List of loanwords in Indonesian

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The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, Sanskrit, Tamil, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and other Austronesian languages.

Contents

Indonesian differs from the form of Malay used in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore in a number of aspects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesians speak another language as their mother tongue. Indonesian functions as the lingua franca for speakers of 700 various languages across the archipelago.

Conversely, many words of Malay-Indonesian origin have also been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan, dugong, amok, and even "cooties") generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore, similar to the way the Dutch have been borrowing words from the various native Indonesian languages. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java (see Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 edition). Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins (e.g., "satay" from Tamil, or "ketchup" from Chinese).

During development, various native terms (mostly Javanese) from all over the archipelago made their way into the language. The Dutch adaptation of the Malay language during the colonial period resulted in the incorporation of a significant number of Dutch loanwords and vocabulary. This event significantly affected the original Malay language, which gradually developed into modern Indonesian. Most terms are documented in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. [1]

Chronology

The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reflects its historical and social context. Examples include the early Sanskrit borrowings, probably during the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian, especially during the time of the establishment of Islam, and words borrowed from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked. [2]

But the processes may also be ‘out of period’; for example, Indonesian words are still being concocted from Sanskrit, and the influence of the Dutch language certainly continued after the Dutch themselves left. [2]

Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common (lower-case) nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer, "odol" as all of toothpastes, or “aqua” for mineral water. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".

List of loanwords

From Austronesian languages

From Minangkabau

Most of Indonesian's vocabulary is natively derived from Malay, but some might ultimately be loanwords from the Minang language. Yet it is unclear, since Malay and Minang are closely related, and some might consider Minang to have been an ancestral dialect of Malay. [3]

WordMeaningOriginal word
acuhcareacuah
anjunganpavilionanjuang
awakyou (regional), crew, memberawak
bantahdeniesbantah
baruhlowlandbaruah
bernasspiritedboneh
bundamotherbundo
buyungsonnybuyuang
cabullewdcabua
cakakfightcakak
campinskilledcampin
cegakvigorouscegak
celotehbabbleciloteh
cemeehjeercemeeh
cengangamazedcangang
daragirl, virgin, dovedaro
dadihbuttermilkdadiah
dendangsingdendang
gadanglargegadang
gadisgirl, virgingadih
gaekagedgaek
galauconfusiongalau
gelimangmixedgalimang
gengsiprestigegengsi
hebohcommotion, fussheboh: noisy
imbauappeal, please (prohibit/warn)imbau
jangatskinjangek
jenjanglevel, grade, ladderjanjang
jerangboiledjarang
jinjingpick-upjinjiang
junjungrespectfuljunjuang
kelokmeanderskelok
lambanslowlamban
lampauover, pastlampau
lancangsassylancang
nanwhich, who (connecting word)nan
ngaraicanyonngarai
nianvery, really, trulynian
pencakart (martial art)pancak
penghuluchief of familypanghulu
ranahrealm, domainranah: land
rancakbeautifulrancak
rantauforeign countryrantau
rendang rendang randang
sanakfamilysanak
semaraksplendorsemarak
silat silat (martial art)silek
suraumosquesurau
tandasdemolishedtandeh
terokaopen up new areastaruko
terompahsandalstarompah
tuahgood lucktuah
tungkailegtungkai
usangobsoleteusang

From Javanese

Compared to the Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula or the standardized version of Malaysian, Indonesian differs profoundly by the large number of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary. This is mostly contributed by Java's position as the center of Indonesian politics, education, and culture, since the capital is located in Jakarta on Java island, albeit in the area where the Javanese are not the majority. The disproportionate number of Javanese that dominate Indonesian politics is reflected by the fact that six out of seven Indonesian presidents have been ethnic Javanese. The result is that the Javanese began to pour their own vocabulary into Indonesian to describes terms and words that do not have exact counterparts in the Malay language. It is also important to note that most of Indonesian's Sanskrit loanwords have been transmitted through Old Javanese, a language whose Sanskrit borrowings number almost 50% of the total vocabulary. Javanese loanwords, unlike those from other native languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

Indonesian WordMeaningJavanese Word
Ademcool temperatureꦲꦝꦼꦩ꧀ (adhem)
Adiluhung/adiluhurrefined, highly sophisticated tasteꦲꦢꦶꦭꦸꦥꦸꦁ (adiluhung)
Amblasvanishꦲꦩ꧀ꦧ꧀ꦔꦼꦱ꧀ (ambles)
Ambrukcollapseꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦸꦏ꧀ (ambruk)
Amongnurtureꦲꦩꦺꦴꦁ (among)
Ampuhpotentꦲꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦃ (ampuh)
Anggungracefulꦲꦁꦒꦸꦤ꧀ (anggun)
Angkerhauntedꦲꦁꦏꦼꦂ (angker)
Anjlokdroppedꦲꦤ꧀ꦗ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦒ꧀ (anjlog)
Antekstoogeꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦏ꧀ (antek)
Anyarnewꦲꦚꦂ (anyar)
Apikneat, niceꦲꦥꦶꦏ꧀ (apik)
Asribeautiful (scenery/nature), neat, clean, niceꦲꦱꦿꦶ (asri)
Ayubeautiful (women), pretty, gorgeous, graceful, elegantꦲꦪꦸ (ayu)
Ayomgive shade, foster, protectꦲꦪꦺꦴꦩ꧀꧈ ꦲꦔꦪꦺꦴꦩꦶ (ayom, hangayomi)
Baluwartipalace fortified wallꦧꦭꦸꦮꦼꦂꦠꦶ (baluwerti) [1]
Bangsalhallꦧꦁꦱꦭ꧀ (Bangsal) [2]
Batik batik ꦩ꧀ꦧꦛꦶꦏ꧀ (mbathik) [3]
bejatdepravedꦧꦼꦗꦠ꧀ (bejat)
berescompletedꦧꦺꦫꦺꦱ꧀ (beres)
betotpull suddenlyꦧꦼꦠꦺꦴꦠ꧀ (betot)
bopongcarryꦧꦺꦴꦥꦺꦴꦁ (bopong)
berandalthugsꦧꦿꦤ꧀ꦢꦭꦤ꧀ (brandalan)
bromocorahcriminalꦧꦿꦩꦕꦺꦴꦫꦃ (bromocorah)
Buron/buronanrunaway or fugitiveꦧꦸꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ (buron) [4]
canditempleꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶ (candhi)
canggihsophisticatedꦕꦁꦒꦶꦃ (canggih)
cebolmidgetꦕꦺꦧꦺꦴꦭ꧀ (cebol)
celingukanlook aroundꦕꦼꦭꦶꦁꦏꦸꦔꦤ꧀ (celingukan)
ceplas ceplosspeak out franklyꦕꦼꦥ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦕꦼꦥ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (ceplas ceplos)
copetpickpocketꦕꦺꦴꦥꦺꦠ꧀ (copet)
dengkulkneeꦢꦼꦁꦏꦸꦭ꧀ (dengkul)
doyanbe fondꦢꦺꦴꦪꦤ꧀ (doyan)
edancrazyꦲꦺꦝꦤ꧀ (edhan)
empumaestro, master craftsmanꦩ꧀ꦥꦸ (mpu)
gantenghandsomeꦔ꧀ꦒꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦁ (ngganteng)
gebrakanblowꦒꦼꦧꦿꦏꦤ꧀ (gebrakan)
gedebigꦒꦼꦢꦺ (gede)
gembokpadlockꦒꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (gembok)
gendongpiggybackꦒꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦁ (gendong)
gerebekraidꦒꦿꦼꦧꦼꦒ꧀ (grebeg) [5]
gilasrun overꦒꦶꦭꦼꦱ꧀ (giles)
gosongscorchedꦒꦺꦴꦱꦺꦴꦁ (gosong)
iritfrugalꦲꦶꦫꦶꦠ꧀ (irit)
jagalbutcherꦗꦒꦭ꧀ (jagal)
jago, jagoantough guy, hero, skillful, expertꦗꦒꦺꦴ (jago) [6]
jajansnackꦗꦗꦤ꧀ (jajan)
keduttwitchingꦏꦼꦝꦸꦠꦤ꧀ (kedutan)
kembentorso wrapꦏꦼꦩ꧀ꦧ꧀ꦲꦺꦤ꧀ (kembhen)
kesurupanpossessedꦱꦸꦫꦸꦥ꧀ (surup) [7]
kondebulbous hairdo or hair extension on the back of the headꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦺ (kondhe)
larasadness (poetic)ꦭꦫ (lara) [8]
larungintentionally swept or send away through water (river/sea)ꦭꦫꦸꦁ (larung)
lapikbaseꦭꦥꦶꦏ꧀ (lapik)
luhurnoble, highꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ (luhur)
manutobedientꦩꦤꦸꦠ꧀ (manut)
melengoslooked awayꦩꦼꦔꦼꦔꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (melengos)
minggatfleeꦩꦶꦁꦒꦠ꧀ (minggat)
mingkemkeep quietꦩꦶꦁꦏꦼꦩ꧀ (mingkem)
mumpuniaccomplishedꦩꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤꦶ (mumpuni)
ngangguridle, joblessꦔꦁꦒꦸꦂ (nganggur)
nusantaraIndonesian archipelago, archipelagoꦤꦸꦱꦤ꧀ꦠꦫ (nusantara)
pagar langkanbalustradeꦲꦂꦒ ꦭꦁꦏꦤ꧀ (pagar langkan)
pamrihintentionꦥꦩꦿꦶꦃ (pamrih)
pemirsaviewersꦥꦼꦩꦶꦂꦱ (pemirsa)
Pendoporoofed front open hallꦥꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦥꦺꦴ (pendhopo) [9]
pilekfluꦥꦶꦭꦼꦏ (pilek)
resikclean, well maintainedꦪꦼꦱꦶꦏ꧀ (resik)
sedotsuckꦱꦼꦢꦺꦴꦠ꧀ (sedot)
selarasharmoniousꦱ꧀ꦭꦫꦱꦛ (slaras)
selingkuhaffairꦱꦼꦭꦶꦁꦏꦸꦃ (selingkuh)
semberonocarelessꦱꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴ (sembrono)
semrawutcomplicated mess, out of orderꦱꦼꦩꦿꦮꦸꦠ꧀ (semrawut)
sungkanshyꦱꦸꦁꦏꦤ꧀ (sungkan)
tembangsongꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ (tembang)
tentrampeacefulꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦼꦩ꧀ (tentrem)
titisanreincarnatedꦤꦶꦠꦶꦱ꧀ (nitis)
tuntascompleteꦠꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦱ꧀ (tuntas)
undakanstagesꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ (undhak)
unduhdownloadꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦃ (unduh)
unggahuploadꦩꦸꦁꦒꦃ (munggah)
umpakbaseꦲꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦏ꧀ (umpak)
Notes
^1 Ultimately from Spanish 'baluarte' via Filipino languages.
^2 Ultimately from Sanskrit: शाल (Śālā) meaning room.
^3 From Amba-nitik
^4 From Buron-an (to be hunted)
^5 A routine celebration held by the people of Java to commemorate an important event.
^6 A Rooster
^7 Fit, Enter
^8 Sick
^9 Ultimately from Sanskrit: मण्डप (mandapa)

