List of elected socialist mayors in the United States

Last updated

The following is a list of mayors who have declared themselves to be socialists or have been a member of a socialist party in the United States.

Contents

Statistics

In 1911, one author estimated that there were twenty-eight such mayors [1] and in 1913 another author estimated thirty-four. [2] In 1967, however, James Weinstein's table of "Cities and Towns Electing Socialist Mayors or Other Major Municipal Officers, 1911–1920" counted 74 such municipalities in 1911 and 32 in 1913, with smaller peaks in 1915 (22) and 1917 (18): [3] : 116–118 

U.S. towns electing Socialist mayors or major officers, 1911–1920
YearNo.YearNo.YearNo.YearNo.YearNo.
19117419133219152219171819195
1912819145191661918219202
Total82Total37Total28Total20Total7

In 1911, the SPA won election to about 1,141 local offices in total. [4]

List of mayors

MayorTerm
start		Term
end		CityState PartyRef
Larry Agran 2025Current Irvine California Democratic Party (DSA member) [5]
Emma Mulvaney-Stanak 2024Current Burlington Vermont Vermont Progressive Party (DSA member) [6]
Sara Innamorato [a] 2024Current Allegheny County Pennsylvania Democratic Party (DSA member, now former) [7]
Nikki Perez 2024Current Burbank California Democratic Party (DSA member) [8] [9]
Brian Nowak [b] 2023Current Cheektowaga New York Democratic Party (DSA member) [10]
Eduardo Martinez 2023Current Richmond California Democratic Party (DSA member and Richmond Progressive Alliance member) [11]
Elizabeth Alcantar 2022Current Cudahy California Democratic Party (DSA member) [8]
khalid kamau [c] 2022Current South Fulton Georgia Democratic Party (DSA member [13] and WFP endorsed) [14] [15] [16]
Marc Elrich [d] 2018Current Montgomery County Maryland Democratic Party (DSA member) [17]
James H. Coleman 20232024 South San Francisco California Democratic Party (DSA member) [18]
Konstantine Anthony 20222023 Burbank California Democratic Party (DSA member) [19]
Anne Watson 20182023 Montpelier Vermont Fusion candidate: Vermont Progressive Party and Democratic
Chokwe Antar Lumumba [e] 20172025 Jackson Mississippi Democratic Party, self-described socialist [20]
Ethan Strimling 20152019 Portland Maine Democratic Party (DSA member) [21]
Chokwe Lumumba 20132014 Jackson Mississippi Democratic Party, self-described socialist [22]
Ron Dellums 20072011 Oakland California Democratic Party (DSA member) [23]
Bob Kiss 20062012 Burlington Vermont Vermont Progressive Party
Peter Clavelle 19952006 Burlington Vermont Vermont Progressive Party (1995-2004), then Democratic Party (2004-2006) [f]
James Scheibel 19901994 Saint Paul Minnesota Democratic Party (DSA member) [24]
David Dinkins 19901993 New York City New York Democratic Party (DSA member) [25]
Peter Clavelle 19891993 Burlington Vermont Vermont Progressive Party
Benjamin Nichols 19891995 Ithaca New York Democratic Party (DSA member) [26]
Bernie Sanders 19811989 Burlington Vermont Independent [27]
Gus Newport 19791986 Berkeley California Berkeley Citizens Action (DSA member) [28]
David Belgum 19761987 University Heights Iowa Socialist Party of America [29]
Frank P. Zeidler 19481960 Milwaukee Wisconsin Socialist Party of America
Irving Freese 19471951 Norwalk Connecticut Socialist Party of America [30] [31]
J. Henry Stump 19431947 Reading Pennsylvania Socialist Party of America
J. Henry Stump 19351939 Reading Pennsylvania Socialist Party of America
C. Henry Bloom 19331953 Rockford Illinois Rockford Progressive Party [g] [34] [33]
Jasper McLevy 19331957 Bridgeport Connecticut Socialist Party of America
William Swoboda 19311932 Racine Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [35] [36]
Fred W. Suitor 19291931 Barre Vermont Socialist Party of America [37]
J. Henry Stump 19271931 Reading Pennsylvania Socialist Party of America
Robert A. Bakeman 19251929 Peabody Massachusetts Non-partisan election, member of the Socialist Party of America [38] [39]
James B. Furber 19221924 Rahway New Jersey Socialist Party of America [40]
J. Herman Hallstrom 19211933 Rockford Illinois Rockford Labor Legion (1921–29), then Independent (1929-33) [h] [33]
C.L. Barewald 19201922 Davenport Iowa Socialist Party of America [i] [41]
Parkman B. Flanders 19201923 Haverhill Massachusetts Socialist Party of America [42]
John H. Gibbons 19201922 Lackawanna New York Socialist Party of America [43]
Frank B. Hamilton 1918 Piqua Ohio Socialist Party of America [44]
Major Church 19181921 Eureka Utah Socialist Party of America [45]
Thomas Van Lear 19171919 Minneapolis Minnesota Socialist Party of America (1917–18), then Public Ownership Party (1918–19) [j] [46]
