List of elected socialist mayors in the United States

Last updated

The following is a list of mayors who have declared themselves to be socialists or have been a member of a socialist party in the United States.

Contents

Statistics

In 1911, one author estimated that there were twenty-eight such mayors [1] and in 1913 another author estimated thirty-four. [2] In 1967, however, James Weinstein's table of "Cities and Towns Electing Socialist Mayors or Other Major Municipal Officers, 1911–1920" counted 74 such municipalities in 1911 and 32 in 1913, with smaller peaks in 1915 (22) and 1917 (18): [3] : 116–118 

U.S. towns electing Socialist mayors or major officers, 1911–1920
YearNo.YearNo.YearNo.YearNo.YearNo.
19117419133219152219171819195
1912819145191661918219202
Total82Total37Total28Total20Total7

In 1911, the SPA won election to about 1,141 local offices in total. [4]

List of mayors

MayorTerm
start		Term
end		CityState PartyRef
Eduardo Martinez 2023Current Richmond California Democratic Party (DSA member and Richmond Progressive Alliance member) [5]
Sara Innamorato [lower-alpha 1] 2023Current Allegheny County Pennsylvania Democratic Party (DSA member, now former) [6]
Konstantine Anthony 20222023 Burbank California Democratic Party (DSA member) [7]
khalid kamau [lower-alpha 2] 2022Current South Fulton Georgia Democratic Party (DSA member [9] and WFP endorsed) [10] [11] [12]
James H. Coleman 2021Current South San Francisco California Democratic Party (DSA member) [13]
Anne Watson 2018Current Montpelier Vermont Fusion candidate: Vermont Progressive Party and Democratic
Marc Elrich [lower-alpha 3] 2018Current Montgomery County Maryland Democratic Party (DSA member) [14]
Chokwe Antar Lumumba [lower-alpha 4] 2017Current Jackson Mississippi Democratic Party, self-described socialist [15]
Ethan Strimling 20152019 Portland Maine Democratic Party (DSA member) [16]
Chokwe Lumumba 20132014 Jackson Mississippi Democratic Party, self-described socialist [17]
Ron Dellums 20072011 Oakland California Democratic Party (DSA member) [18]
Bob Kiss 20062012 Burlington Vermont Vermont Progressive Party
Peter Clavelle 19952006 Burlington Vermont Vermont Progressive Party (1995-2004), then Democratic Party (2004-2006) [lower-alpha 5]
James Scheibel 19901994 Saint Paul Minnesota Democratic Party (DSA member) [19]
David Dinkins 19901993 New York City New York Democratic Party (DSA member) [20]
Peter Clavelle 19891993 Burlington Vermont Vermont Progressive Party
Benjamin Nichols 19891995 Ithaca New York Democratic Party (DSA member) [21]
Bernie Sanders 19811989 Burlington Vermont Independent [22]
Gus Newport 19791986 Berkeley California Berkeley Citizens Action (DSA member) [23]
David Belgum 19761987 University Heights Iowa Socialist Party of America [24]
Frank P. Zeidler 19481960 Milwaukee Wisconsin Socialist Party of America
Irving Freese 19471951 Norwalk Connecticut Socialist Party of America [25] [26]
J. Henry Stump 19431947 Reading Pennsylvania Socialist Party of America
J. Henry Stump 19351939 Reading Pennsylvania Socialist Party of America
C. Henry Bloom 19331953 Rockford Illinois Rockford Progressive Party [lower-alpha 6] [29] [28]
Jasper McLevy 19331957 Bridgeport Connecticut Socialist Party of America
William Swoboda 19311932 Racine Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [30] [31]
Fred W. Suitor 19291931 Barre Vermont Socialist Party of America [32]
J. Henry Stump 19271931 Reading Pennsylvania Socialist Party of America
Robert A. Bakeman 19251929 Peabody Massachusetts Non-partisan election, member of the Socialist Party of America [33] [34]
James B. Furber 1922unclear Rahway New Jersey Socialist Party of America [35]
J. Herman Hallstrom 19211933 Rockford Illinois Rockford Labor Legion (1921-29), then Independent (1929-33) [lower-alpha 7] [28]
C.L. Barewald 19201922 Davenport Iowa Socialist Party of America [lower-alpha 8] [36]
Parkman B. Flanders 19201923 Haverhill Massachusetts Socialist Party of America [37]
John H. Gibbons 19201922 Lackawanna New York Socialist Party of America [38]
Frank B. Hamilton 1918 Piqua Ohio Socialist Party of America [39]
Major Church 19181921 Eureka Utah Socialist Party of America [40]
Thomas Van Lear 19171919 Minneapolis Minnesota Socialist Party of America (1917-18), then Public Ownership Party (1918-19) [lower-alpha 9] [41]
David Love 1916 West Allis Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [42]
Daniel Webster Hoan 19161940 Milwaukee Wisconsin Socialist Party of America
