
1958-01-1909:09 1958 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake Esmeraldas VII 1°30′N79°30′W / 1.5°N 79.5°W / 1.5; -79.5 1117.6 Mw [10]
1970-12-1004:31 1970 Peru–Ecuador earthquake El Oro IX 3°59′S80°43′W / 3.99°S 80.72°W / -3.99; -80.72 507.1 Mw
1976-04-0907:081976 Esmeraldas earthquake Esmeraldas VIII 0°46′55″N79°48′14″W / 0.782°N 79.804°W / 0.782; -79.804 106.7 Mw [11]
1979-12-1202:59 1979 Tumaco earthquake Tumaco IX 1°35′53″N79°21′29″W / 1.598°N 79.358°W / 1.598; -79.358 300–6008.2 MwTsunami
1987-03-0601:54 & 04:10 1987 Ecuador earthquakes Napo IX 0°04′N77°45′W / 0.07°N 77.75°W / 0.07; -77.75 5,0007.1 Mw [12]
1998-08-0413:59 1998 Bahía de Caráquez earthquake Bahía de Caráquez, Manabí VIII 0°35′35″S80°23′35″W / 0.593°S 80.393°W / -0.593; -80.393 37.2 Mw [13]
2010-08-1211:542010 Riobamba earthquake Riobamba VI 1°15′36″S77°18′43″W / 1.260°S 77.312°W / -1.260; -77.312 07.1 MwMinor damage [3] [14]
2014-08-1219:58 2014 Ecuador earthquake Pichincha VI 0°01′N78°19′W / 0.02°N 78.32°W / 0.02; -78.32 45.1 Mw [15]
2016-04-1618:58 2016 Ecuador earthquake Pedernales, Manabí VIII 0°22′16″N79°56′24″W / 0.371°N 79.940°W / 0.371; -79.940 6767.8 MwSevere damage [16] [17]
2019-02-2210:172019 Pastaza earthquake Pastaza VII 2°11′10″S77°03′04″W / 2.186°S 77.051°W / -2.186; -77.051 17.5 Mw [18]
2022-03-2623:282022 Esmeraldas earthquake Esmeraldas VI 0°54′32″N79°35′20″W / 0.909°N 79.589°W / 0.909; -79.589 15.8 Mw Severe damage [19] [20]
2022-07-1422:302022 Guayaquil earthquake Guayas V 2°02′24″S79°48′40″W / 2.040°S 79.811°W / -2.040; -79.811 15.7 Mw Minor damage [21]
2023-03-1817:12 2023 Guayas earthquake Guayas VII 2°51′04″S79°48′00″W / 2.851°S 79.800°W / -2.851; -79.800 186.8 Mw Major damage [22]

Magnitudes – Mw Moment magnitude scale, ML Richter scale, Ms Surface-wave magnitude

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carnegie Ridge</span> Aseismic ridge on the Nazca Plate that is being subducted beneath the South American Plate

The Carnegie Ridge is an aseismic ridge on the Nazca Plate that is being subducted beneath the South American Plate. The ridge is thought to be a result of the passage of the Nazca Plate over the Galapagos hotspot. It is named for the research vessel Carnegie, which discovered it in 1929.

The 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake occurred at 10:36:10 (UTC+5) on Wednesday January 31, 1906 off the coast of Ecuador, near Esmeraldas. The earthquake had a moment magnitude of 8.8 and triggered a destructive tsunami that caused at least 500 casualties on the coast of Colombia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Punitaqui earthquake</span> Earthquake in Chile

The 1997 Punitaqui earthquake occurred at 01:03 UTC on October 15. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.1 Mwc. This earthquake was one of the most destructive in the epicentral area compared to other events of subduction of the same size. The extensive damage to structures was the result of an amplification effect on the ground and the poor quality of building materials, this reflects the potential for damage incurred in an intraplate earthquake with vertical fault and how it can be much greater than what which can cause one of interplate of similar magnitude, and caused severe damage in Chilean cities of La Serena, Vicuña, Ovalle, Illapel and Punitaqui.

The 1949 Ambato earthquake was the deadliest earthquake in the Western Hemisphere in five years. On August 5, 1949, it struck Ecuador's Tungurahua Province southeast of its capital Ambato and killed 5,050 people. Measuring 6.4 on the Ms scale, it originated from a hypocenter 15 km beneath the surface. The nearby villages of Guano, Patate, Pelileo, and Pillaro were destroyed, and the city of Ambato suffered heavy damage. The earthquake flattened buildings and subsequent landslides caused damage throughout the Tungurahua, Chimborazo, and Cotopaxi Provinces. It disrupted water mains and communication lines and opened a fissure into which the small town of Libertad sank. Moderate shaking from the event extended as far away as Quito and Guayaquil.