David Love 1916 West Allis Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [47]
Daniel Webster Hoan 19161940 Milwaukee Wisconsin Socialist Party of America
Robert Gordon 19161917 Barre Vermont Socialist Party of America [37]
Ernst Gottfrid Strand 19161917 Two Harbors Minnesota Socialist Party of America [48]
George R. Lunn 19151917 Schenectady New York Socialist Party of America [49]
Henry M. Schutte 1915 Adamston West Virginia Socialist Party of America
Elijah Falk 19151919 Eureka California Socialist Party of America [50]
Eugene Bootz 19141915 Edgewater Colorado Socialist Party of America [50]
James Love 19141916 Lake Worth Florida Socialist Party of America [51]
A. W. Vincent 19141915 St. Johns Oregon Socialist Party of America [52]
A. Barton Cross 19131914 Naugatuck Connecticut Socialist Party of America [50]
Seth Wood 19131914 Lafayette Colorado Socialist Party of America [50]
N. L. Larson 19121913 Crookston Minnesota Socialist Party of America [53]
Thomas M. Fluhart 1912 Linden Heights Ohio Socialist Party of America [54]
J.M. Haley 19121916 Paonia Colorado Socialist Party of America [50]
George Huscher 19121915 Murray Utah Socialist Party of America [55] [56]
J.F. Johnston 19121914 Fairhope Alabama Socialist Party of America [57] [58]
Walter V. Tyler 19121915 New Castle Pennsylvania Socialist Party of America [59]
George Urie 19121913 Cedar City Utah Socialist Party of America [60]
Joseph Warnock 1912 Harbor Springs Michigan Socialist Party of America [61]
Scott Wilkins 19121913 St. Marys Ohio Socialist Party of America [62]
Thomas W. Pape 1912 Lorain Ohio Socialist Party of America [54]
Alfred A. Perrin 19121913 Mount Vernon Ohio Socialist Party of America [54]
Corbin Shook 1912 Lima Ohio Socialist Party of America [54]
Peter Stewart 19121914 Hartford Arkansas Socialist Party of America [63] [64]
B. C. Ross 19121916 Daly City California Socialist Party of America
George R. Lunn 19111913 Schenectady New York Socialist Party of America [49]
Henry Stolze, Jr. 1911 Manitowoc Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [65]
Edward Mauck 1911 Wymore Nebraska Socialist Party of America [65]
John A. C. Menton 19111912 Flint Michigan Socialist Party of America [66] [65]
Robert Murray 19111915 Toronto Ohio Socialist Party of America
E.E. Robinson 19111913 Mineral Ridge Ohio Socialist Party of America
William Shay 19111917 Star City West Virginia Socialist Party of America
Jackson Stitt Wilson 19111913 Berkeley California Socialist Party of America [65]
John T. Wood 19111913 Coeur d'Alène Idaho Socialist Party of America [67]
James Larson 1911 Marinette Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [65]
M.E. Kirkpatrick 1911 Granite City Illinois Socialist Party of America [68]
H.P. Houghton 1911 Girard Kansas Socialist Party of America [65]
W.E. Griffin 1911  Beatrice Nebraska Socialist Party of America [65]
Alexander Halliday 1911 Two Harbors Minnesota Socialist Party of America [69]
Edward Foe 1911 Red Cloud Nebraska Socialist Party of America [70]
W. H. Cook 1911 Edmonds Washington Socialist Party of America [71]
John Dobler 19121921 Gulfport Florida Socialist Party of America [51]
Lewis J. Duncan [k] 19111914 Butte Montana Socialist Party of America [65] [74]
J.B. Bitterly 19111915 Victor Colorado Socialist Party of America [50]
Albert B. Thomas 1911 Greenville Michigan Socialist Party of America [75]
William Thum 19111913 Pasadena California Socialist Party of America [65] [50]
Emil Seidel 19101912 Milwaukee Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [76]
Ewell Work 19101912 Ledford Illinois Socialist Party of America [77]
Arthur LeSueur 19101911 Minot North Dakota Socialist Party of America [78]
A. Ousdahl 19091910 Brainerd Minnesota Socialist Party of America [79]
Thomas M. Todd 19091914 Grand Junction Colorado Socialist Party of America [50]
Andrew Mitchell 1908 Eureka Utah Socialist Party of America [80]
Daniel T. Leigh 19061907 Cedar City Utah Socialist Party of America [60]
Brand Whitlock 19061912 Toledo Ohio Socialist Party of America [81]
Ray Austin 19051906 Red Lodge Montana Socialist Party of America [82] [83]
Parkman B. Flanders 19031904 Haverhill Massachusetts Socialist Party of America [42] [84]
John Frinke 1903 Anaconda Montana Socialist Party of America [85]
Charles A. Born 19031904 Sheboygan Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [86] [87]
Charles H. Coulter 19001901 Brockton Massachusetts Social Democratic Party, then Socialist Party of America [l] [89] [88] : 117 
John C. Chase 18981900 Haverhill Massachusetts Social Democratic Party, then Socialist Party of America [l] [88] : 90, 117 