Robert Gordon 19161917 Barre Vermont Socialist Party of America [32]
Ernst Gottfrid Strand 19161917 Two Harbors Minnesota Socialist Party of America [43]
George R. Lunn 19151917 Schenectady New York Socialist Party of America [44]
Henry M. Schutte 1915 Adamston West Virginia Socialist Party of America
Elijah Falk 19151919 Eureka California Socialist Party of America [45]
Eugene Bootz 19141915 Edgewater Colorado Socialist Party of America [45]
James Love 19141916 Lake Worth Florida Socialist Party of America [46]
A. W. Vincent 19141915 St. Johns Oregon Socialist Party of America [47]
A. Barton Cross 19131914 Naugatuck Connecticut Socialist Party of America [45]
Seth Wood 19131914 Lafayette Colorado Socialist Party of America [45]
N. L. Larson 19121913 Crookston Minnesota Socialist Party of America [48]
Thomas M. Fluhart 1912 Linden Heights Ohio Socialist Party of America [49]
J.M. Haley 19121916 Paonia Colorado Socialist Party of America [45]
George A. Huscher 19121915 Murray Utah Socialist Party of America [50] [51]
J.F. Johnston 19121914 Fairhope Alabama Socialist Party of America [52] [53]
Walter V. Tyler 19121915 New Castle Pennsylvania Socialist Party of America [54]
George Urie 19121913 Cedar City Utah Socialist Party of America [55]
Joseph Warnock 1912 Harbor Springs Michigan Socialist Party of America [56]
Scott Wilkins 19121913 St. Marys Ohio Socialist Party of America [57]
Thomas W. Pape 1912 Lorain Ohio Socialist Party of America [49]
Alfred A. Perrin 19121913 Mount Vernon Ohio Socialist Party of America [49]
Corbin Shook 1912 Lima Ohio Socialist Party of America [49]
Peter Stewart 19121914 Hartford Arkansas Socialist Party of America [58] [59]
B. C. Ross 19121916 Daly City California Socialist Party of America
George R. Lunn 19111913 Schenectady New York Socialist Party of America [44]
Henry Stolze, Jr. 1911 Manitowoc Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [60]
Edward Mauck 1911 Wymore Nebraska Socialist Party of America [60]
John A. C. Menton 19111912 Flint Michigan Socialist Party of America [61] [60]
Robert Murray 19111915 Toronto Ohio Socialist Party of America
E.E. Robinson 19111913 Mineral Ridge Ohio Socialist Party of America
William Shay 19111917 Star City West Virginia Socialist Party of America
Jackson Stitt Wilson 19111913 Berkeley California Socialist Party of America [60]
John T. Wood 19111913 Coeur d'Alène Idaho Socialist Party of America [62]
James Larson 1911 Marinette Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [60]
M.E. Kirkpatrick 1911 Granite City Illinois Socialist Party of America [63]
H.P. Houghton 1911 Girard Kansas Socialist Party of America [60]
W.E. Griffin 1911  Beatrice Nebraska Socialist Party of America [60]
Alexander Halliday 1911 Two Harbors Minnesota Socialist Party of America [64]
Edward Foe 1911 Red Cloud Nebraska Socialist Party of America [65]
W. H. Cook 1911 Edmonds Washington Socialist Party of America [66]
John Dobler 19111913 Gulfport Florida Socialist Party of America [46]
Lewis J. Duncan [lower-alpha 10] 19111914 Butte Montana Socialist Party of America [60] [69]
J.B. Bitterly 19111915 Victor Colorado Socialist Party of America [45]
Albert B. Thomas 1911 Greenville Michigan Socialist Party of America [70]
William Thum 19111913 Pasadena California Socialist Party of America [60] [45]
Emil Seidel 19101912 Milwaukee Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [71]
Ewell Work 19101912 Ledford Illinois Socialist Party of America [72]
Arthur LeSueur 19101911 Minot North Dakota Socialist Party of America [73]
A. Ousdahl 19091910 Brainerd Minnesota Socialist Party of America [74]
Thomas M. Todd 19091914 Grand Junction Colorado Socialist Party of America [45]
Andrew Mitchell 1908 Eureka Utah Socialist Party of America [75]
Daniel T. Leigh 19061907 Cedar City Utah Socialist Party of America [55]
Brand Whitlock 19061912 Toledo Ohio Socialist Party of America [76]
Ray Austin 19051906 Red Lodge Montana Socialist Party of America [77] [78]
Parkman B. Flanders 19031904 Haverhill Massachusetts Socialist Party of America [37] [79]
John Frinke 1903 Anaconda Montana Socialist Party of America [80]
Charles A. Born 19031904 Sheboygan Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [81] [82]
Charles H. Coulter 19001901 Brockton Massachusetts Social Democratic Party, then Socialist Party of America [lower-alpha 11] [84] [83] : 117 
John C. Chase 18981900 Haverhill Massachusetts Social Democratic Party, then Socialist Party of America [lower-alpha 11] [83] : 90, 117 

