List of socialist members of the United States Congress

Last updated

The following is a list of members of the United States Congress who have declared themselves to be socialists or have been a member of a socialist organization in the United States.

Contents

The First Red Scare and Second Red Scare, and McCarthy era, resulted in persecution of socialists, removal of socialists from unions, and weaker socialist electoral outcomes. [1]

There are currently more socialists in Congress than any point in US history, [2] most of whom are Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) members. [3]

Table

As of March 16,2023:

MemberPhotoChamberTerm startTerm endStatePartyRef
Greg Casar Rep. Greg Casar - 118th Congress.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 2023IncumbentTexas Democratic Party (DSA member, former DSA endorsee) [4] [5]
Summer Lee Rep. Summer Lee - 118th Congress.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 2023Incumbent Pennsylvania Democratic Party (former DSA member and former DSA endorsee [lower-alpha 1] ) [6] [7]
Cori Bush Cori Bush 117th U.S Congress.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 2021Incumbent Missouri Democratic Party (DSA member and endorsee) [2] [8] [9]
Jamaal Bowman Jamaal Bowman 117th U.S Congress.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 2021IncumbentNew York Democratic Party (former DSA member and former DSA endorsee) [2] [10]
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Official Portrait.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 2019IncumbentNew York Democratic Party (DSA member and endorsee) [2] [11]
Rashida Tlaib Rashida Tlaib, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 2019Incumbent Michigan Democratic Party (DSA member and endorsee) [2] [11]
Ilhan Omar Ilhan Omar, official portrait, 116th Congress (cropped) A.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 2019Incumbent Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party [lower-alpha 2]
Bernie Sanders Bernie Sanders in March 2020.jpg SenateJanuary 3, 2007Incumbent Vermont Independent (won all Democratic Party primaries) [16] [17] [18]
Danny Davis DannyKDavis113th.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1997Incumbent Illinois Democratic Party (former New Party member and DSA member) [lower-alpha 3]
Bernie Sanders Bernie Sanders in March 2020.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1991January 3, 2007 Vermont Independent (won most Democratic Party votes) [16] [17] [18]
Major Owens Major Owens.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1983January 3, 2007New York Democratic Party (DSA member) [11] [23]
David Bonior David Bonior.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1977January 3, 2003 Michigan Democratic Party (DSA member) [24] [25]
Ron Dellums Rondellums105th.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1971February 6, 1998California Democratic Party (DSA member) [11] [26]
John Conyers John Conyers official photo (cropped).jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1965December 5, 2017 Michigan Democratic Party (DSA member) [27]
William H. Meyer William Meyer (Vermont).JPG HouseJanuary 3, 1959January 3, 1961 Vermont Democratic Party (Future Liberty Union Party founder) [28]
Andrew Biemiller Andrew Biemiller 1950.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1949January 3, 1951 Wisconsin Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) [29]
Leo Isacson Leo Isacson.jpg HouseFebruary 17, 1948January 3, 1949New York American Labor Party [30]
Andrew Biemiller Andrew Biemiller 1950.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1945January 3, 1947 Wisconsin Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) [29]
Hugh De Lacy Hugh De Lacy (3x4).jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1945January 3, 1947Washington Democratic Party (Communist Party USA member) [31]
Bolívar Pagán Bolivar Pagan.jpg HouseDecember 26, 1939January 3, 1945 Puerto Rico Republican Union (Socialist Party member)
Vito Marcantonio Vito Marcantonio.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1939January 3, 1951New York American Labor Party [30] [32]
John Bernard JohnTBernard.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1937January 3, 1939Minnesota Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party (Future Communist Party USA member) [33] [34]
Jerry J. O'Connell Jerry Joseph O'Connell (Montana Congressman).jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1937January 3, 1939Montana Democratic Party [35]
Jerry Voorhis Jerry Voorhis (portrait)rev.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1937January 3, 1947 California Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) [36]
Vito Marcantonio Vito Marcantonio.jpg HouseJanuary 3, 1935January 3, 1937New York Republican Party [30] [32]
Santiago Iglesias Santiago Iglesias.jpg HouseMarch 4, 1933December 5, 1939 Puerto Rico Socialist Party
Homer Bone Homer Bone Crop.jpg SenateJanuary 3, 1933November 13, 1944 Washington Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) [37]
Fiorello LaGuardia La Guardia (cropped).png HouseMarch 4, 1923March 3, 1933New York Republican Party [38]
Victor Berger Victor L. Berger.jpg HouseMarch 4, 1923March 3, 1929 Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [11]
Meyer London LONDON, MEYER. HONORABLE LCCN2016859895 (cropped).jpg HouseMarch 4, 1921March 3, 1923New York Socialist Party of America [11]
Victor Berger Victor L. Berger.jpg HouseMarch 4, 1919November 10, 1919 Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [11]
Fiorello LaGuardia La Guardia (cropped).png HouseMarch 4, 1917December 31, 1919New York Republican Party [38]
George Lunn George R. Lunn.jpg HouseMarch 4, 1917March 4, 1919 New York Democratic Party (former Socialist Party of America member) [39]
Meyer London LONDON, MEYER. HONORABLE LCCN2016859895 (cropped).jpg HouseMarch 4, 1915March 3, 1919New York Socialist Party of America [11]
Harry Lane LANE, HARRY. SENATOR LCCN2016858454 (cropped).jpg SenateMarch 4, 1913May 23, 1917 Oregon Democratic Party [40]
Victor Berger Victor L. Berger.jpg HouseMarch 4, 1911March 3, 1913 Wisconsin Socialist Party of America [11]
Freeman Knowles Freeman Knowles (South Dakota).jpg HouseMarch 4, 1897March 3, 1899 South Dakota People's Party (United States) (Future Socialist Party of America Member) [41]
Kittel Halvorson Kittel Halvorson (Minnesota Congressman).jpg HouseMarch 3, 1891March 4, 1893 Wisconsin People's Party (United States) (Future Socialist Party of America Member) [42]
Henry Smith HenrySmithLaborPartyCongressmanMilwaukee.png HouseMarch 4, 1887March 3, 1889 Wisconsin Union Labor Party [43]
Horace Greeley Horace Greeley restored.jpg HouseDecember 4, 1848March 3, 1849 New York Whig Party (United States) [44]
Robert Dale Owen Owen-Robert-Dale-1840s.jpg HouseMarch 4, 1843March 3, 1847 Indiana Democratic Party [45]