From Sundanese

Besides Javanese, Sundanese is another local language that has influenced Indonesian's vocabulary, albeit to a lesser extent. This can be attributed to the fact that the capital, Jakarta, was formerly a part of West Java, a province which, together with Banten, before it too was divided, constituted the Pasundan (Sundanese world), the most significant non-Javanese region in an otherwise Javanese-dominated Java island. Some of the most populous cities in Indonesia are also located in the Pasundan, including West Java's capital, Bandung, and Jakarta's four satellite cities (Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang).

WordMeaningOriginal word
Acitapioca flourᮃᮎᮤ ᮞᮙ᮪ᮕᮩ (aci sampeu)
Amburadulmess, something out of orderᮃᮙ᮪ᮘᮥᮛᮓᮥᮜ᮪ (amburadul)
Anjangsanahigh official visitingᮃᮔ᮪ᮏᮀᮞᮔ (anjangsana)
Becekpuddleᮘᮦᮎᮦᮊ᮪ (becek)
Berabeannoying, nuisanceᮎᮘᮦ (barabe)
Bloon (pronounced blo-'on)stupidᮘᮣᮧᮇᮔ᮪ (blo'on/o'on)
Cocopetearwigᮎᮧᮎᮧᮕᮦᮒ᮪ (cocopet)
Getolactiveᮌᮨᮒᮧᮜ᮪ (getol)
Haturto express, to send (polite)ᮠᮒᮥᮁᮊᮩᮔ᮪ (haturkeun)
Jangkungtallᮜᮀᮊᮥᮀ (jangkung)
Juarachampion, winnerᮏᮝᮛ (jawara)
Kedapproof as in "kedap air" (waterproof)ᮊᮨᮓᮕ᮪ (kedap)
Kesimaawe, amazeᮊᮨᮞᮤᮙ (kesima)
Kesohorfamousᮊᮞᮧᮠᮧᮁ (kasohor)
Kolotold fashionedᮊᮧᮜᮧᮒ᮪ (kolot)
Lalapraw vegetable, consumedᮜᮜᮘ᮪ (lalab)
Majikanboss, employerᮙᮏᮤᮊᮔ᮪ (majikan)
Menyarupretending, camouflagingᮞᮛᮥ (verbal form of "saru")
Patunganchip in, joint-venture, collecting money to buy something for common useᮘᮒᮥᮛᮔ᮪ (patungan)
Pemulung waste picker ᮕᮥᮜᮥᮀ (pulung)
Pengaruhinfluenceᮕᮍᮛᮥᮂ (pangaruh)
Pepescooking method using banana leaf wrappingᮕᮕᮄᮞ᮪ (papais)
Rishuneasy, uncomfortableᮛᮤᮞᮤᮂ (rish)
Siksatortureᮞᮤᮊᮒ᮪ (siksa)
Songongno self-awarenessᮒᮧᮀᮌᮧᮀ (songong)
Uwauncle or aunty older than parentᮔᮑ (uwa)

From Betawi

Betawi is a Malay-based creole that arose from influences by foreign traders who stopped at the capital, Jakarta, including those from China and Arabia. Most of its speakers are inhabitants of Jakarta, and its influence upon Indonesian is attributed to its frequent usage in Indonesian mass media, including radio and television. Its status as a "hip" language by other portions of Indonesian society is another contributing factor as well.

WordMeaningOriginal word
abal-abalfake, falseabal-abal
bangkotanagedbangkotan
begahrepletebegah
belaguostentatiousbelagu
bututold-fashionedbutut
cebursplashcebur
entotcopulateentot
gelandangfootball midfielder, bringergelandang
gelandanganhomelessgelandangan
mampusdeadmampus
ngamenstreet performancengamen
rempongtroublesomerempong
ribetcomplicated, hard, not easyribet
rombengragsrombeng
timpukthrowtimpuk
udakchaseudak

From Nias

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
Nias
word
Nias
meaning
Note
madoNias' clan systemmado

From Batak

WordMeaningOriginal word
molekvoluptuousᯔᯬᯞᯧᯂ᯲(molek)

From Balinese

Balinese, or simply Bali, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (as of 2000) on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok and eastern Java.