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Innamorato is a county executive, not a mayor proper.
  2. ↑ kamau uses lowercase letters for his names. [8]
  3. ↑ Elrich is a county executive, not a mayor proper.
  4. ↑ Son of the previous socialist mayor, Chokwe Lumumba
  5. ↑ Clavelle became a member of the Democratic Party in 2004.
  6. ↑ Bloom ran for the Rockford Progressive Party, which was formed by dissidents of the Rockford Labor Party in 1929. [27] [28]
  7. ↑ Hallstrom ran for the Rockford Labor Legion from 1921–1927, in 1929 the Labor Party refused to nominate him on the grounds that he had moved from some of the party's principles. He ran as an independent from 1929-33. [28] The Rockford Labor Legion was a coalition of local trade unions, socialist organizations and temperance societies. [28]
  8. ↑ Barewald resigned from the Socialist Party during the first week of January 1921 and captured national headlines by declaring radicals "insane" and instructing local police to greet unwanted members of the Industrial Workers of the World with "hot lead." See: "Wants Town Rid of IWW: Mayor Barewald Advises Use of Riot Guns," Eugene Morning Register, Jan. 9, 1921, pg. 1.
  9. ↑ Van Lear was expelled from the Socialist Party of America in 1918.
  10. ↑ Louis Duncan's name is sometimes spelled Louis Duncan. [67] [68]
  11. 1 2 Chase and Coulter were both elected mayor for the Social Democratic Party, but the party later merged itself with a dissident faction of the Socialist Labor Party in 1901 and founded the Socialist Party of America. [83] : 122  The Socialist Party of America was then named the Social Democratic Party of America.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist Party of America</span> 1901–1972 United States political party

The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a socialist political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America who had split from the main organization in 1899.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emil Seidel</span> German-American politician

Emil Seidel was an American politician. Seidel was the mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912. The first Socialist mayor of a major city in the United States, Seidel became the vice presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America in the 1912 presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank Zeidler</span> American politician

Frank Paul Zeidler was an American socialist politician and mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, serving three terms from April 20, 1948, to April 18, 1960. Zeidler, a member of the Socialist Party of America, is the most recent Socialist Party candidate to be elected mayor of a large American city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel Hoan</span> American politician

Daniel Webster Hoan was an American politician who served as the 32nd Mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin from 1916 to 1940. A lawyer who had served as Milwaukee City Attorney from 1910 to 1916, Hoan was a prominent figure in Socialist politics and Milwaukee's second Socialist mayor. His 24-year administration remains the longest continuous Socialist administration in United States history. A panel of 69 scholars in 1993 ranked him among the ten best mayors in American history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morris Hillquit</span> American lawyer and politician (1869 – 1933)

Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side. Together with Eugene V. Debs and Congressman Victor L. Berger, Hillquit was one of the leading public faces of American socialism during the first two decades of the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the socialist movement in the United States</span>