Notable progressive but not socialist Congress members

See also

Endnotes

  1. ↑ Lee was a member of DSA, but left DSA before winning office after disagreements with the Pittsburgh DSA chapter. [6]
  2. ↑ Omar was not endorsed by DSA, is not a DSA member, and has not explicitly identified as a socialist. [12] However, Omar has allowed publications like Jacobin to identify her as "one of the leading lights of the democratic socialist movement", [13] allowed a staffer to say "she is proud to call herself a democratic socialist", [14] and was called a "friend of DSA" by DSA's leadership council. [15]
  3. ↑ Although Davis was endorsed by the New Party [19] and Chicago DSA [20] in 1996, Davis has since moved rightward. Chicago DSA endorsed candidates primarying him from the left in 2020 [21] and 2022. [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayanna Pressley</span> American politician (born 1974)

Ayanna Soyini Pressley is an American politician who has served as the U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 7th congressional district since 2019. This district includes the northern three quarters of Boston, most of Cambridge, parts of Milton, as well as all of Chelsea, Everett, Randolph, and Somerville. Before serving in the United States House of Representatives, Pressley served as an at-large member of the Boston City Council from 2010 through 2019. She was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2018 after she defeated the ten-term incumbent Mike Capuano in the Democratic primary election for Massachusetts' 7th congressional district and ran unopposed in the general election. Pressley was the first black woman elected to the Boston City Council and the first black woman elected to Congress from Massachusetts. Pressley is a member of "The Squad", a group of progressive Congress members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Socialists of America</span> American political organization