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
Balinese
word
Arja a popular form of Balinese theatre which combines elements of opera, dance, and drama.ᬅᬃᬚ (Arja)
Awatara [1] An incarnation of god, or its manifestationᬅᬯᬢᬭ (Awatara)
Awig-Awigbalinese customary lawᬅᬯᬶᬕ᭄ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄ (Awig-Awig)
Badea corpse stretcher tower used in Ngaben ᬩᬤᬾ (Badé)
Bandranga spear decorated with the hairs of animalsᬩᬦ᭄ᬤ᭄ᬭᬂ (Bandrang)
Bangkunga female sow ᬩᬗ᭄ᬓᬸᬂ (Bangkung)
Banjara community organisation a level below villagesᬩᬜ᭄ᬚᬃ (Banjar)
Bantenan offering/tributeᬩᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄ (Bantên)
Barong a creature from Javanese and Balinese mythologyᬩᬭᭀᬂ (Barong)
Bebalisemi sacred Balinese dances ᬩᭂᬩᬮᬶ (Bêbali)
Bebangkitan offering to the Hindu Goddess Durga in the form of cakes and fruitᬩᭂᬩᬂᬓᬶᬢ᭄ (Bêbangkit)
Bebekelproperties brought by husband or wife before marriageᬩᭂᬩᭂᬓᭂᬮ᭄ (Bêbêkêl)
Bendesathe ruler of a villageᬩᭂᬦ᭄ᬤᬾᬰ (Bêndésa)
Caturjalmathe four castes of society [ citation needed ]ᬘᬢᬸᬃᬚᬮ᭄ᬫ (Caturjalma)
Cokordaruler of a local kingdomᬘᭀᬓᭀᬃᬤ (Cokorda)
Dewaa deity or godᬤᬾᬯ (Déwa)
Notes
^1 A loanword from Sanskrit, अवतार.

From Indian languages

From Sanskrit

Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem, and its status is comparable with that of Latin in English and other Western Indo-European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms; these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city (former Hollandia) and Jayawijaya Mountains (former Orange Range) in the Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s; both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards, such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names.

The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence on Indonesia came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century. [4] The words are either directly borrowed from India or through the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by Prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

From Pali

Pali (Pāli) is a Prakrit language and belongs to the Indo-European language family together with Sanskrit. As Sanskrit is the language vehicle of Hinduism, Pali is the language vehicle for Buddhism, especially the Theravada tradition which is mainly adhered to by Buddhists within Indosphere Southeast Asia. Virtually every word in Pāḷi has cognates in the other Middle Indo-Aryan languages, the Prakrits. The relationship to Vedic Sanskrit is less direct and more complicated; the Prakrits were descended from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars.

Indonesian wordIndonesian meaningPali wordPali transcriptionPali meaningNote
belanjashopping, expenseवलञ्जvalañjathat which is spent or secreted
biku bhikkhu (classical)भिक्खुbhikkhu beggar, bhikkhu see also biksu from Sanskrit.
bikuni bhikkhuni (classical)भिक्खुणीbhikkhuṇī beggar, bhikkhuni see also biksuni from Sanskrit.
danaallocated moneyधनdhanatreasure
danadonation, fundsदानdānagiving, liberality; offering, almscognate of Sanskrit दान (dāna).
dukasadnessदुक्खdukkhastress; suffering; pain; distress; discontent
lobagreedलोभlobhagreed; passion; unskillful desire.
maracalamityमारmāra mara (demon)cognate of Sanskrit मार (māra).
meranasick, sadnessमारणmāraṇakilling, slaughter, murdercognate of Sanskrit मारण (māraṇa).
percayabelieveपरिचयparicayafamiliaritycognate of Sanskrit प्रत्ययः (pratyayaḥ)
raga(physical) bodyरागrāgalust; greed

From Hindi

Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is an Indo-European, and specifically an Indo-Aryan language. It is descended from Sanskrit and is considered part of the Central Indo-Aryan subgroup.

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
Hindi
word
Hindi
transcription
Hindi
meaning
Note
acarpicklesअचारachaar pickles
antariclothअंतरीयantarīyaunder garment
gari, argarihandcuffsहाथकड़ीhath-kaṛīhand+link
ayahfatherआयाāyāayah, nanny
bahadurbraveबहादुरbahādurbravefrom Persian بهادر (bahâdor)
bahana1. loud sound (n.),
2. great, bright (adj.)
भनकbhanaka low or distant sound, hum, buzz, ring
हननाhannāto speak, to break silence
bakdul rein बागडोरbāgḍor rein
bangloperforated crates to keep the fish in the dam areabanglā
bangsalward, shed, public buildingभनसालbhansālstorehouse, magazine, granarysee भण्डसाल (bhanḍsāl) < भण्डसार (bhaṇḍasāra) storehouse, magazine, granary
baruaprocuressbhaṛuā
basistale, spoiltबासीbāsīstale, rancid
belbellbel
belatidaggerविलायतीvilāyatīforeign
bendahari, bendarifemale treasurerभंडारीbhaṇḍārīstore keeper
benianबनियानbaniyānunder garment, vest
beta I (first-person pronoun) (classical, Moluccas)बेटाbeṭāson
bêtiproofbeṭī
bibiaunt
cacar pox (disease)चेचकcecak pox (disease)
cakelabrothel, whorehouse (archaic)चकलाcaklābrothel, whorehouse
canduopiumचण्डूcaṇḍū opium from Sanskrit चण्ड+उकः
capstamp ?
छापा
chāp
ṭhappā
 ?
stamp
capalleather sandalचप्पलcappalslipper
celanapants, trousersचोलनाćolnāshort breeches, reaching half-way down the thighs
cempacampā
ceri cherry ( Muntingia calabura )curī
ceteritent (in boat) (arch.)छत्रीćhatrīcovering, canopy Sanskrit tadbhava word छत्रिका
cindaiflowery silkcunrī
coli(arch.)colī
culim smoking pipe चिलमcilam smoking pipe see also chillum
curafunnychurā
curistealचूरी
चोरी
ćūrī
corī
steal
cutileaveछुट्टीchuṭṭīleave
dalbeanदालdāldried, split pulsessee dal.
dam check (pattern) दामdāmnet, snare
dandia kind of musical instrumentडोंडीḍoṅḍīsmall kettle-drumSanskrit tadbahva दुन्दुभी
deralashdurrāto whip
diansmall lampदियाdīyālight, lamp, lantern
dobi laundry worker धोबीdhobī laundry worker (male)
dol1. Indian drum,
2. mast
ढोलḍhol dhol
डोलḍol mast probably from Arabic دلو (dalw)
duhaian interjection wordदुहाईduhāīcry for help
dulidust; foot; honorary word for official, nobility, or kingडोलीḍolīa kind of sedansee also paduka.
durafarदूरdūrfar
gajus cashew (Anacardium occidentale)दूरkājū cashew (Anacardium occidentale)possibly from Tupian acajú through Portuguese caju
gala-galasmall beegūgal
gandasmall beegāna
ganja Cannabis sativa गांझाgāṅjhā Cannabis sativa probably from Sanskrit गृञ्ज+कः, or गृञ्जनकः
gap1. sound of slapping on a table.
2 sound of heartbeat.
gapthe sound made by a blow, or in swallowing
garam salt गरमgaramhot, warm
gelecacake (arch.)gālīcā
gulimarblesगोलीgolīballfrom Sanskrit गोल+इका
gusarangryg̠uṣṣachoking, angerfrom Arabic غصة, from. غصّ 'to be choked'

From Tamil

Loanwords from Tamil, while also an Indian language (though not Indo-European like Sanskrit), mainly exist in cuisine, like Chinese and unlike Sanskrit. It is a Dravidian language and not an Indo-Aryan language. However, Hinduism had great impact in Tamil, there are several Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil and they are possibility to list them in Indo-Aryan loanwords, such as Sanskrit.

Interaction between Tamil speakers and Malay speakers has been established from ancient time. Tamil influence has been around such as Palava usage as ancient script in Indonesia (Palava dynasty was existed on 275 CE–897 CE) and Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025. It mainly entered the lexicon of Malay (and by extension, Indonesian) with the immigration of South Indian traders who settled around the Strait of Malacca.