The 1797 Riobamba earthquake occurred at 12:30 UTC on 4 February. It devastated the city of Riobamba and many other cities in the Interandean valley, causing between 6,000 and 40,000 casualties. It is estimated that seismic intensities in the epicentral area reached at least XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and that the earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6–8.3, the most powerful historical event known in Ecuador. The earthquake was studied by Prussian geographer Alexander von Humboldt, when he visited the area in 1801–1802.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1868 Ecuador earthquakes</span>

The 1868 Ecuador earthquakes occurred at 19:30 UTC on August 15 and 06:30 UTC on 16 August 1868. They caused severe damage in the northeastern part of Ecuador and in southwestern Colombia. They had an estimated magnitude of 6.3 and 6.7 and together caused up to 70,000 casualties. The earthquake of 15 August occurred near El Ángel, Carchi Province, close to the border with Colombia, while that of August 16 occurred near Ibarra in Imbabura Province. Reports of these earthquakes are often confused with the effects of the earthquake of 13 August at Arica.

The 1998 Bahía de Caráquez earthquake occurred on August 4 at 13:59 local time with a magnitude Mw 7.2. The epicenter was located at 10 km north of Bahía de Caráquez, about 190 km NNW of Guayaquil, and about 215 km W of Quito, Ecuador. The intensity in Bahía de Caráquez reached MM VIII. In Bahía de Caráquez, electricity, telephone, and water services disrupted, and many buildings were damaged. It was felt strongly in Guayaquil and Quito and could be felt in much of Ecuador and in Cali, Colombia. An Mw  5.4 foreshock occurred 1 hour and 24 minutes before the main shock and hence alerted many people. The Nazca plate is subducting beneath the South American plate near the Ecuadorian coast. This earthquake was a shallow thrust earthquake in this subduction zone.

The 1953 Tumbes earthquake occurred on December 12 at 12:31:29 local time near the border between Peru and Ecuador. The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.5, a maximum Mercalli Intensity of VIII (Severe), and occurred in the northwestern offshore area of Tumbes, Peru.

The 1979 Tumaco earthquake occurred at 02:59 local time on 12 December with a moment magnitude of 8.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The epicenter was just offshore from the border between Ecuador and Colombia, near the port city of Tumaco. It triggered a major tsunami, which was responsible for most of the estimated 300–600 deaths. The hardest hit area was Colombia's Nariño Department.

The 1942 Peru earthquake occurred on August 24 at 17:50 local time and was located near the border of the departments of Ica and Arequipa, Peru. It had a magnitude of Mw 8.2 or Ms 8.4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Chiloé earthquake</span> Earthquake in Chile

The 2016 Chiloé earthquake with a magnitude of Mww 7.6 struck 225 kilometres (140 mi) south-west of Puerto Montt in southern Chile at 11:22 local time, 25 December. The earthquake triggered a tsunami warning on coasts located up to 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from the quake's epicentre, generating massive evacuation across the Greater Chiloé Island, after advice from the Chilean government. Although there was damage in some parts of the island, the government reported no casualties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Valparaíso earthquake</span> Earthquake in Chile

The Valparaíso earthquake of April 2017 was a strong earthquake that shook the cities of Valparaíso and Santiago on Monday, April 24, 2017, at 18:38 local time. Its epicenter was located off the coast of the Valparaíso Region and had a magnitude of 6.9 Mw. On the scale of Mercalli, the earthquake reached an intensity of VII.

An earthquake measuring Mw 8.0 struck Peru and the surrounding areas on 26 May 2019 at 02:41 local time. It had a maximum perceived intensity of VII on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale in the towns of Yurimaguas and Lagunas. Two people died and a further 30 were injured. It was the strongest earthquake in 2019 by magnitude.

The 1942 Ecuador earthquake or the Guayaquil earthquake occurred on 13 May at 21:13 local time with a moment magnitude of Mw  7.9. The temblor struck the coastal (Esmeraldas) region of Manabí Province, Ecuador. It caused damage mainly to cities including Guayaquil, Portoviejo and Guaranda. More than 300 people were killed and the total cost of damage was about US$2.5 million. Ecuador's largest city Guayaquil was the most affected despite the significant distantce from the epicenter. Many reinforced concrete structures in a particular area in the city were completely destroyed, contributing to fatalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Chignik earthquake</span> 7th largest earthquake in the US

An earthquake occurred off the coast of the Alaska Peninsula on July 28, 2021, at 10:15 p.m. local time. The large megathrust earthquake had a moment magnitude of 8.2 according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). A tsunami warning was issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) but later cancelled. The mainshock was followed by a number of aftershocks, including three that were of magnitude 5.9, 6.1 and 6.9 respectively.