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Innamorato is a county executive, not a mayor proper.
  2. ↑ Nowak is a town supervisor, not a mayor proper.
  3. ↑ kamau uses lowercase letters for his names. [12]
  4. ↑ Elrich is a county executive, not a mayor proper.
  5. ↑ Son of the previous socialist mayor, Chokwe Lumumba
  6. ↑ Clavelle became a member of the Democratic Party in 2004.
  7. ↑ Bloom ran for the Rockford Progressive Party, which was formed by dissidents of the Rockford Labor Party in 1929. [32] [33]
  8. ↑ Hallstrom ran for the Rockford Labor Legion from 1921–1927, in 1929 the Labor Party refused to nominate him on the grounds that he had moved from some of the party's principles. He ran as an independent from 1929-33. [33] The Rockford Labor Legion was a coalition of local trade unions, socialist organizations and temperance societies. [33]
  9. ↑ Barewald resigned from the Socialist Party during the first week of January 1921 and captured national headlines by declaring radicals "insane" and instructing local police to greet unwanted members of the Industrial Workers of the World with "hot lead." See: "Wants Town Rid of IWW: Mayor Barewald Advises Use of Riot Guns," Eugene Morning Register, Jan. 9, 1921, pg. 1.
  10. ↑ Van Lear was expelled from the Socialist Party of America in 1918.
  11. ↑ Lewis Duncan's name is sometimes spelled Louis Duncan. [72] [73]
  12. 1 2 Chase and Coulter were both elected mayor for the Social Democratic Party, but the party later merged itself with a dissident faction of the Socialist Labor Party in 1901 and founded the Socialist Party of America. [88] : 122  The Socialist Party of America was then named the Social Democratic Party of America.