Indonesian WordIndonesian MeaningTamil WordTamil TransliterationTamil MeaningNote
acaram1. ring,
2. earnest money
அச்சகாரம்accāramearnest money
acumould, modelஅச்சுaccumould
andaiif, supposeஅண்டைaṇṭainear, support
apamkind of cakeஅப்பம்appam appam, rice cake, bread pastry
badaistormவாடைvāṭaiwind, north wind
bagaisort ofவகைvakaikind, sort
baji wedge வசிvacicleft, point, edge
basi1. commission, fee
2. overtime or extra pay
3. reduction (in price), discount
வாசிvāci1. difference
2. rate, as of interest; portion
3. discount, in changing money
batilcopper bowl, plate, trayவட்டில்vaṭṭila brass tray, a platter; basket
bedilgun, rifleவெடிveṭiexplosion, as of gunvia Javanese bedhil
biculeverவீச்சுvīccublow, stroke
biram1. elephant,
2. double-headed snake,
3. red
வேழம்vēḻamelephant
canaigrindstoneசாணைcāṇai-k-kalgrindstone
cemetiwhipசம்மட்டிcammaṭṭi1. (horse-)whip,
2. large hammer
cerpelai mongoose (Herpestes sp.)கீரிப்பிள்ளைkīri-p-piḷḷaicommon Indian mungoose, Indian ichneumon, Herpestes mungo
cerpuleather sandals (terompah-like)செருப்புceruppuleather sandals, slippers, shoes
cerutu, serutu cigar சுருட்டுcuruṭṭu1. curling, coiling;
2. cigar
cetimoney lenderசெட்டிceṭṭimercantile caste, tradersfrom Prakrit sēṭṭišrēṣṭhin
cukaiexcise tax, custom சுங்கம்cuṅkamduty on goods, customs, tollsfrom Prakrit šuṅkašulka
cukudried gambier rootsசுக்குcukkudried ginger
cumaonly, no othersசும்மாcummāleisurely, without any occupation or work ?
gulasugarகுளம்kuḷamsugar*?
gulaikind of curryகுலைgulai*?
gundumarblesகுண்டுkuṇṭuball; anything globular and heavy
gurindamtwo lines rhymeகிரந்தம்kirantam1. book, treatise
2. A verse or prose containing 32 syllables, šlōka
from grantha.
helaisheetஇலைilaileaf, petal
jodoh, jolimate, partnerசோடிcōṭicouple, pairloanword from Hind. jōḍi.
joliroyal sedanடோலிṭōlia kind of sedanloanword from Hind. ḍōlā.
kambiwooden frames to strengthen the edges of doorsகம்பிkampiwall plate
kapalboatகப்பல்kappalship, sailing vessel
kari, karecurryகறிkaṟi curry
katai, katiksmall, shortகடைkaṭṭaishort, low, dwarfish
defect, deficiency
katelum bastion கொத்தளம்kottalampart of a rampart, bastion, defensive erection on the top of a rampartfrom Pāli koṭṭhaka
katia measure of weight = 6¼ onsகட்டிkaṭṭia measure of weight = 25 palams
katik1. Paspalum scrobiculatum ,
2. Treron curvirostra ,
3. area measurement (of land or field)
கட்டைkaṭṭai mile
katilbedகட்டில்kaṭṭil1. cot, bedstead, couch, sofa,
2. Throne
kawalguard, escourtகாவல்kāvaldefence, protection, watchman, guard
kedaifoodstallகடைkaṭaibazaar, shop, market
kedelai Glycine max கடலைkaṭalai Cicer arietinum , Melastoma malabaricum Kanarese, Travancore usage kaḍale, Malayalam kaḍala
keledai Equus asinus கழுதைkaḻutai Equus asinus
ketumbar Coriandrum sativum கொத்தமல்லிkottamalli Coriandrum sativum from Sanskrit कुस्तुम्बुरु (kustumburu)
koditwenty unitsகோடிkōṭi1. Crore, ten millions,
2. large number
kolampool, pond, basin, tankகுளம்kuḷamtank, pond, reservoir, lake
konde, kundaidressing of hair in large coil on the headகொண்டைkoṇṭaituft, dressing of hair in large coil on the headrelated to Telugu koṇḍe, Kanarese Travancore goṇḍe, Malayalam koṇṭa
korundumnatural Aluminum oxide குருந்தம்kuruntam corundum, emery
kudaibasket made of rattanகூடைkūṭaibasket made of rattan, ola or bamboo
kuiltempleகோயில்kōyil1. Palace,
2. Temple, Sanctuary
kulailimpகுலைkulaito untie, loosen, dishevel
kuliphysical workerகூலிkūli1. wages, pay;
2. fare, hire, freight
kundiclay craftsmankuṉṟi ?
ladamhorseshoeலாடம்lāṭamhorseshoe
lebaimosque employeesலப்பைlappaiTamil-speaking Muhammadans
logammetalஉலோகம்ulōkammetalfrom lōha metal
madalia musical instrumentமத்தளம்mattaḷama kind of drum
malaistrandsமாலைmālaianything strung together
maligairoyal chamber in palaceமாளிகைmāḷikaitop floor of a storied building ?
manggamangoமாங்காய்māṅkāymango
manikbeadsmaṇi
manikamdiamondமாணிக்கம்māṇikkamgem, precious stone
merikan, marikanclothes from Americaமரிக்கன்marikkaṉfrom America
marudisturbing ghostமாற்றுmāṟṟuto change, alter
to conceal, hide
to shift; to transfer, as from a place
matugrade of goldமாற்றுmāṟṟudegree of fineness of gold or silver
mempelammangoமாம்பழம்mā-m-paḻammango fruit
merunggai Moringa oleifera முருங்கைmuruṅkai Moringa pterygosperma
metaibedமெத்தைmettaibed, cushion
meteraiseal, stampமுத்திரைmuttirai1. impress, mark
2. seal, signet
3. stamp, as for postage, for court fees
misaimustacheமீசைmīcai1. upper part,
2. cf. šmašru. moustache
modalcapital, stockமுதல்mutal1. beginning
2. principal, fund, capital, money yielding interest
3. stock, store
mundamlarge tub for royal bathingமுந்தைmuntaismall vessel
mutu1. quality, purity of gold
2. sad
3. In pinch (chess)
முட்டுmuttudifficulty, as in passing,
hindrance, obstacle, impediment
nalivolume unit =16 gantang =1/50 koyanநாழிnāḻitubularity; tube,
a measure of capacity, =8 ollocks
related to nāḍi
nelayanfishermanநுளையன், கரையான், வலையன், வலைஞன்nuḷaiyaṉ, karaiyāṉ, valaiyaṉ, valaiñaṉ,fisher(man)
nilaindigoநீலnilablue, black, common indigo, blue nelumbo
nilaivalueநிலைnilaistanding
character, quality, temper, nature
nilakandiindigo (color, stone): blue vitriol நீலகண்டன்nīla-kaṇṭaṉblue vitriol
nilam Pycnonotus aurigaster
Pogostemon cablin
நீலம்nīlamblue, azure or purple colour
ondé-ondé jian dui உண்டைuṇṭaiball, globe, sphere; anything round or globular
panaiwooden trayபானைpāṉai1. large earthen pot or vessel
2. measure of capacity
3. oil measure = 4 cempu
pancalogammixture of five (many) metalsபஞ்சலோகம்pañcalōkam1. The five kinds of metal, poṉ, irumpu, cempu, īyam, veḷḷi;
2. Amalgam of the five metals
pandam resin (in the grip of keris)பண்டம்pantam1. substance, material, utensils.
2. belly, body
from bhāṇḍa
panduguideபந்துpanturelation, kinsmanfrom bandhu.
patam, petamornament, jewelryபட்டம்paṭṭamplate of gold worn on the forehead, as an ornament or badge of distinction
pawai1. parade, procession
2. royal equipments
பவனிpavaṉiparade
pelbagaivarious1. பல
2. வகை
1. pala
2. vakai
1. many
2. division, class, manner, way, nature, goods, places, detail
perisaishieldபரிசைparicai1. shield, buckler (come from phara)
2. large umbrella, as a badge of honour
perlisatire, mockeryபுரளிpuraḷi1. Lying, falsehood;
2. Mischief, waggishness;
3. Quarrel, wrangle, broil;
peti chest, boxபெட்டிpeṭṭi chest, trunk, coffer, box
pitamheadache, dizzinessபித்தம்
பித்தம்
pittam
pitta
lunacy, madness
dizziness
puadai red carpet பாவாடைpāvāṭai red carpet
pualam marble பவளம்pavaḷamred coral
pudismall diamondபொடிpoṭismall gem
putu kue putu புட்டுpuṭṭu puttu
ragamvariousராகம்(i)rākamdesire, color, redness, music
rotibreadரொட்டிroṭṭibread, wheaten cake
sambal sambal சம்பாரம்campāram spicy condiments, curry stuff1. from Sanskrit सम्बार (sambāra) 'spices'.
2. related to sambar (சாம்பார் cāmpār)
satai, saté satay சதைcatai flesh
sedelinggamred paint materialசாதிலிங்கம்cātiliṅkamcermilion, red sulphurate of mercury
senam calisthenics சானம்
சனம்
cāṇam
caṉam
meditation ( dhyāna )
people, crowd, herd
sengketato disputeஸங்கடம்saṅkaṭamtrouble
talamtray without feetதாலம்tālam1. eating- plate, porringer, usually of metal.
2. Salver
tampahtrayதம்பாtampātraysee tatak
tambi1. younger brother (Indian)
2. helper
தம்பிtampiyounger brother (Indian)
tandiloverseerதண்டல்taṇṭaltax-collector
tandupalanquinதண்டுtaṇṭupole of a palanquin or other vehicle
tembagacopperசெம்புcempucopper, gold, metal vessel
temanfriendதமன்tamaṉfriend (male)
terusi, tursiblue vitriolதுருசுturucublue vitriol
tiraicurtainதிரைtiraicurtain
tolanfriendதோழன்tōlanfriend (male)
topihatதொப்பிtoppicap
tunaicashதுணைtuṇaimeasure, extent, degree, quantity, number ?
WédaVēdasவேதம்vētamVēdas

