The Malay language has many loanwords from Sanskrit, Persian, Tamil, Greek, Latin, Portuguese, Dutch, certain Chinese dialects and more recently, Arabic (in particular many religious terms) and English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). Modern Malay loanwords are now primarily from English, Arabic and Javanese — English being the language of trade and technology while Arabic is the language of religion (Islam in the case of this language's concentrated regions), although key words such as surga/ syurga (heaven) and the word "religion" itself (agama) reflect their Sanskrit-Hindu origins. Javanese elements on the other hand are incorporated from the variant of Malay used in Indonesia through the consumption of media from said country.
While based on Malay itself, Indonesian is traditionally more influenced by Javanese and Sundanese, as the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, with Javanese having the largest number of native speakers. Dutch influence over Indonesian vocabulary also is significant, as the Malay language itself was favored and adopted due to its trading benefit during VOC era over the archipelago, leading to mass loanword and influence over the modern Indonesian language. It is known that at least one third of the Indonesian vocabulary grew under Dutch influence.
pañca पञ्च "five" + rāga राग "melody/tune/musical note"
paracut | parasut
parachute
English
parachute
pau | pao
steamed bun
Chinese
"bāo" 包. False etymology ascribes the origin of the word to Portuguese pão (bread), but this is incorrect;[citation needed] a form of the word "bāo" was already present in Middle Chinese to refer to steamed dumplings.
perkasa
mighty
Sanskrit
प्रकाश / prakāśa "enlightened"
permaisuri
supreme lady, queen
Sanskrit
परम parama 'supreme' + ईश्वरी īśvarī 'female ruler', via Tamil பரமேஸ்வரி paramēsvari
perpustakaan
library
Sanskrit
base word pustaka / पुस्तक "book, manuscript"
pesta
party
Portuguese
festa
pasar
market, bazaar
Persian
بازار / bāzār / pazar
peta
map
Tamil
paṭam படம் 'cloth; picture'
perdana menteri
prime minister
Sanskrit
pradhānamantri प्रधानमन्त्रिन्
pertama
first
Sanskrit
प्रथम / prathama
pertiwi
native soil, motherland
Sanskrit
पृथिवी / pṛthivī or पृथ्वी / pṛthvī "mother goddess of the earth"
piala
cup (in the sense of a trophy)
Persian
پیاله / piyālah
pita
tape, knot
Portuguese
fita
puasa
fasting
Sanskrit
उपवास / upavāsa
puja
idolize, worship
Sanskrit
पूजा / pūjā
punya
(possessive verb)
Sanskrit
पुण्य / puṇya "merit, deserving"
pura
Hindu temple, city
Sanskrit
पुर / pura "city, walled enclosure"
purnama
(of the moon) full
Sanskrit
पूर्णमा / pūrṇamā - cf. "sempurṇa"
putra | putera
prince, male child
Sanskrit
पुत्र / putra
purba
ancient
Sanskrit
पूर्व / purva
rahasia | rahsia
secret
Sanskrit
रहस्य / rahasya "private, mystery"
raja
king
Sanskrit
राजन् / rā́jan
Rabu
Wednesday
Arabic
الأربعاء / al-Arbaʻāʼ
raksasa
monster
Sanskrit
राक्षस / rākṣasa "demon, demoniacal"
rasa
taste, feeling
Sanskrit
रस / rasa
ratna
jewel, gemstone
Sanskrit
रत्न / ratna
renda
lace
Portuguese
renda
risiko
risk
Dutch
risico
roda
wheel
Portuguese
roda
ronda
verb, to patrol
Portuguese
verb rondar or noun ronda
rokok
cigarette
Dutch
roken "to smoke"
roti
bread
Hindi
रोटी roṭī 'bread'
rupa
shape, form, appearance
Sanskrit
रूप / rūpa
sabda
quote, say
Sanskrit
शब्द / śabda "sound, word"
Sabtu
Saturday
Arabic
السبت / al-Sabt
sabun
soap
Arabic to Portuguese
Portuguese sabão < صابون ṣābūn < Late Latin sapo < Proto-Germanic saipon
Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, with over 279 million inhabitants of which the majority speak Indonesian, which makes it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Indonesian vocabulary has been influenced by various languages, including Javanese, Minangkabau, Buginese, Banjarese, Arabic, Dutch, and English. Many borrowed words have been adapted to fit the phonetic and grammatical rules of Indonesian.
A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language into another language. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin; and calques, which involve translation. Loanwords from languages with different scripts are usually transliterated, but they are not translated. Additionally, loanwords may be adapted to the phonology, phonotactics, orthography, and morphology of the target language. When a loanword is fully adapted to the rules of the target language, it is distinguished from native words of the target language only by its origin. However, often the adaptation is incomplete, so loanwords may conserve specific features distinguishing them from native words of the target language: loaned phonemes and sound combinations, partial or total conserving of the original spelling, foreign plural or case forms or indeclinability.
Malay is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people across Maritime Southeast Asia.
Javanese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, Indonesia. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 98 million people.
The following are lists of words in the English language that are known as "loanwords" or "borrowings," which are derived from other languages.
Jawi is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Banjarese, Kerinci, Maguindanaon, Malay, Mëranaw, Minangkabau, Tausūg, and Ternate. Jawi is based on the Arabic script, consisting of all of the original 31 Arabic letters, and six additional letters constructed to fit the phonemes native to Malay, and an additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic, which are ca, nga, pa, ga, va, and nya.
Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
Malaysian Malay, also known as Standard Malay, Bahasa Malaysia, or simply Malay, is a standardized form of the Malay language used in Malaysia and also used in Brunei and Singapore. Malaysian Malay is standardized from the Johore-Riau dialect of Malay. It is spoken by much of the Malaysian population, although most learn a vernacular form of Malay or another native language first. Malay is a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools.
Indonesian and (Malaysian) Malay are two standardised varieties of the Malay language, the former used officially in Indonesia and the latter in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords. The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.
Malay was first used in the first millennia known as Old Malay, a part of the Austronesian language family. Over a period of two millennia, Malay has undergone various stages of development that derived from different layers of foreign influences through international trade, religious expansion, colonisation and developments of new socio-political trends. The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the earliest Austronesian settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolve into Old Malay when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region, most probably using the Kawi and Rencong scripts, some linguistic researchers say. Old Malay contained some terms that exist today, but are unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay of 1303 CE.
Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary. The influence of Arabic has been most profound in those countries visited by Islam or Islamic power.
The modern Malay or Indonesian alphabet consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the more common of the two alphabets used today to write the Malay language, the other being Jawi. The Latin Malay alphabet is the official Malay script in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, while it is co-official with Jawi in Brunei.
This article explains the phonology of Malay and Indonesian based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay, which is the official language of Brunei, Singapore and Malaysia, and Indonesian, which is the official language of Indonesia and a working language in Timor Leste. There are two main standards for Malay pronunciation, the Johor-Riau standard, used in Brunei and Malaysia, and the Baku, used in Indonesia and Singapore.
Loan Words in Indonesian and Malay— University of Washington Press. ISBN978-90-6718-304-8
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