References

  1. ↑ Hoxie, Robert F. (October 1911). ""The Rising Tide of Socialism": A Study". The Journal of Political Economy. 19 (8): 609–631. doi:10.1086/251906. JSTOR   1819423. S2CID   153532544.
  2. ↑ Ghent, W.J., ed. (1916). Socialism and Government: Working Programs and Records of Socialists in Office. Girard, KS: Appeal to Reason. pp.  46 . Retrieved January 4, 2010.
  3. ↑ Weinstein, James (1967). The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925. New York: Monthly Review Press, reprinted in 1969 by Vintage Books (Random House). Table 2: "Cities and Towns Electing Socialist Mayors or Other Major Municipal Officers, 1911–1920"
  4. ↑ Barkan, Ross (January 30, 2020). "Why American Socialism Failed—and How It Could Prevail Today". ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  5. ↑ Democratic Left, vol. 8 no. 1 (January 1990), page 7.
  6. ↑ Early, Richard. "Richmond Progressive Alliance's Lessons for Local Organizers". Jacobin. Nationwide, about half of the two hundred elected officials affiliated with Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) are members of city councils or commissions. Seven are mayors, including Martinez in Richmond and Emma Mulvaney-Stanak in Burlington, a former Vermont Progressive Party leader who now presides over a city council on which Progressives have almost as many seats as Democrats.
  7. ↑ "DSA Elected Officials Support Teacher Power and Working People Everywhere". Democratic Socialists of America. March 6, 2019.
  8. 1 2 "A statement on our victories and on growing Democratic Socialist electoral power in Los Angeles". Democratic Socialists of America - Los Angeles. November 14, 2022. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. We'd like to congratulate members and movement allies Kenneth Mejia, Nikki Perez, Liz Alcantar, Kelsey Iino, and Ingrid Gunnell on their victories, as well as the not-yet-decided campaigns of Aaron Reveles, David Kim, and Juan Munoz.
  9. ↑ "Help DSA-LA Take Over ADEMS!". DSA Los Angeles. January 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021.
  10. ↑ "15 DSA Members Elected!, 2017 election". dsausa.org. Democratic Socialists of America. November 9, 2017. Archived from the original on July 8, 2025. A full list of the candidates who won can be found below along with some of their statements: Vanessa Agudelo (I) [....] Scott Alberts (D) [....] Lee Carter (D) [....] Charles Decker (D) [....] Ben Ewen-Campen (D) [....] Kara Gloe (I) School Board, Moorhead MN [....] Ross Grooters(I) [....] Denise Joy (I) [....] Kristin LaLonde (I) [....] Brian Nowak (D/WF) [....] Anita Prizio (D) [....] Tristan Rader (D) [....] Carlina Rivera (D) [....] JT Scott (I) [....] Seema Singh Perez (I)
  11. ↑ Chapnick, Max (July 13, 2021). "Sidewalk Socialists and the Path to Power". Current Affairs. ISSN   2471-2647 . Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  12. ↑ kamau, khalid. "Khalid for South Fulton, GA". Archived from the original on January 10, 2017.
  13. ↑ Heins, Scott (January 14, 2020). "'Capitalism Won't Save Black People': An Interview With khalid kamau". Jacobin. Archived from the original on September 16, 2022.
  14. ↑ "New South Fulton mayor hopes to further reduce crime, create economic opportunity". 11Alive.com. January 5, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  15. ↑ "Mayor khalid kamau is embracing South Fulton's identity as the Blackest city in America". WABE. April 13, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  16. ↑ Marans, Daniel (April 19, 2017). "Sanders-Backing Socialist Wins Big In Georgia City Council Race". HuffPost. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  17. ↑ Barrios, Jennifer (June 18, 2018). "Marc Elrich: Candidate wants developers to pay more, would preserve social safety net". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  18. ↑ "At last week's general meeting, Peninsula DSA made two endorsements and began planning our electoral work for the November elections. We're proud to endorse two democratic socialists running for local office: Lissette Espinoza-Garnica for Redwood City Council, District 3, and James Coleman for South San Francisco City Council, District 4". Facebook.
  19. ↑ "Why I'm Running". Konstantine Anthony for LA County Supervisor. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  20. ↑ Gilbert, Katie (September 5, 2017). "The Socialist Experiment". Oxford American . Retrieved December 25, 2020.
  21. ↑ Abramsky, Sasha (November 15, 2023). "The People's Republic of Portland, Maine". The Nation. ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved December 7, 2023. For Strimling, though, the loss turned out to be liberating, allowing him to push for radical policy reforms from the grassroots up rather than the City Council down. No longer constrained by the dysfunctional city government, the ex-mayor threw in his lot with members of the local DSA branch and took his ideas about housing reform directly to the people.
