Jasminum grandiflorum

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Jasminum grandiflorum
Jasminum grandiflorum (Oleaceae).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Jasminum
Species:
J. grandiflorum
Binomial name
Jasminum grandiflorum

Jasminum grandiflorum, also known variously as the Spanish jasmine, Royal jasmine, Catalan jasmine, [2] Sicilian jasmine,[ citation needed ] is a species of jasmine native to South Asia, the Arabian peninsula, East and Northeast Africa and the Yunnan and Sichuan regions of China. The species is widely cultivated and is reportedly naturalized in Guinea, the Maldive Islands, Mauritius, Réunion, Java, the Cook Islands, Chiapas, Central America, and the Caribbean. [1] It is closely related to, and sometimes treated as merely a form of, Jasminum officinale . [3]

Contents

Description

It is a scrambling deciduous shrub growing to 2–4 m tall. The leaves are opposite, 5–12 cm long, pinnate with 5–11 leaflets. The flowers are produced in open cymes, the individual flowers are white having corolla with a basal tube 13–25 mm long and five lobes 13–22 mm long. [4] [5] In Pakistan, it grows wild in the Salt Range and Rawalpindi District at 500–1500 m altitude. [4]

Etymology

'Jasminum' is a Latinized form of the Persian word 'yasmin' for sweetly scented plants. [6] 'Grandiflorum' is a Latin term meaning large, showy flowers. [7]

Morphology

J. grandiflorum grow in shrubs that are semi-spreading. These plants have green, woody, pubescent stems that are either angular or grooved shape. The green colored leaves are ovate-acute or acuminate shaped and are either pinnatipartite or pinnately compound. The surface of the leaves are glabrous, have no hairs, with a wavy leaf margin and contain no stipules. These leaves are about 0.35 mm thick that are arranged in whorls of three and also include short petioles. The sepals of the flowers are green with white, glabrous flowers in a linear arrangement. There are two stamen, each with a yellow colored anther, in the center of the corolla tube per flower. These flowers contain no fruit. [8]

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized: [1]

Uses

Medicine

Ancient Indian physicians such as Charaka and Sushruta used Jasminum grandiflorum for various medicinal purposes. This flower is also given a variety of names in India as it is used for different remedies. Parts of J. grandiflorum, including their sprouts and flowers (dried), have been used for prescriptions. This type of holistic medicine was used to treat various sicknesses such as dermatosis, coryza, and nasal haemorrhage. [11] The leaves of J. grandiflorum is utilized as an ingredient for clarified butter, a treatment for infected wounds and cleaning and sterilizing ulcers. In addition, the leaves can be made into an oil as a remedy for infection. The leaves may also be chewed on to aid in toothaches and stomatitis. The root of the plant would be cooked with goat's milk and sugar to relieve pain in urine retention and kidney stone release. The root was also made into a paste to improve the skin and removing freckles or dark shades. [11] The root paste would be applied to the foreheads as well for any headaches. This plant is used as another ingredient for hair oil to treat baldness and alopecia. It can also be used as a component for an eye-salve to help vision loss. [11] In India, Jasminum grandiflorum, was additionally prescribed for severe skin diseases and leprosy. In the West, the flowers have also been made into a syrup as a medicine for throat issues such as coughs and hoarseness.

Fragrance

Jasmine has been made into a well-known scent around the world. It was introduced as a perfume in Europe in the 16th century. The flowers create an aroma that exudes a calm atmosphere, relieving mental and emotional strains. [11] Due to the pleasing scent, J. grandiflorum are commonly made into essential oils, perfumes, soaps, and cosmetics worldwide.