From Middle Eastern languages

From Arabic

The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations, this practice has been discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus.

WordMeaningOriginal wordTranscription, notes
abdiservantعَبْدʻabd
abjadalphabetالأبْجَدِيّةal'abjadia
adabcivilize, properأَدَبadab: manner
adatcustomعادةʻāda
ahadSundayالأحدal-ahad
ajaibmagicalعجائبʻajāʼīb
ajaldeathأَجَلʻajl: fate
akadcontract, promiseعَقْدʻaqd
akalreasonعَقْلʻaql
akhirendآخِرʼākhir
akhirathereafterآخِرةākhira
akhlakcharacter, nature (of person)أَخْلاقakhlāq
alamnature, realmعالَمʻālam: world, earth
alaminaturalعالَميّʻālamiyy
aljabaralgebraالجَبْرal-jabr
amalalms giving, good deedعَمَلʻamal: work
amansafe, secureأمانʼamān
andayou (formal)أَنْتَanta
asaloriginأَصْلʼaṣl
asasfoundation, basisأَساسʼasās
asasifoundational, basicأَساسيّʼasāsiyy
aslireal, originalأَصْليّʼaṣliyy
awalbeginningأَوَّلʼawwal
badanbodyبَدَنbadan
baharimaritime, naval, of the seaبَحْريّbaḥriyy
batininner selfبَطْنbaṭn: stomach
berkah, berkatblessingبَرَكةbaraka
daftarlistدَفْتَرdaftar: notebook
dahsyatawesomeدَهْشَةdahshat: astonishment
dakwahsermonدَعْوةda'wa
derajatdegree, levelدَرَجَةdaraja
doaprayدُعاءdu'ā
duniaworldدُنْياdunyā
faedahbenefit, profitفَائِدَةfāida
fajardawnفَجْرfajr
fakirpoor person, pauperفَقيرfaqīr
gaibunseenغَائِبghāib
hadiahgift, presentهديةhadiyyah
hafalmemorizeحَفِظَhifz
halalreligiously lawfulحَلالḥalāl
hakrightحَقّḥaqq
hakikattruth, baseحَقيقةḥaqīqa
hakikitrue, realحَقيقيّḥaqīqiyy
hakimjudge (in court of law)حاكِمḥākim
haramreligiously unlawfulحَرامḥarām
harfiahliteralحَرْفيّةḥarfiyya
hayatilivingحَياتيّḥayātiyy
hewananimalحَيَوانḥayawān
hikmahwisdom, deeper meaningحِكْمةḥikma
hukumlawحُكْمḥukm
hurufletter (of an alphabet)حُروفḥurūf
iblisdevilإِبْلِيس'iiblis
see setan
ijazahdiplomaإجازةʼijāza: license
ikhlassincereإخلاصikhlas
ikrarpledge, declarationإقْرارʼiqrār
ilmiahscientificعِلْميّةʻilmiyya
ilmuknowledge, scienceعِلْمʻilm
istilahtermإصْطلَاحiṣṭilaḥ
istirahatrest, break, pause, recessاسْتِراحةistirāḥa
izinpermission, to permitإذْنʼidhn
jadwalscheduleجَدْوَلjadwal
jahanamcursed, damnedجَهَنَّمjahannam: hell
jahilprank, practical jokeجاهِلjāhil: ignorant, uninformed
jawabanswerجَوابjawāb
jenazahcorpseجَنازةjanāza: funeral
jilbabhijab, head coveringجلبابjilbāb: loose coat
JumatFridayالجُمْعةal-jumʻa
kabarnewsخَبَرkhabar
kafanwhite shroud (to cover the dead)كَفَنkafan
kafirinfidelكافِرkāfir
kaidahruleقَاعِدَةqā'ida
KamisThursdayالخَميسal-khamīs
kamusdictionaryقاموسqāmūs
keraapeقردqarad
kertaspaperقِرْطاسqirṭās
khalayakaudience, public
khasspecialtyخاصّkhāṣṣ
khawatirworryخواطرkhawatir: reflections
khayalimagination, fictionخَيَالkhayāl
khianatbetrayal, treasonخِيَانَةُkhiāna
khitancircumcisionخِتانkhitān
khususspecial, particularخصوصkhuṣūṣ
kitabreligious bookكِتابkitāb
korbanvictimقُرْبانqurbān: sacrifice
kuliahcollege/lectureكُلّيّةkulliyya: faculty
kurmadate palmكَرْمةkarma: grapevine
kursichairكُرْسيّkursiyy
kurunspan (of time)قُرونqurūn: centuries
lahirto be born; physical, external, outerظاهرẓāhir
laskarsoldierالعَسْكَرal-ʻaskar
lezatdeliciousلذّةladhdha
lisanverbally, tongueلِسانlisān
maafsorry, to apologiseمعافmuʻāf
mahkamahcourt of lawمَحْكَمةmaḥkama
majelisassembly, board, councilمَجْلِسmajlis
makamgraveمَقَامmaqām: permanent place of s.t.
makhlukcreatureمخلوقmaẖlūq
maknameaningمَعْنًىmaʻnan
maksudmeaning, purposeمَقْصودmaqsūd
maktubwrittenمَكْتوبmaktūb
malaikatangelمَلائكةmalāʼika
masalahproblemمَسْأَلةmasʼala
masjidmosqueمَسْجِدmasjid
mautdead, deadlyمَوْتmawt
menaratowerمَنارةmanāra
MesirEgyptمِصْرmiṣr
miskinpoorمِسْكينmiskīn
mubaziruselessمُبَذِّرmubaḏḏir
mufakatapprovalموافقةmuwāfaqa
muflisbankruptمُفْلِسmuflis
mujizatmiracleالمعجزاتal-mujazat
mungkinmaybeمُمْكِنmumkin
munafikhypocriteمُنافِقmunāfiq
murtadapostateمُرْتَدّmurtadd
musimseasonمَوْسِمmawsim
mustahilimpossibleمُسْتَحيلmustaḥīl
musyawarahdiscussionمشاورةmushāwara
nabiprophetنَبيّnabiyy
nafasbreathe, respireتَنَفَّسَtanaffas
nafkahlivingنفقةnafaqa: alimony
nafsudesireنَفْسnafs: self, soul
najisimpure, uncleanنَجِسnajis
nasihatadviceنَصيحةnaṣīḥa
nikahto marryنِكاحnikāḥ
nisbahratioنسبةnisb
pahamto understandفَهْمfahm
petuahlesson, adviceفَتْوىfatwā
pikirto thinkفِكْرfikr
pondokcottage, lodge, shackفندقfunduq
RabuWednesdayالأَرْبِعاءal-ʼarbiʻāʼ
rahimuterus, wombرَحِمraḥim
rahmatblessingرَحْمةraḥma
rakyatpeople, citizenرَعيّةraʻiyya
rasulprophet, apostleرَسولrasūl
rehat, rihatrestراحةrāḥa
saatmomentساعةsāʻa: hour
sabarpatientصَبْرṣabr
SabtuSaturdayالسَبْتas-sabt
sabunsoapصابونṣābūn
sahabatclose friendصَحابةṣaḥāba
salatto pray (for Muslims)صَلاةṣalāh
salehpiousصالِحṣāliḥ
saljusnowثَلْجthalj
sarafnerveصَرْفṣarf
saumfastingصَوْمṣawm
sebabcause, reasonسَبَبsabab
sedekahcharitable gift, almsصَدَقةṣadaqa
sehathealthyصِحّةṣiḥḥa
sirupsyrupالشرابsharab
selamatsafe, well-beingسَلامةsalāma
SelasaTuesdayالثُلاثاءath-thulāthāʼ
SeninMondayالإثْنَيْنal-ithnayn
serikatcompany, federationشَرِكَةsharika
setandevil, demonشَيْطَانshaitan
siasatstrategy, trickسِياسةsiyāsa: policy, strategy
sifatcharacteristic, trait, qualityصِفةṣifa
soalquestion, problemسُؤالsuʼāl
subuhearly morningصُبْحṣubḥ
sultankingسلطانsultan
syariatIslamic lawشَريعةsharīʻa
syukurgratitudeشُكْرshukr
taatobedientطاعةṭāʿa
tabibtraditional healerطَبيبṭabīb
takaburarrogantتَكَبُّرtakabbur
takdirdestinyتقديرtaqdir: estimation
terjemahto translateتَرْجَمةtarjama
tertiborderlyتَرْتيبtartīb
umumcommon, publicعُمومʻumūm
umurageعُمْرʻumr
unsurelementعُنْصُرʻunṣur
wahidone, the onlyواحِدwāḥid
wajahfaceوَجْهwajh
wajibrequired, compulsoryوَاجِبwājib: duty
waktutimeوَقْتwaqt
waristo inheritوارِثwārith
wilayahregion, areaوِلايةwilāya
yakinconfidence, sureness, beliefيَقينyaqīn
zaitunoliveزَيْتونzaytūn
zakarmale genitaliaذَكَرdhakar
zakatalmsزَكاةzakāh
zamaneraزَمَنzaman
zamrudemeraldزُمُرُّدzumurrud
ziarahpilgrimageزيارةziyāra: visit
zinahadulteryزِناءzināʼ