The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) is a multi-tendency, democratic socialist political organization in the United States. After the Socialist Party of America (SPA) transformed into Social Democrats, USA, Michael Harrington formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC). The DSOC later merged with the New American Movement (NAM) to form the DSA. The organization is headquartered in New York City and has about 80,000 members. It leads organizing and protest campaigns, and has members in the House of Representatives, state legislatures, and other local offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii</span>

The 2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2018, to elect the two U.S. representatives from the U.S. state of Hawaii; one from each of the state's two congressional districts. Primaries were held on August 11, 2018. The elections and primaries coincided with the elections and primaries of other federal and state offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 United States House of Representatives elections in New York</span> Elections

The 2018 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held November 6, 2018 to elect a U.S. Representative from each of New York's 27 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the gubernatorial election, as well as an election to the United States Senate and various state and local elections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justice Democrats</span> American progressive political action committee

Justice Democrats (JD) is an American progressive political action committee and caucus founded on January 23, 2017, by two leaders of Bernie Sanders's 2016 presidential campaign, Saikat Chakrabarti and Zack Exley, as well as political commentators Kyle Kulinski and Cenk Uygur of The Young Turks. The organization formed as a result of the 2016 United States presidential election and aspires "to elect a new type of Democratic majority in Congress" that will "create a thriving economy and democracy that works for the people, not big money interests". The group advocates for campaign finance reform and endorses only candidates who pledge to refuse donations from corporate PACs and lobbyists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</span> American politician (born 1989)

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, also known by her initials AOC, is an American left-wing politician and activist. She has served as the U.S. representative for New York's 14th congressional district since 2019, as a member of the Democratic Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jabari Brisport</span> American politician, activist, actor, and teacher (born 1987)

Jabari Brisport is an American politician, activist, and former public school teacher. He is the state senator for New York's 25th State Senate district in Brooklyn, and the first openly gay person of color to be elected to the New York State Legislature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerri Evelyn Harris</span> American activist and politician

Kerri Evelyn Harris is an American activist and politician who is the Democratic state representative for Delaware's 32nd district. She was previously a Democratic candidate for United States Senate in 2018, mounting an unsuccessful primary challenge to incumbent US Senator Tom Carper.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julia Salazar</span> American politician

Julia Salazar is an American politician and activist. She is the New York State Senator for the 18th district, which covers much of northern Brooklyn, centered on Bushwick. She won the seat as a first-time candidate after unseating incumbent Senator Martin Malave Dilan in the Democratic Party primary in 2018. She attracted national media attention for her support for sex workers' rights and other views. A member of the Democratic Socialists of America, she became the first member of the organization to serve in New York's state legislature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delia Ramirez</span> American politician (born 1983)

Delia Catalina Ramirez is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative from Illinois's 3rd congressional district since 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 United States House of Representatives elections in New York</span> 2020 House elections in New York

The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held on November 3, 2020, to elect the 27 U.S. representatives from the State of New York, one from each of the state's 27 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections. The primary election was held on June 23, 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan</span> House elections in Michigan

The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan were held on November 3, 2020, to elect the 14 U.S. representatives from the state of Michigan, one from each of the state's 14 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections. Party primaries were held on August 4, 2020. The Michigan delegation prior to the election consisted of seven Democrats, six Republicans and one Libertarian. Unless otherwise indicated, the Cook Political Report rated the races as safe for the party of the incumbents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiffany Cabán</span> American public defender and politician

Tiffany Cabán is an American attorney, politician, and political organizer who has served as a member of the New York City Council for the 22nd District since the 2021 New York City Council election. She won the Democratic primary for the seat after the incumbent, Democrat Costa Constantinides, retired.