The history of the socialist movement in the United States spans a variety of tendencies, including anarchists, communists, democratic socialists, social democrats, Marxists, Marxist–Leninists, Trotskyists and utopian socialists. It began with utopian communities in the early 19th century such as the Shakers, the activist visionary Josiah Warren and intentional communities inspired by Charles Fourier. Labor activists, usually Jewish, German, or Finnish immigrants, founded the Socialist Labor Party of America in 1877. The Socialist Party of America was established in 1901. By that time, anarchism also rose to prominence around the country. Socialists of different tendencies were involved in early American labor organizations and struggles. These reached a high point in the Haymarket massacre in Chicago, which founded the International Workers' Day as the main labour holiday around the world, Labor Day and making the eight-hour day a worldwide objective by workers organizations and socialist parties worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allan L. Benson</span> American journalist and politician

Allan Louis Benson was an American newspaper editor and author who was the Socialist Party of America nominee for President of the United States in 1916. Known for his outspoken anti-war views, Benson and his running mate George Ross Kirkpatrick received 590,524 votes, 3.2% of the total vote in the election.

Sewer socialism refers to the American socialist movement that centered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from around 1892 to 1960. The moniker was coined by Morris Hillquit at the 1932 Milwaukee convention of the Socialist Party of America as a commentary on the Milwaukee socialists and their perpetual boasting about the excellent public sewer system in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Oneal</span> American historian

James J. Oneal, a founding member of the Socialist Party of America (SPA), was a prominent socialist journalist, historian, and party activist who played a decisive role in the bitter party splits of 1919–21 and 1934–36.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labor Party (United States, 19th century)</span> Number of 19th century political parties in the US

Labor Party was the name or partial name of a number of United States political parties which were organized during the 1870s and 1880s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederic Heath</span> American socialist politician and journalist

Frederic Faries Heath was an American socialist politician and journalist who was a founding member of the Social Democratic Party of America in 1897 and the Socialist Party of America in 1901. He was an elected official in Wisconsin for nearly half a century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin</span> Defunct political party

The Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin (SDPW) was established in 1897 as the Wisconsin state affiliate of the Chicago faction of the Social Democratic Party of America. When that organization merged in 1901 to form a political party known as the Socialist Party of America, the Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin became the state affiliate of that organization, retaining its original name. For most of its 75 years, the Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin was the state affiliate of the Socialist Party of America, established in 1901. The party was one of the largest state organizations which together comprised the Socialist Party of America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas J. Morgan</span> American activist (1847–1912)

Thomas John "Tommy" Morgan, Jr. was an English-born American labor leader and socialist political activist. Morgan is best remembered as one of the pioneer English-speaking Socialists in the city of Chicago and a frequent candidate for public office of the Socialist Party of America. Morgan was also one of the founders and leading figures of the United Labor Party, an Illinois political party which elected 7 of its members to the Illinois State Assembly and another to the Illinois State Senate in the election of 1886. He was married to Elizabeth Chambers Morgan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John C. Chase</span> American activist and politician (1870–1937)

John Calvin Chase (1870–1937) was an American trade union activist and politician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist Labor Party of America</span> American political party

The Socialist Labor Party (SLP) is a political party in the United States. It was established in 1876, and was the first socialist party formed in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Socialists of America</span> American political organization

The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) is a big tent, democratic socialist political organization in the United States. After the Socialist Party of America (SPA) transformed into Social Democrats, USA, Michael Harrington formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC). The DSOC later merged with the New American Movement (NAM) to form the DSA. The organization is headquartered in New York City and has about 80,000 members. It leads organizing and protest campaigns, and has members in the House of Representatives, state legislatures, and other local offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oscar Ameringer</span> German born American opinion journalist, joiner and musician

Oscar Ameringer was a German-American Socialist editor, author, and organizer from the late 1890s until his death in 1943. Ameringer made a name for himself in the Socialist Party of Oklahoma as the editor of its newspaper and a prominent organizer for the party. His most famous work, The Life and Deeds of Uncle Sam, was a widely read satire of American history that sold over half a million copies and was translated into 15 languages. His wit as a speaker and writer and his reputation as being one of the grand old men of left-wing politics in the United States led to him being described as the "Mark Twain of American Socialism".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist Party of Missouri</span>

The Socialist Party of Missouri was the Missouri state section of the Socialist Party of America (SPA), an organization originally established in 1901 as a federation of semi-autonomous state organizations. The Missouri organization was the direct lineal descendant of the Social Democratic Party of Missouri, which emerged in 1898.