From Persian

Persian is an Indo-European language under the Indo-Iranian branch, wherein Sanskrit and Hindi belongs.

WordMeaningOriginal wordTranscription, notes
anggurgrape, wineانگورan-gūr
bajushirtبازوbāzū (arm)
bandarportبندرbandar
cadarveilچادرchādar
dewanassembly, meetingدیوانdivan (administration)
firdauseden, bountiful gardenفردوسfirdaus
gandumwheatگندمgandum
juangbattleجنگjang
kaisaremperorقیصرqeysar
kismisraisinکشمشkishmish
kurmadateخرماkhurmā
medanarea, field, squareمیدانmeidan
nakhodacaptain of a shipناخداnākhodā
pahlawanheroپ‍ﮩ‍لوانpahlwān
pasarmarket/bazaarبازارbāzār
pesonacharmافسونafsūn
pialacup, trophyپیالهpyāla (cup, bowl)
pirusturquoiseسنگ فیروزهfiruze
rubahfoxروباهrubah
salamhello/regardsسلامsalam (a is pronounced like in autograph)
sihirmagicسِحْرsihr
syahbandarportmasterشاهِ بندرshah-e bandar (lit. "king of the port")
takhtathroneتختtakht
taufantyphoonتافونtaufan
ustadteacher (religious, Islam)اُستَاذustad
YunaniGreeceيونانyūnān
ziraharmorزرهzirah

From Hebrew

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
Hebrew
word
Hebrew
Transliteration
Hebrew
meaning
NoteRef
bethel1. holy place,
2. a Christian denomination
בֵּית אֵל beth.elhouse of Godusually loan rendered as bait Allah (bait is a loanword from the cognate word بَيْت (bayt) in Arabic).
haleluya alleluia, hallelujah הַלְּלוּיָהּ halleluya alleluia, hallelujah
kibbutz kibbutz קִבּוּץ kibútz kibbutz
mazmur psalms מזמור mizmora lyric ode, or a song set to musicsee psalms.
onani masturbation, to masturbate אוננות onanútmasturbationafter the Biblical figure: Onan, Genesis: 38:9 [5] [6] [7] [8]
rabi rabbi רַבִּי rab.bi rabbi
sabatshabbat שַׁבָּת shab.batshabbat1. see Shabbat and Sabbath.
2. see also sabtu, loanword from Arabic.
YahweYahweh יהוה *see noteYahweh1. see Yahweh, Judeo-Christian-Islamic God.
2. see also tetragrammaton.

From East Asian languages

From Chinese

Chinese loanwords into Indonesian often involve cuisine, trade, or Chinese culture. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia (termed the peranakan) is almost 1% (totaling to about 3 million people, although this may likely be an underestimate due to an anti-Chinese sentiment that exists in some circles of the population), yet the peranakan are the most successful when it comes to business, trade, and cuisine.[ citation needed ] Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu – knife), mie (T:麵, S:面, Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), teko (T:茶壺, S:茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦 khu (bitter) and 力 li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). Almost all loanwords in Indonesian of Chinese origin come from Hokkien (福建) or Hakka (客家).

From Japanese

Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanword can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period (1942–1945) and globalisation of Japanese popular culture (1980–now). As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.

From Korean

In contrast with Chinese and Japanese, Korean loanwords are mostly related to Korean culture. These loanword is attributed to increasing popularity of South Korean culture. Since the turn of the 21st century, South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism, aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy. This phenomenon is called Korean Wave.

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
Korean
Hangul
Korean
Hanja
Korean
Transliteration
Korean
meaning
NoteRef
bibimbap bibimbap 비빔밥 bi-bim-bap bibimbap Korean rice dish with meat, vegetables, egg and spices that are eaten by mixing all these ingredients. [9]
bulgogi bulgogi 불고기 bul-go-gi bulgogi Korean dish made from seasoned meat, processed by grilling or frying. [10]
kimci kimchi 김치 kim-chi kimchi traditional side dishmade from salted and fermented vegetables. [11]
mukbang mukbang 먹방 먹放muk-bang mukbang Broadcast that shows people eating a lot of food. [12]
taekwondo taekwondo 태권도 跆拳道 taekwondo taekwondo Taekwondo is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques.
won won won1. won, the currencies
2. circle
Won are currencies of South and North Korea.

From European languages

The European influence on Indonesian is largely related to European intervention and colonialism. The most significant consequence is the continued use of the Latin alphabet instead of various local scripts.