  22. ↑ Sunkara, Bhaskar (June 1, 2014). "Free the Land: An Interview with Chokwe Lumumba". Jacobin . Retrieved April 9, 2017. But he was quick to portray his movement as an inclusive socialist one.
  23. ↑ Judis, John (November 1976). "Our Democracy Is More Symbolic Than Real: An Interview With Ron Dellums". Jacobin. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022.
  24. ↑ Democratic Left, vol. 8 no. 1 (January 1990), page 7.
  25. ↑ "Remembering David Dinkins". Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  26. ↑ Steele, Bill (November 26, 2007). "Ben Nichols, professor emeritus, former mayor of Ithaca and lifelong activist, dies at 87". Cornell Chronicle. Cornell University.
  27. ↑ Lerer, Lisa (July 16, 2009). "Where's the outrage over AIG bonuses?". The Politico . Retrieved August 4, 2009. Only a handful of members, including self-described democratic socialist Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), criticized Goldman's payments and questioned whether the company also received additional government assistance through the Federal Reserve.
  28. ↑ Democratic Left Editorial Team (Fall 1999). "Millenium Issue #1" (PDF). Democratic Left. Democratic Socialists of America. p. 26. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  29. ↑ Belgum, David Rudolph (1990). Memoirs of Iowa's Only Socialist Mayor. Iowa City: Rose of Sharon Publishing House.
  30. ↑ "Socialists Sweep Norwalk Election; Party's Candidates for Mayor, Sheriff, Treasurer, and 11 for City Council Win". The New York Times . October 7, 1947. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Freese Quits Socialists In Norwalk: Mayor Heads Party of Independents for November Election," Hartford Courant, August 14, 1951. Freese ran again for office as an independent, winning additional two year terms in 1951, 1953, and 1957. See: Ross, The Socialist Party of America, pg. 612.
  32. ↑ Nelson 1968, pp. 102.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Bengston 1999, pp. 209.
  34. ↑ Hal Nelson 1968, pp. 102.
  35. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Resigns from Party". Reading Eagle . April 9, 1932. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  36. ↑ "'Fruits of Victory' Suit Fruit-Selling Mayor-Elect". Milwaukee Sentinel . April 9, 1931. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  37. 1 2 Fry, Amy Lyons (2003). "Socialist Mayors". In John J. Duffy; Samuel B. Hand; Ralph H. Orth (eds.). The Vermont Encyclopedia. University of Vermont Press. p. 274.
  38. ↑ "Associate Pastor of Mayor's Church". The Boston Globe. February 25, 1912.
  39. ↑ Hoyt, Carlyle (December 4, 1924). "Minister-Mayor Has Novel Ideas". The Boston Globe.
  40. ↑ "A Socialist Mayor: New Jersey Socialists Carry Rahway," The New Age (Buffalo), June 1, 1922, pg. 5.
  41. ↑ "Socialists Elected," San Bernardino County Sun, April 4, 1920, pg. 3.
  42. 1 2 Arrington 1922, pp. 487.
  43. ↑ "Elect Socialist Mayor" (PDF). The New York Times . November 5, 1919. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  44. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Frank B. Hamilton" was embroiled in a federal sedition case late in 1918. See: Ohio Socialist, whole no. 49 (Jan. 1, 1919), pp. 1, 4. He was elected in Nov. 1917, according to "Frank B. Hamilton," Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Miami County Genealogical Researchers, http://www.thetroyhistoricalsociety.org/
  45. ↑ John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, A History of Utah Radicalism: Startling, Socialistic, and Decidedly Revolutionary. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2011; pg. 192.
  46. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Talks for Hillquit" (PDF). The New York Times . November 5, 1917. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  47. ↑ Love was elected by a margin of 164 votes in the April 1916 election. "About the Milwaukee Election: Socialists Elect Mayor and Two Socialist Aldermen in West Allis," St. Louis Labor, whole no. 794 (April 22, 1916), pg. 8.
  48. ↑ Bengston 1999, pp. 182.
  49. 1 2 "Democrats Fail in Hunt for Candidate" (PDF). The New York Times . July 6, 1918. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ross, The Socialist Party of America, pg. 610.
  51. 1 2 Ross, The Socialist Party of America, pg. 612.
  52. ↑ Michael Munk, "Socialist Party of Oregon," The Oregon Encyclopedia.
  53. ↑ "Elections Bring Victory!!" Social Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], vo. 14, no. 28, whole no. 693 (Nov. 11, 1911), p. 1.