Ny Tid, initially known as Svenska Socialisten was a Scandinavian newspaper published in the United States between 1905 and July 1936. Initially issued from Rockford, Illinois, it later shifted to Chicago and New York City. Swedish, Norwegian and Danish languages were used in the newspaper. The circulation of the newspaper varied between 2,000-5,000 copies.

References

  1. ↑ Hoxie, Robert F. (October 1911). ""The Rising Tide of Socialism": A Study". The Journal of Political Economy. 19 (8): 609–631. doi:10.1086/251906. JSTOR   1819423. S2CID   153532544.
  2. ↑ Ghent, W.J., ed. (1916). Socialism and Government: Working Programs and Records of Socialists in Office. Girard, KS: Appeal to Reason. pp.  46 . Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  3. ↑ Weinstein, James (1967). The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925. New York: Monthly Review Press, reprinted in 1969 by Vintage Books (Random House). Table 2: "Cities and Towns Electing Socialist Mayors or Other Major Municipal Officers, 1911–1920"
  4. ↑ Barkan, Ross (2020-01-30). "Why American Socialism Failed—and How It Could Prevail Today". ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  5. ↑ Chapnick, Max (2021-07-13). "Sidewalk Socialists and the Path to Power". Current Affairs. ISSN   2471-2647 . Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  6. ↑ "DSA Elected Officials Support Teacher Power and Working People Everywhere". Democratic Socialists of America. March 6, 2019.
  7. ↑ "Why I'm Running". Konstantine Anthony for LA County Supervisor. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  8. ↑ kamau, khalid. "Khalid for South Fulton, GA". Archived from the original on January 10, 2017.
  9. ↑ Heins, Scott (January 14, 2020). "'Capitalism Won't Save Black People': An Interview With khalid kamau". Jacobin. Archived from the original on September 16, 2022.
  10. ↑ "New South Fulton mayor hopes to further reduce crime, create economic opportunity". 11Alive.com. 2022-01-05. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  11. ↑ "Mayor khalid kamau is embracing South Fulton's identity as the Blackest city in America". WABE. 2022-04-13. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  12. ↑ Marans, Daniel (April 19, 2017). "Sanders-Backing Socialist Wins Big In Georgia City Council Race". HuffPost. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  13. ↑ "At last week's general meeting, Peninsula DSA made two endorsements and began planning our electoral work for the November elections. We're proud to endorse two democratic socialists running for local office: Lissette Espinoza-Garnica for Redwood City Council, District 3, and James Coleman for South San Francisco City Council, District 4". Facebook.
  14. ↑ Barrios, Jennifer (June 18, 2018). "Marc Elrich: Candidate wants developers to pay more, would preserve social safety net". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  15. ↑ Gilbert, Katie (September 5, 2017). "The Socialist Experiment". Oxford American . Retrieved December 25, 2020.
  16. ↑ Abramsky, Sasha (2023-11-15). "The People's Republic of Portland, Maine". The Nation. ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved 2023-12-07. For Strimling, though, the loss turned out to be liberating, allowing him to push for radical policy reforms from the grassroots up rather than the City Council down. No longer constrained by the dysfunctional city government, the ex-mayor threw in his lot with members of the local DSA branch and took his ideas about housing reform directly to the people.
  17. ↑ Sunkara, Bhaskar (2014-06-01). "Free the Land: An Interview with Chokwe Lumumba". Jacobin . Retrieved 2017-04-09. But he was quick to portray his movement as an inclusive socialist one.
  18. ↑ Judis, John (November 1976). "Our Democracy Is More Symbolic Than Real: An Interview With Ron Dellums". Jacobin. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022.
  19. ↑ Democratic Left, vol. 8 no. 1 (January 1990), page 7.
  20. ↑ "Remembering David Dinkins". Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  21. ↑ Steele, Bill (November 26, 2007). "Ben Nichols, professor emeritus, former mayor of Ithaca and lifelong activist, dies at 87". Cornell Chronicle. Cornell University.