The Squad is an informal group of nine Democratic members of the U.S. House of Representatives. It was initially composed of four women elected in the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections: Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York, Ilhan Omar of Minnesota, Ayanna Pressley of Massachusetts, and Rashida Tlaib of Michigan. They have since been joined by Jamaal Bowman of New York and Cori Bush of Missouri following the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections, and Greg Casar of Texas, Summer Lee of Pennsylvania, and Delia Ramirez of Illinois following the 2022 elections. The Squad is well known for being among the most progressive and left-wing members of the United States Congress.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 New York's 14th congressional district election</span> Congressional election

The 2018 New York's 14th congressional district election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 2018. The primaries for New York's federal elections were held earlier in the year on June 26. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez defeated incumbent congressman Joe Crowley in the primary, and went on to defeat Republican opponent Anthony Pappas in the general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cori Bush</span> American politician, nurse, and activist (born 1976)

Cori Anika Bush is an American politician, nurse, pastor, and Black Lives Matter activist serving as the U.S. representative for Missouri's 1st congressional district, since 2021. The district includes all of the city of St. Louis and most of northern St. Louis County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Ohio's 11th congressional district special election</span> Election following resignation of Marcia Fudge

On March 10, 2021, Marcia Fudge resigned her seat in the United States House of Representatives after being confirmed by the United States Senate to serve as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Biden administration. Governor Mike DeWine set the primary date for August 3, concurrent with the special election in Ohio's 15th congressional district. The general election was on November 2. Shontel Brown won both the competitive Democratic primary and the general election, and was sworn in on November 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarahana Shrestha</span> American politician

Sarahana Shrestha is a Nepalese-American democratic socialist politician and activist who is a member of the New York State Assembly, representing the New York's 103rd State Assembly district. She was first elected in November 2022.