  54. 1 2 3 4 "1,000 Socialists Now in Office," Chicago Daily Socialist, vol. 6, no. 33 (Dec. 2, 1911), p. 1.
  55. ↑ Ann Arbor Call, whole no. 91 (August 17, 1912), pg. 2.
  56. ↑ Elected to two terms, 1911 and 1913. See: John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, A History of Utah Radicalism, pg. 201.
  57. ↑ Ross, The Socialist Party of America, pg. 609.
  58. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Chosen" (PDF). The New York Times . September 18, 1912. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  59. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. 1 2 John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, A History of Utah Radicalism, pg. 189.
  61. ↑ A.R. Pontius, "Victory in Michigan," Appeal to Reason, whole no. 851 (March 23, 1912), p. 3.
  62. ↑ "Comrades Who Will Control the City Government of St. Marys Ohio for the Next Two Years," International Socialist Review, vol. 12, no. 6 (Dec. 1911), pp. 376-378.
  63. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Defeated". The Los Angeles Times . April 9, 1914. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2010. (pay-fee for article)
  64. ↑ "Arkansas Socialist Mayor" (PDF). The New York Times . April 4, 1912. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "The Socialist Avalanche," Political Action [Milwaukee], whole no. 39 (April 15, 1911), pg. 1.
  66. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Defeated" (PDF). The New York Times . April 2, 1912. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  67. ↑ French 1914, pp. 917.
  68. ↑ Oscar Leonard, "From Mill Hand to Mayor," The Coming Nation, whole no. 37 (April 23, 1911), p. 14.
  69. ↑ "Socialists Elect Mayor of Two Harbors, Minn.," Chicago Daily Socialist, vol. 5, no. 126 (March 23, 1911), p. 1.
  70. ↑ Political Action [Milwaukee], whole no. 39 (April 15, 1911), pg. 1.
  71. ↑ "Edmonds and Its Socialist Mayor," The Coming Nation, whole no. 34 (May 6, 1911), p. 5.
  72. ↑ "One Man is Killed in Rioting and Million Damage". The New York Times . June 24, 1914. Retrieved February 5, 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  73. ↑ "Butte Mayor is Stabbed by Miner". The New York Times . July 6, 1914. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  74. ↑ "Butte Mayor and Sheriff Ousted". Herald Journal . October 7, 1914. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  75. ↑ "Socialists in Greenville," The Coming Nation, whole no. 35 (May 13, 1911), p. 11.
  76. ↑ "Socialist Mayor for Milwaukee" (PDF). The New York Times . April 6, 1910. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  77. ↑ "Elect Mayor as Socialist," Chicago Daily Socialist, vol. 4, no. 156 (April 27, 1910), pg. 4.
  78. ↑ LeSueur was elected on a ballot which did not list party affiliation but he was a veteran Socialist nominated to run by Local Grand Forks. See: Mila Tupper Maynard, "A Socialist Mayor and an Almost Mayor," Social-Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], vol. 13, no. 35, whole no. 648 (Dec. 31, 1910), pg. 2.
  79. ↑ "Brainerd, Minn., Elects Socialist Mayor," St. Louis Labor, vol. 6, whole no. 429 (April 24, 1909), pg. 5.
  80. ↑ John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, A History of Utah Radicalism, pg. 190.
  81. ↑ Won 4th term in Nov. 1911 according to "Elections Bring Victory!!" Social Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], vo. 14, no. 28, whole no. 693 (Nov. 11, 1911), p. 1.
  82. ↑ "Deadly Assault on Socialist Mayor," Chicago Daily Socialist, Dec. 17, 1906, pg. 3.
  83. ↑ Ross 2015, p. 619.
  84. ↑ "Address of a Socialist Mayor," American Labor Union Journal, vol. 1, no. 26 (April 2, 1903), pg. 2
  85. ↑ Peter Buckingham, "Red Tom" Hickey: The Uncrowned King of Texas Socialism. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 2020; p. 153
  86. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Assumes Office: The Inauguration of Mayor Born at Sheboygan Marks the First Municipal Victory for Socialism in Wisconsin," Social Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], April 25, 1903, pg. 1.
  87. ↑ Expelled by State Executive Board of the Social Democratic Party of Wisconsin on Jan. 16, 1904, for approving a private concession for a city trolley line. See: "The Expulsion of Mayor Born," Social Democratic Herald, Jan. 23, 1904, pg.5.
  88. 1 2 3 Bedford, Henry (1966). Socialism and the workers in Massachusetts, 1886-1912. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN   9780870230103.
  89. ↑ Won election in November 1899 by a plurality of 1,564. See: Appeal to Reason, Dec. 16, 1899, pg. 4.

Bibliography

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