Chemical Composition

J. grandiflorum is composed of benzyl acetate (23.7%), benzyl benzoate (20.7%), phytol (10.9%), linalool (8.2%), isophytol (5.5%), geranyl linalool (3.0%), methyl linoleate (2.8%) and eugenol (2.5%). [12] These components contribute to creating the popular jasmine fragrance. Methyl jasmonate isolated from the jasmine oil of Jasinum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of the jasmonate plant hormones. [13]

Conservation

Jasminum grandiflorum Jasminum grandiflorum 2.jpg
Jasminum grandiflorum

Because of the valued medicinal properties of this plant, there have been efforts to conserve it. Pharmaceutical companies rely on the export of Jasminum grandiflorum from countries such as India and Bangladesh. Commercial cultivation is rarely seen of the plant. In vitro micropropagation is a method that has been used to conserve the plant by rapidly producing clones of the original parent species under a short time period and in sterile conditions. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oleaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Oleaceae, also known as the olive family or sometimes the lilac family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales. It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct. The extant genera include Cartrema, which was resurrected in 2012. The number of species in the Oleaceae is variously estimated in a wide range around 700. The flowers are often numerous and highly odoriferous. The family has a subcosmopolitan distribution, ranging from the subarctic to the southernmost parts of Africa, Australia, and South America. Notable members include olive, ash, jasmine, and several popular ornamental plants including privet, forsythia, fringetrees, and lilac.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jasmine</span> Genus of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae

Jasmine is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae. It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. Additionally a number of unrelated species of plants or flowers contain the word "jasmine" in their common names.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant hormone</span> Chemical compounds that regulate plant growth and development

Plant hormones are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations. Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including embryogenesis, the regulation of organ size, pathogen defense, stress tolerance and reproductive development. Unlike in animals each plant cell is capable of producing hormones. Went and Thimann coined the term "phytohormone" and used it in the title of their 1937 book.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jasmonate</span> Lipid-based plant hormones

Jasmonate (JA) and its derivatives are lipid-based plant hormones that regulate a wide range of processes in plants, ranging from growth and photosynthesis to reproductive development. In particular, JAs are critical for plant defense against herbivory and plant responses to poor environmental conditions and other kinds of abiotic and biotic challenges. Some JAs can also be released as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to permit communication between plants in anticipation of mutual dangers.

<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i> Species of plant

Gelsemium sempervirens is a twining vine in the family Gelsemiaceae, native to subtropical and tropical America: Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, and southeastern and south-central United States. It has a number of common names including yellow jessamine or confederate jessamine or jasmine, Carolina jasmine or jessamine, evening trumpetflower, gelsemium and woodbine.

<i>Cananga odorata</i> Species of tree

Cananga odorata, known as ylang-ylang or cananga tree, is a tropical tree that is native to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Queensland, Australia. It is also native to parts of Thailand and Vietnam. It is valued for the essential oils extracted from its flowers, which has a strong floral fragrance. Ylang-ylang is one of the most extensively used natural materials in the perfume industry, earning it the name "Queen of Perfumes".

Jasmine tea is tea scented with the aroma of jasmine blossoms. Typically, jasmine tea has green tea as the tea base; however, white tea and black tea are also used. The resulting flavour of jasmine tea is subtly sweet and highly fragrant. It is the most famous scented tea in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benzyl acetate</span> Chemical compound

Benzyl acetate is an organic ester with the molecular formula CH3C(O)OCH2C6H5. It is formed by the condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jasmonic acid</span> Chemical compound

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an organic compound found in several plants including jasmine. The molecule is a member of the jasmonate class of plant hormones. It is biosynthesized from linolenic acid by the octadecanoid pathway. It was first isolated in 1957 as the methyl ester of jasmonic acid by the Swiss chemist Édouard Demole and his colleagues.

<i>Jasminum sambac</i> Species of jasmine

Jasminum sambac is a species of jasmine with a native range from Bhutan to India It is cultivated in many places, especially West Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is naturalised in many scattered locales: Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives, Christmas Island, Chiapas, Central America, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jasmine in Karnataka</span>

Jasmine is considered the queen of flowers and is called the "Belle of India" or the "Queen of fragrance" as it is exquisitely scented to soothe and refresh. In different parts of India it is called by different names—Mogra, Motia, Chameli, Malli puvvu, Jaati, Mulla, Mallige, Juhi, Mogra or Moonlight in the grove. It is reported that there are 300 varieties of jasmine. It is also stated that jasmine crossed the seas—from Asia to Europe, landing first along the Mediterranean Sea, conquering Greece and Turkey, reaching Western Europe through Spain, then France and Italy and finally landing in England in the latter part of the 17th century..