References

  1. ↑ Wills, Matthew (August 13, 2018). "The Return of Socialism". JSTOR Daily. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Isserman, Maurice (January 11, 2021). "Congress Now Has More Socialists Than Ever Before in U.S. History". In These Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. While Dellums and Owens were supportive of DSA, knowledge of their membership in an organization that at the time counted only a few thousand members was mostly left-wing insider baseball. Relatively few of their constituents had likely ever heard of DSA. Not so for the socialists in Congress today, in part because the organization itself has grown a dozen-fold in recent years, recently surpassing 80,000 members. The new socialists' organizational credentials are regularly cited by friends and foes alike ("Democratic socialists salivate over current, future New York state gains," Fox News reported with its usual taste and balance after last November's election.)
  3. ↑ Hernandez, Kristian (November 17, 2022). "Democrats Can't Be Counted On to Stop the MAGA Right, So Socialists Are Stepping Up". In These Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. In the House, the entire Squad was re-elected, which includes DSA members and Reps. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY), Jamaal Bowman (D-NY), Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.) and Cori Bush (D-Mo.). They will be joined next year Summer Lee, who won in Pennsylvania. As a result, the next Congress will include more socialists than at any point in U.S. history.
  4. ↑ Sanders, Austin (February 11, 2022). "Greg Casar, DSA, and Palestine: Will It Matter?". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  5. ↑ Ahlman, Austin; Grim, Ryan (March 1, 2022). "In Texas Primary, Democratic Socialist Greg Casar Prevails With Wide Margin". The Intercept. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022.
  6. 1 2 Barkan, Ross. "Purge at DSA: Why are Activists Trying to Expel Representative Bowman?". The Nation. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Democratic Socialist Summer Lee's Victory in Penn. Gives Progressives a Boost in House". Democracy Now!. November 9, 2022. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022.
  8. ↑ Day, Meagan (August 7, 2020). "Cori Bush on How She Took On the Political Establishment and Won". Jacobin . Archived from the original on November 14, 2020.
  9. ↑ Taylor, Astra (June 17, 2020). "A New Group of Leftist Primary Challengers Campaign Through Protests and the Coronavirus". The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 14, 2020.
  10. ↑ "If You Want to Call Me a Socialist Then Call Me a Socialist". Jacobin. October 24, 2019. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Isserman, Maurice (November 8, 2018). "Socialists in the House: A 100-Year History from Victor Berger to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez". Archived from the original on September 7, 2020.
  12. ↑ Alberta, Tim (March 8, 2019). "The Democrats' Dilemma". Politico. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Omar does not openly identify as a democratic socialist like Tlaib and Ocasio-Cortez
  13. ↑ Denvir, Daniel (March 18, 2020). "Ilhan Omar: 'Real Change Is Possible': An Interview With Ilhan Omar". Jacobin. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022.
  14. ↑ Van Oot, Torey (September 10, 2018). "The Reds Are Coming—& They're Young, Female, & Determined To Win America's Heartland". Refinery29. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023.
  15. ↑ "August National Political Committee newsletter — Courage and anger". National Political Committee of the Democratic Socialists of America. August 20, 2020. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020.
  16. 1 2 Inskeep, Steve (November 6, 2015). "Bernie Sanders On Being Jewish And A Democratic Socialist". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023.
  17. 1 2 "Bernie Sanders confirms presidential run and damns America's inequities". The Guardian . Associated Press. April 30, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. The self-described 'democratic socialist' enters the race as a robust liberal alternative ...
  18. 1 2 Matthews, Dylan (November 20, 2015). "A leading socialist explains what Bernie Sanders's socialism gets right — and wrong". Vox Media. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015.
  19. ↑ "March Update". New Party. Archived from the original on February 2, 1999. The Illinois New Party is working intensively on Willie Delgado's state representative campaign. Delgado is part of an emerging Latino network in Chicago. We're also backing Danny Davis in a Congressional race, Barack Obama for state representative, and judicial candidate Patricia Martin. In addition to the electoral work, the NP in Chicago is supporting a local living wage campaign and an effort to prevent the placement of a waste site on the West Side.
  20. ↑ "Chicago DSA endorsements in the March 19th primary election". New Ground. No. 45 (Mar–Apr 1996). Chicago chapter of Democratic Socialists of America. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. And Danny Davis is certainly not foreign to Chicago DSA. From the very beginning, he has always been willing to help: appearing as a speaker with Michael Harrington, serving as a Master of Ceremonies without peer at the annual Debs – Thomas – Harrington Dinner.
  21. ↑ Muwakkil, Salim (July 16, 2019). "In 2008, Democratic Socialists Endorsed Him. Now, a DSA Member Is Primarying Him". In These Times. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020.
  22. ↑ Aikerson, Skyler (June 22, 2022). ""It's Time for Generational Change": Why Progressive Challenger Kina Collins Is Taking on a 25-Year Incumbent". In These Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022.