The 1979 Petatlán earthquake, also known as the IBERO earthquake occurred on March 14 at 05:07 local time in the Mexican state of Guerrero. The earthquake had a surface-wave magnitude of Ms  7.6 or moment magnitude of Mw  7.4 and maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The epicenter, onshore, was located 12 km south southeast of Vallecitos de Zaragoza.

The 1950 Calama earthquake occurred near the Argentina–Chile border with an epicenter near Calama, Chile in the Atacama Desert on December 9. The event had a hypocenter depth of 113.9 km, beneath the Caichinque volcanic complex. It measured magnitude Mw  8.2 on the moment magnitude scale, making it the largest intermediate depth earthquake ever recorded on Chilean soil. One person was killed and an unspecified number of people were injured in Calama.

The 1657 Concepción earthquake occurred on March 15 at 20:00 local time off the coast of Concepción, Biobío Region in the Spanish Empire. The earthquake caused severe damage along the coast, and generated a large tsunami in the Bay of Concepción. At least 40 people were killed, the majority due to drowning from the tsunami. The town of Concepción was the hardest hit, with the earthquake and tsunami totally destroying it.

A strong earthquake struck southern Ecuador on 18 March 2023. It measured 6.8 on the moment magnitude scale, and struck with a hypocenter 68.0 km (42.3 mi) deep. The epicenter was located in the Gulf of Guayaquil, off the coast of Balao Canton and about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Guayaquil. There was major damage, 446 injuries and 18 fatalities in Ecuador's El Oro, Azuay and Guayas provinces. Two additional fatalities and dozens of injuries were reported in Peru.

References

  1. ↑ Gutscher, M.-A.; Malavieille, J.; Lallemand, S.; Collot, J.-Y. (1999). "Tectonic segmentation of the North Andean margin: impact of the Carnegie Ridge collision" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 168 (3–4): 255–270. Bibcode:1999E&PSL.168..255G. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00060-6 . Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  2. ↑ Eguez, A.; Alvarado A.; Yepes H.; Machette M.N.; Costa C.; Dart R.L. "Database and Map of Quaternary faults and folds of Ecuador and its offshore regions" (PDF). USGS Open-File Report 03-289. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  3. 1 2 "Magnitude 7.1 – ECUADOR 12 August 2010 11:54:16 UTC". United States Geological Survey. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  4. ↑ Legrand, D.; Villagómez D.; Yepes H.; Calahorrano A. (2004). "Multifractal dimension and b value analysis of the 1998–1999 Quito swarm related to Guagua Pichincha volcano activity, Ecuador". Journal of Geophysical Research. 109 (B01307). Bibcode:2004JGRB..10901307L. doi: 10.1029/2003JB002572 . Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  5. ↑ NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake" . Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  6. ↑ Giesecke, A.; Capera A.A.G.; Leschiutta I.; Migliorini E.; Valverde L.R. (2004). "The CERESIS earthquake catalogue and database of the Andean Region: background, characteristics and examples of use" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 47 (2/3): 421–435. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  7. ↑ Mendoza, C.; Dewey J.W. (1984). "Seismicity associated with the great Colombia-Ecuador earthquakes of 1942, 1958, and 1979: Implications for barrier models of earthquake rupture". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 74 (2): 577–593. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  8. ↑ "M7.8 – Ecuador".
  9. ↑ NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake" . Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  10. ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake".
  11. ↑ "M 6.7 – near the coast of Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  12. ↑ "Officials Fear Quake Killed 300 in Ecuador". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 1987-03-10. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  13. ↑ NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake" . Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  14. ↑ "2010 August 12 11:54:16 UTC Earthquake Details". United States Geological Survey. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  15. ↑ "M 5.1 – 22 km WSW of Cayambe, Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
  16. ↑ "M7.8 – 27 km SSE of Muisne, Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  17. ↑ "Rescue goes slowly in Ecuador after 7.8 quake; death toll tops 400, expected to rise further". Los Angeles Times. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  18. ↑ EQ Report (22 February 2019). "Dangerous massive earthquake below the Ecuadorian Selva (Peru border region) – February 22, 2019". Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  19. ↑ "M 5.8 – 9 km SE of Esmeraldas, Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  20. ↑ "Sismo en Ecuador: al menos un muerto, fuertes réplicas y viviendas dañadas tras temblor de magnitud 6". El Comercio (in Spanish). Agence France-Presse. 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  21. ↑ "M 5.7 – 12 km SW of Samborondón, Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  22. ↑ National Earthquake Information Center (18 March 2023). "M 6.8 – 10 km NNW of Baláo, Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
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