<i>Jasminum officinale</i> Species of shrub

Jasminum officinale, known as the common jasmine or simply jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae. It is native to the Caucasus and parts of Asia, also widely naturalized.

<i>Jasminum abyssinicum</i> Species of plant

Jasminium abyssinicum is a species of jasmine, in the family Oleaceae.

<i>Chrysojasminum humile</i> Species of plant

Chrysojasminum humile, the Italian jasmine or yellow jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Oleaceae, native to Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma (Myanmar), the Himalayas and south west China. The species is widely cultivated and reportedly naturalized in Greece, Sicily and the former Yugoslavia.

<i>Jasminum tortuosum</i> Species of jasmine

Jasminum tortuosum is a species of jasmine native to South Africa. It is generally found twining high into the trees of forests in southwestern part of Cape Province, but also may scramble where there is little vertical space. It has angular branches off its main stem, and its flowers usually have five white petals each. The specific epithet (tortuosum) is from Latin, describing something that is winding or very twisted.

<i>Jasminum azoricum</i> Species of vine

Jasminum azoricum, the lemon-scented jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family. It is an evergreen twining vine native to the Portuguese island of Madeira. The compound leaves consist of 3 bright green leaflets. The fragrant white star-shaped flowers appear in panicles from the leaf axils in summer, evolving from deep pink buds.

<i>Jasminum malabaricum</i> Species of jasmine

Jasminum malabaricum, the Malabar jasmine or wild jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Oleaceae, native to southern parts of India, and Sri Lanka.

<i>Jasminum angustifolium</i> Species of shrub

Jasminum angustifolium, the wild jasmine, is a species of jasmine native to Sri Lanka and India, including the Andaman Islands. It is a climbing shrub with a smooth stem and minutely pubescent branchlets. It grows up to 6 m (20 ft) tall. Leaves are dark green and opposite in arrangement. The flowers are approximately 25 mm (1 in) in diameter, and resemble a star with seven or eight narrow petals, flowering between June and August.

Sillage in perfume refers to the trail created by a perfume when it is worn on the skin. It comes from the word in French for "wake" and can best be described as how a fragrance diffuses behind the wearer as they move. A fragrance does not need to be a heavy one to have a large sillage.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Jasminum grandiflorum". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  2. ↑ "Jasminum grandiflorum". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  3. ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN   0-333-47494-5.
  4. 1 2 Flora of Pakistan: Jasminum grandiflorum
  5. ↑ Flora of China v 15 p 313: Jasminum grandiflorum
  6. ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN   9780521685535 (paperback). pp 220
  7. ↑ Festschrift, Prithipalsingh (2012). Plant Taxonomy: Past, Present, and Future. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute.
  8. ↑ Sampath, Mukundan; Narayanappa, Sathyanarayana; Sondur, Suresh; Simon, Luke (2008). "Analysis of Genetic Diversity among Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Ait. and J. grandiflorum Linn. Varieties using Morphological and Molecular Markers". Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology.
  9. ↑ Green, Peter Shaw. 1986. Kew Bulletin 41: 414.
  10. ↑ Fresenius, Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang. 1837. Museum Senckenbergianum. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Beschreibenden Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main 2: 16.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Khare, C.P. (2004). Indian Herbal Remedies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  12. ↑ Jirovetz, Leopold; Buchbauer, Gerhard; Schweiger, Thomas; Denkova, Zapriana; Slavchev, Alexander; Stoyanova, Albena; Schmidt, Erich; Geissler, Margit (April 2007). "Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activities of Jasminum grandiflorum L. Absolute from India". Natural Product Communications. 2 (4): 1934578X0700200. doi: 10.1177/1934578X0700200411 . S2CID   133207224.
  13. ↑ Demole E (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasminIsolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta. 45: 675–85. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233.
  14. ↑ Rahman, M.S.; Mouri, N.; Nandi, N.; Akter, S.; Khan, M.S. (2018). "In vitro micropropagation of Jasminum grandiflorum L." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 53 (4): 277–282. doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v53i4.39191 .
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