The Portuguese arrived first in the archipelago and influenced the original Malay language after their conquest of Malacca. Portuguese dominance over trade in the region and control of the spice islands of Moluccas significantly increased Portuguese influence, as did the introduction of Christianity in the region.

However, Dutch has had the most influence on the language, as a result of the Dutch having controlled Indonesia for 300 years after eliminating Portuguese influence in the archipelago. The Dutch language itself was not introduced into the archipelago before 1799, when the Dutch government took over the colony from the already bankrupt VOC (Dutch East India company). Previously, the Malay language had adopted by the VOC due to its trade and diplomatic benefit, which led to large numbers of loanwords being introduced into the language.

English has also exerted a certain influence on the archipelago's language, being the third most favored foreign language by the educated in colonial days. More recently, English has played an increasingly large role in the nation's official language as a result of globalization.

From Portuguese

Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. [13]

WordMeaningOriginal word
aktacertificate, act (law)acta (Dutch: akte)
algojoexecutioneralgoz
armadafleetarmada
babuservantbabo
bangkuchairbanco: bench (Dutch: bank)
baretbarrettebarrete
batakobrickpataco
BelandaDutch, HollandHolanda
bendéraflagbandeira
beranda verandah, porchvaranda
biolaviolinviola
bolaballbola
bolu (kué)(a type of) cakebolo
bonékadollboneca
cerutucigarcharuto
dansadance (not including traditional dance)dança
dadudicedado
gagumutegago: stutterer, stuttering
gancohookgancho
garpuforkgarfo
geréjachurchigreja
gratisfree (not having to pay)gratis (Dutch: gratis)
jendélawindowjanela
JepangJapanJapão
kaldubrothcaldo
kanalchannelcanal (Dutch: kanaal)
kéjucheesequeijo
keméjashirtcamisa
kerétachariot/cartcarreta
kertaspapercartas (papel)
kredocreedcredo
lelangauctionleilão
lemariclosetarmário
mejatablemesa
mentégabuttermanteiga
MingguSundaydomingo
misamassmissa
mitosmythmitos
nanaspineappleananás
natalChristmasnatal
nodastainnódoa
nonayoung womandona
pabrikfactoryfábrica
palsufake, falsefalso
pastapastepasta
perdushrubpardo: brown
pesiarcruise, excursionpassear
pestapartyfesta
pigura/figurapicture, figurefigura
pitaribbonfita
pompapumpbomba hidráulica, (Dutch: pomp)
pribadipersonal, privateprivado
rodawheelroda
sabunsoapsabão
sakupocket, bagsaco (Dutch: zak)
santo/santasaintsanto
sekolahschoolescola (Latin: schola)
sepatushoesapato
serdadusoldiersoldado
témpotimetempo
tendatenttenda
teriguwheattrigo
tintainktinta
tololfooltolo
tukarexchangetrocar

From Dutch

The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an extensive imprint on Indonesian vocabulary. These Dutch loanwords, as well as other non Italo-Iberian European language loanwords which were introduced via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords possessing clusters of multiple consonants pose difficulties for speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by the insertion of the schwa. For example, Dutch schroef[ˈsxruf]sekrup[səˈkrup]. The months from January (Januari) to December (December) used in Indonesian are also derived from Dutch. Although Dutch loanwords are normally no longer newly developed, there is some sort of derivation using Dutch-loaned suffixes, like -si "-tion" ← Dutch -tie, -ase "-age" ← -age, and -is "-ic, -ish" ← -isch.

It is estimated that 10,000 words in the Indonesian language can be traced back to the Dutch language. [14]

From English

Many English words are adopted in Indonesian through globalization, due to this however many Indonesians mistake words that were originally adopted from Dutch with English due to the Germanic traces that exist in the two languages (both are Indo-European Germanic languages from the same branch, the West Germanic). However, many English words in Indonesian too are borrowed via Malay (such as: sains (science), enjin (engine), botol (bottle), gaun (gown), etc.).

WordMeaningOriginal word
aksesaccessaccess
aktingacting (for drama, etc.)acting
aktrisactressactress
aktualactualactual (displacing Dutch actueel)
akuntabelaccountableaccountable
asetassetasset
astronotastronautastronaut
bisnisbusinessbusiness
blenderblenderblender
botolbottlebottle (via Malay botol)
casto charge (of electrical power)charge (via Malay cas)
dasbordashboarddashboard
desaindesigndesign
diskondiscountdiscount
displaidisplaydisplay
domaindomaindomain (displacing Dutch domein)
drafdraftdraft
editeditedit
eksisexistexist
eksperimentalexperimentalexperimental (displacing Dutch experimenteel)
elektronikelectronicelectronic
enjinengineengine (via Malay enjin)
entrientry (as in "data entry")entry
fesyenfashionfashion (via Malay fesyen)
fondasifoundationfoundation (influenced by Dutch suffix -ie for -ion)
forensikforensicsforensic
fotokopiphotocopyphotocopy
frontalfrontalfrontal
gaundressgown (via Malay gaun)
gimgamegame
gitarguitarguitar (via Malay)
gosipgossipgossip
independenindependentindependent
instaninstantinstant
intelijenintelligenceintelligence
isuissueissue
jusjuicejuice
kalemcalmcalm
kampuscampuscampus
kartekercaretakercaretaker
kartuncartooncartoon
kasetcassettecassette
kateringcatering servicecatering
katrijink cartridgecartridge (via Malay katrij)
kiborkeyboard (computer or piano)keyboard
kipergoal keeperkeeper
klaimclaimclaim
klakson horn klaxon (Dutch: claxon)
kliringclearing (banking)clearing
koboicowboycowboy
koincoincoin
kokpitcockpitcockpit
komersialcommercialcommercial (displacing Dutch commercieel)
komitmencommitmentcommitment
kompatibelcompatiblecompatible
komputercomputercomputer
komplitcompletecomplete (Dutch: Compleet)
kondomcondomcondom
kontekscontextcontext
kontencontentcontent
kontercountercounter (Germans: konter)
kontroversicontroversycontroversy
krimcreamcream
kriminalcrimecriminal (displacing Dutch crimineel)
kukiscookiescookies
kustodiancustodian bankcustodian
lobilobbylobby
losionlotionlotion
manajemenmanagementmanagement
matriksmatrixmatrix
mikroskopmicroscopemicroscope
modemmodemmodem
modernmodernmodern (Dutch: moderne)
modulmodulemodule
monitormonitormonitor
opsionaloptionaloptional
panelispanelistpanelist
parselparcelparcel
partnerpartnerpartner
personalpersonalpersonal
pilotpilotpilot (Dutch: Piloot)
HP
read:Ha-Pé (shortened word from Hand Phone)
cell phonehand phone (used in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and South Korea)
problemproblemproblem
proktorproctorproctor
prosidingproceedingsproceeding
prosesorprocessor (computing)processor
radarradarradar
reviureviewreview
rileksrelaxrelax
risetresearchresearch
roketrocketrocket
sampelsamplesample
sainssciencescience (via Malay sains)
skandalscandalscandal
skorscorescore
skriningscreening (in the sense of "examination")screening
sibercybercyber
sistemsystemsystem (displacing Dutch systeem)
sponsorsponsorsponsor
stopstopstop
stresstressstress
stroberistrawberrystrawberry
suplaisupplysupply
surveisurveysurvey
targettargettarget
templattemplatetemplate
tiketticketticket
tisutissuetissue (via Malay)
transfertransfertransfer
trentrendtrend
triktricktrick
unitunitunit
virtualvirtualvirtual
volivolleyballvolley