  23. ↑ Borenstein, Marsha (November 18, 2013). "Major R. Owens, the People's Congressman (1936–2013)". Democratic Left . Democratic Socialists of America. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. I was DSA's liaison to Owens' congressional office in Brooklyn. I wrote and called his office when we wanted him to speak at one of our events. He never turned us down. Having once paid dues he believed himself to be a lifetime member of DSA and never let me forget my affiliation with the organization, interrupting me from time to time when I said something that surprised him, with "Is that the official position of DSA?"
  24. ↑ "DSA PAC 1996 Endorsements" (PDF). Democratic Left . No. Raising the Rose Lantern: The Socialist International Comes to the United States (July/August 1996). Democratic Socialists of America. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2019.
  25. ↑ Green, David (March 2015). "DSA Hosts Book Signing Event for Bonior Memoir". Metro Detroit chapter of Democratic Socialists of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2018. Rep. Bonior and his wife Judy are longtime DSA members. They received the Douglass-Debs Award from Detroit DSA in 2003. Rep. Bonior was a co-host for DSA-PAC's successful fundraiser for Bernie Sanders in 2006. It was a pleasure for Detroit DSA to welcome David Bonior home for this event.
  26. ↑ Judis, John (November 1976). "Our Democracy Is More Symbolic Than Real: An Interview With Ron Dellums". Jacobin. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022.
  27. ↑ Margolis, Jon (March 14, 1983). "Bernie of Burlington". The New Republic . Archived from the original on September 20, 2015.
  28. ↑ "L.U.P. History," The Official Website Of The Liberty Union Party – Vermont
  29. 1 2 Ohm, Howard F.; Bryhan, Leone G., eds. The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1937 Madison: Democrat Printing Company, State Printer, 1937; pp. vii-viii, 53, 360, 432, 542, 543, 544, 551-552
  30. 1 2 3 Greenberg, David (January 3, 2019). "Socialists Are No Strangers to Congress". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019.
  31. ↑ Harvey Klehr, The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade. New York: Basic Books, 1984; pg. 256.
  32. 1 2 Serby, Benjamin (December 20, 2018). "New York's Last Socialist Congressperson". Jacobin. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022.
  33. ↑ https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B000411
  34. ↑ Haynes, John Earl (1984). Dubious Alliance: The Making of Minnesota's DFL Party. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN   9780816613243.
  35. ↑ Pedersen, Vernon (April 8, 2010). "Terminal Hearing: The House Committee on Un‑American Activities and the Death of Jerry J. O'Connell". C-SPAN. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
    • "Karl Mundt Archives: Justice 1950-1972". Karl E. Mundt Historical & Educational Foundation and Archives. 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
    • Unz, Ron. "Jerry J. O'Connell Archives". The Unz Review: An Alternative Media Selection. Los Angeles, CA: Ron Unz.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  36. ↑ Gellman, Irwin (1999). The Contender. The Free Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN   978-1-4165-7255-8.
  37. ↑ "Bone, Homer Truett (1883-1970)".
  38. 1 2 Zinn, Howard (1969). LaGuardia in Congress. Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-0-8014-7617-4.
  39. ↑ Allen Eddy, "Biographical Notes," New York State Journal, Dec. 8, 1948. Reprinted in George R. Lunn: A Memorial. Rancho Santa Fe, CA: n.p., 1949; unpaginated [pp. 10–13]
  40. ↑ Johnston, Robert. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
  41. ↑ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Freeman Knowles".
  42. ↑ "Our Campaigns - ND At-Large Race - Nov 06, 1906".
  43. ↑ Bashford, Robert McKee (1878). "The legislative manual of the state of Wisconsin: comprising the constitutions of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin, Jefferson's manual, forms and laws for the regulation of business; also, lists and tables for reference, etc. Seventeenth Annual Edition 1878".
  44. ↑ Tuchinsky, Adam (2009). Horace Greeley's New-York Tribune: Civil War–Era Socialism and the Crisis of Free Labor. Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-0-8014-4667-2. JSTOR   10.7591/j.ctt7zfzw.
  45. ↑ Estabrook, Arthur (August 29, 2017). "The Family History of Robert Owen". Indiana Magazine of History.
  46. ↑ Sotomayor, Marianna (September 3, 2022). "Maxwell Frost is figuring out how to be Gen Z's likely first congressman". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. He wishes Republicans "good luck" with trying to paint him as a socialist, saying, "My family fled that."
  47. ↑ Hess, Abigail (November 6, 2018). "Meet Ayanna Pressley, who is on track to become Massachusetts' first black Congresswoman". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Notably, she's not a political rookie, and she does not identify as a democratic socialist.
  48. ↑ Lach, Eric (September 5, 2018). "Ayanna Pressley's Upset Win and Generational Change in the Democratic Party". The New Yorker . Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Pressley wasn't putting herself forward as a democratic socialist like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who successfully challenged the New York congressman Joe Crowley from the left.
  49. ↑ Bohannon, Molly. "Congressman Leaves Democratic Socialists Of America For Promoting Pro-Palestinian Rally After Hamas Attack". Forbes. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  50. ↑ Neavling, Steve. "Thanedar was a harsh critic of Israel before becoming an outspoken defender". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  51. ↑ https://keywiki.org/images/3/30/Abols.jpg
  52. ↑ Thelen, David Paul (1964). The Early Life of Robert M. La Follette, 1855-1884. University of Wisconsin–Madison.
    • Thelen, David P. Robert M. La Follette and the insurgent spirit (1976) online
    • Thelen, David Paul. The new citizenship: Origins of progressivism in Wisconsin, 1885–1900 (U of Missouri Press, 1972) online.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.