  22. ↑ Lerer, Lisa (2009-07-16). "Where's the outrage over AIG bonuses?". The Politico . Retrieved 2009-08-04. Only a handful of members, including self-described democratic socialist Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), criticized Goldman's payments and questioned whether the company also received additional government assistance through the Federal Reserve.
  23. ↑ Democratic Left Editorial Team (Fall 1999). "Millenium Issue #1" (PDF). Democratic Left. Democratic Socialists of America. p. 26. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  24. ↑ Belgum, David Rudolph (1990). Memoirs of Iowa's Only Socialist Mayor. Iowa City: Rose of Sharon Publishing House.
  25. ↑ "Socialists Sweep Norwalk Election; Party's Candidates for Mayor, Sheriff, Treasurer, and 11 for City Council Win". The New York Times . October 7, 1947. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Freese Quits Socialists In Norwalk: Mayor Heads Party of Independents for November Election," Hartford Courant, August 14, 1951. Freese ran again for office as an independent, winning additional two year terms in 1951, 1953, and 1957. See: Ross, The Socialist Party of America, pg. 612.
  27. ↑ Nelson 1968, pp. 102.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Bengston 1999, pp. 209.
  29. ↑ Hal Nelson 1968, pp. 102.
  30. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Resigns from Party". Reading Eagle . April 9, 1932. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  31. ↑ "'Fruits of Victory' Suit Fruit-Selling Mayor-Elect". Milwaukee Sentinel . April 9, 1931. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  32. 1 2 Fry, Amy Lyons (2003). "Socialist Mayors". In John J. Duffy; Samuel B. Hand; Ralph H. Orth (eds.). The Vermont Encyclopedia. University of Vermont Press. p. 274.
  33. ↑ "Associate Pastor of Mayor's Church". The Boston Globe. February 25, 1912.
  34. ↑ Hoyt, Carlyle (December 4, 1924). "Minister-Mayor Has Novel Ideas". The Boston Globe.
  35. ↑ "A Socialist Mayor: New Jersey Socialists Carry Rahway," The New Age (Buffalo), June 1, 1922, pg. 5.
  36. ↑ "Socialists Elected," San Bernardino County Sun, April 4, 1920, pg. 3.
  37. 1 2 Arrington 1922, pp. 487.
  38. ↑ "Elect Socialist Mayor" (PDF). The New York Times . November 5, 1919. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  39. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Frank B. Hamilton" was embroiled in a federal sedition case late in 1918. See: Ohio Socialist, whole no. 49 (Jan. 1, 1919), pp. 1, 4. He was elected in Nov. 1917, according to "Frank B. Hamilton," Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Miami County Genealogical Researchers, http://www.thetroyhistoricalsociety.org/
  40. ↑ John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, A History of Utah Radicalism: Startling, Socialistic, and Decidedly Revolutionary. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2011; pg. 192.
  41. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Talks for Hillquit" (PDF). The New York Times . November 5, 1917. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  42. ↑ Love was elected by a margin of 164 votes in the April 1916 election. "About the Milwaukee Election: Socialists Elect Mayor and Two Socialist Aldermen in West Allis," St. Louis Labor, whole no. 794 (April 22, 1916), pg. 8.
  43. ↑ Bengston 1999, pp. 182.
  44. 1 2 "Democrats Fail in Hunt for Candidate" (PDF). The New York Times . July 6, 1918. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ross, The Socialist Party of America, pg. 610.
  46. 1 2 Ross, The Socialist Party of America, pg. 612.
  47. ↑ Michael Munk, "Socialist Party of Oregon," The Oregon Encyclopedia.
  48. ↑ "Elections Bring Victory!!" Social Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], vo. 14, no. 28, whole no. 693 (Nov. 11, 1911), p. 1.
  49. 1 2 3 4 "1,000 Socialists Now in Office," Chicago Daily Socialist, vol. 6, no. 33 (Dec. 2, 1911), p. 1.
  50. ↑ Ann Arbor Call, whole no. 91 (August 17, 1912), pg. 2.
  51. ↑ Elected to two terms, 1911 and 1913. See: John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, A History of Utah Radicalism, pg. 201.
  52. ↑ Ross, The Socialist Party of America, pg. 609.
  53. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Chosen" (PDF). The New York Times . September 18, 1912. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  54. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-12-04. Retrieved 2019-12-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. 1 2 John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, A History of Utah Radicalism, pg. 189.
  56. ↑ A.R. Pontius, "Victory in Michigan," Appeal to Reason, whole no. 851 (March 23, 1912), p. 3.
  57. ↑ "Comrades Who Will Control the City Government of St. Marys Ohio for the Next Two Years," International Socialist Review, vol. 12, no. 6 (Dec. 1911), pp. 376-378.
  58. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Defeated". The Los Angeles Times . April 9, 1914. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2010. (pay-fee for article)
  59. ↑ "Arkansas Socialist Mayor" (PDF). The New York Times . April 4, 1912. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "The Socialist Avalanche," Political Action [Milwaukee], whole no. 39 (April 15, 1911), pg. 1.
  61. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Defeated" (PDF). The New York Times . April 2, 1912. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  62. ↑ French 1914, pp. 917.
  63. ↑ Oscar Leonard, "From Mill Hand to Mayor," The Coming Nation, whole no. 37 (April 23, 1911), p. 14.
  64. ↑ "Socialists Elect Mayor of Two Harbors, Minn.," Chicago Daily Socialist, vol. 5, no. 126 (March 23, 1911), p. 1.
  65. ↑ Political Action [Milwaukee], whole no. 39 (April 15, 1911), pg. 1.
  66. ↑ "Edmonds and Its Socialist Mayor," The Coming Nation, whole no. 34 (May 6, 1911), p. 5.
  67. ↑ "One Man is Killed in Rioting and Million Damage". The New York Times . June 24, 1914. Retrieved February 5, 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  68. ↑ "Butte Mayor is Stabbed by Miner". The New York Times . July 6, 1914. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  69. ↑ "Butte Mayor and Sheriff Ousted". Herald Journal . October 7, 1914. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  70. ↑ "Socialists in Greenville," The Coming Nation, whole no. 35 (May 13, 1911), p. 11.
  71. ↑ "Socialist Mayor for Milwaukee" (PDF). The New York Times . April 6, 1910. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  72. ↑ "Elect Mayor as Socialist," Chicago Daily Socialist, vol. 4, no. 156 (April 27, 1910), pg. 4.
  73. ↑ LeSueur was elected on a ballot which did not list party affiliation but he was a veteran Socialist nominated to run by Local Grand Forks. See: Mila Tupper Maynard, "A Socialist Mayor and an Almost Mayor," Social-Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], vol. 13, no. 35, whole no. 648 (Dec. 31, 1910), pg. 2.
  74. ↑ "Brainerd, Minn., Elects Socialist Mayor," St. Louis Labor, vol. 6, whole no. 429 (April 24, 1909), pg. 5.
  75. ↑ John S. McCormick and John R. Sillito, A History of Utah Radicalism, pg. 190.
  76. ↑ Won 4th term in Nov. 1911 according to "Elections Bring Victory!!" Social Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], vo. 14, no. 28, whole no. 693 (Nov. 11, 1911), p. 1.
  77. ↑ "Deadly Assault on Socialist Mayor," Chicago Daily Socialist, Dec. 17, 1906, pg. 3.
  78. ↑ Ross 2015, p. 619.
  79. ↑ "Address of a Socialist Mayor," American Labor Union Journal, vol. 1, no. 26 (April 2, 1903), pg. 2
  80. ↑ Peter Buckingham, "Red Tom" Hickey: The Uncrowned King of Texas Socialism. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 2020; p. 153
  81. ↑ "Socialist Mayor Assumes Office: The Inauguration of Mayor Born at Sheboygan Marks the First Municipal Victory for Socialism in Wisconsin," Social Democratic Herald [Milwaukee], April 25, 1903, pg. 1.
  82. ↑ Expelled by State Executive Board of the Social Democratic Party of Wisconsin on Jan. 16, 1904, for approving a private concession for a city trolley line. See: "The Expulsion of Mayor Born," Social Democratic Herald, Jan. 23, 1904, pg.5.
  83. 1 2 3 Bedford, Henry (1966). Socialism and the workers in Massachusetts, 1886-1912. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN   9780870230103.
  84. ↑ Won election in November 1899 by a plurality of 1,564. See: Appeal to Reason, Dec. 16, 1899, pg. 4.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.