From Greek

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
Greek
word
Greek
Transliteration
Greek
meaning
Source
word
Source
meaning
Via
(source)
NoteRef
agape agape ἀγάπη agápē agape
apokrifa 1. uncertain source.
2. biblical apocrypha
ἀπόκρυφος apókruphoshidden
apologi 1. remorse.
2. defense
ᾰ̓πολογῐ́ᾱ apologíā (Ancient) defense
asbes, asbestos asbestos ἄσβεστος ásbestos unquenchable, inextinguishable asbest asbestos Dutch Dutch asbest (asbestos) is based on Latin asbestos (asbestos).
askese rigorous self-denial ἀσκητής askētḗs monk, hermit
autopsi, otopsi autopsy αὐτοψῐ́ᾱ autopsíā seeing with one's own eyes autopsie autopsy Dutch Dutch autopsie (autopsy) is based on Neo-Latin autopsia (autopsy).
demokrasi democracy δημοκρατία dēmokratía democracy democratie democracy Dutch
diaken deacon διάκονος diákonos servant, messenger diaken deacon Dutch
diakon
diakonia diaconia δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ diākoníā service
ekaristi eucharist εὐχᾰρῐστῐ́ᾱ eukharistíā 1. thanks, gratitude.
2. giving of thanks.
3. eucharist
eucharistie eucharist Dutch
evangeli Gospel εὐάγγελος euángelos good news ēvangelium good news, Gospel Latin
filsafat philosophy φιλοσοφία philasophia philosophy فَلْسَفَة falsafa philosophy Arabic
hipokrit hypocrite ῠ̔ποκρῐτής hupokritḗs 1. interpreter.
2. actor.
hypocrita 1. mimic (mime artist).
2. hypocrite
Latin 1. The Greek word is υποκριτής (ypokritís).
idola idol εἴδωλον eídōlon 1. phantom, ghost quotations.
2. shape, figure, image.
3. image of the mind: idea, fancy.
4. representation, statue, idol
idolum, idola 1. image, form, especially a spectre, apparition or ghost.
2. idol
Latin
idool, idoolen idol Dutch
idol, idolum idol English
mitos myth μῦθος mythos 1. word, speech, conversation.
2. tale, story, narrative.
mitos myth (pl.) Portuguese
oikumene, ekumene ecumene οἰκουμένη oikouménē 1. inhabited.
2. civilised world.
porno pornography, lewd πόρνη pórnē harlot 1. From contraction of Indonesian pornografi (pornographic), from Dutch pornografie or English pornography, from French pornographie.
2. Pornografi is a formal word in Indonesia, while porno is informal.
sinagogê synagogue, συναγωγή synagogē assembly synagoge synagogue Dutch Synagogue is Judaism prayer house.
stadion stadium στάδιον stadion (Ancient) 600-foot stadion stadium Dutch The Greek word is στάδιο (stadio).
teater theatre θέᾱτρον théātron (Ancient) theatre, play theater theatre Dutch 1. The Greek word is θέατρο (théatro).
2. Dutch theater (theatre) is based from Old French theatre, from Latin theatrum.

From Latin

It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilizes words that reflect the English usage (as used by its former colonial power, the British), while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage (e.g. aktiviti (Malaysian) vs. aktivitas (Indonesian), universiti (Malaysian) vs. universitas (Indonesian)).

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
Latin
word
Latin
meaning
Indirect
Loanword
Indirect
Source
MeaningNoteRef
ad interimtemporarilyad interim
aktivitas activity activitas
almamater alma mater alma māter alma mater
alter ego accompanying person alter ego another self
devosi devotion dēvōtiō devotion
èkskomunikasi excommunication excommūnicātiō excommunication excommunicatie Dutch excommunication
fakultas faculty facultas faculty The Dutch loanword faculteit was used before.
forum forum forum public place, marketplace, forum forum Portuguese
hosti sacramental bread hostia sacramental bread hostie Dutch sacramental bread
humaniora humanities hūmāniōra humaniora Dutch
intērnuntius Papal internuntius internuntius intermediary, messenger
kanonis canonical canonicus canonical
kantata song cantata cantada Portuguese
kardinal cardinal, an official of Catholic Church cardinālis hinge kardinaal Dutch cardinal, an official of Catholic Church
kongrégasi Congregation congregātiō Congregation congregatie Dutch Congregation
konkordat concordat concordatum concordat concordaat Dutch concordat
konsèkrasi consecration cōnsecrātiō consecration consecratie Dutch consecration
konsistori consistory consistorium consistory consistorie Dutch consistory
kualitas quality qualitas Dutch-influenced informal spelling kwalitas is used sometimes. The Dutch word is kwaliteit .
kuria curia curia curia curia Dutch curia
légio Legion of Mary legio legion
nihil nil, nothing, zero nihil
nimbus nimbus nimbus nimbus, dark cloud
nota bene actually, after look carefully, also nota bene examine closely
novèna novena novēna novena
oblasi the offering of worship, thanks etc. to a deity. oblātiō offering, gift
oratorium 1. chapel,
2. oratorio, a musical composition
ōrātōrium place of prayer, oratory oratorium Dutch 1. chapel,
2. oratorio, a musical composition
ordo 1. Catholics religious group,
2. a biological taxonomy level
ōrdō series, class, group
pater priest pater father pater Dutch father (priest)
pidato speech pedātō पदार्थ (padārtha) Sanskrit meaning of a word
primas primate prīmus first
rékolèksi a spiritual retreat recollectus to collect again
rèktor rector rēctor leader, director, tutor rector Dutch rector
rosario prayer beads, especially rosary rosarium a rose garden, rosary rosário Portuguese rosary
sakramèn sacrament sacrāmentum sacrament sacrament Dutch sacrament
sakriilegi sacrilege sacrilegium sacrilege
sakristi sacristy sacristia vestry sacristie Dutch sacristy
santa saint (female) sāncta saint (female) santa Portuguese saint (female)
santo saint (male) sānctus saint (male) santo Portuguese saint (male)
sēkulir secular clergy saecularis of the age
sivitas akademikaacademic community cīvitās acadēmica city's academic
stipèndium alms (Church) stīpendium stipend
tabērnakēl tabernacle tabernaculum tent tabernakel Dutch tabernacle
universitas university universitas The Dutch loanword universiteit was used before.
vigili vigil vigil wake, watching, alert
vikaris vicar vicar vicar

From French

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
French
word
French
meaning
Source
word
Source
meaning
Source
Language
NoteRef
akur agree, get along well accord akkoord Dutch
ala in style of à la
angkét inquiry enquête enquête Dutch
apanasē apanage apanage apanage
argot argot, secret language argot argot
arsip archives archives archief Dutch
atasé attaché attaché attaché attaché attaché Dutch
avant-garde avant-garde avant-garde avant-garde avant-garde avant-garde Dutch
brevet certificate, patent brevet certificate, patent
bugénfil bougainvillea bougainville bougainvillea bougainvillea bougainvillea Dutch
bulat round boulette round
chauvinisme chauvinism chauvinisme chauvinism
didong , didon French dis donc!
doblé, dublé gold-plated work doublé to double, duplicate
domisili domicile domicile domicile
drèsoar buffet dressoir dresser, sideboard
entrepeneur entrepreneur entrepreneur entrepreneur entrepreneur entrepreneur English
gala 1. first,
2. festive
galer (Old) to have fun; to enjoy oneself gala ball (formal dance) Dutch
garnisun garrison garnison garrison garnisoen garrison Dutch
guillotine guillotine guillotine guillotine
impromptu improvised action impromptu improvised action
intrik intrigue intrigue intrigue intrige intrigue Dutch
kulot shorts culotte panties, shorts
kado gift cadeau gift cadeau, kado gift Dutch
kampanye campaign campagne campaign campagne campaign Dutch
karantina quarantine quarantine quarantine quarantaine quarantine Dutch
karoseri the body of vehicle, car, coach, or bus carrosserie bodywork, body (of car) carrosserie body, bodywork of a motorized vehicle. Dutch
klise cliche cliché cliche cliché cliche Dutch
kondèktur conductor (ticket-related) conducteur driver conducteur conductor (ticket-related) Dutch
kornet cornet, a brass instrument cornet à pistons cornet, a brass instrument
kudeta coup d'état coup d'état coup d'état
kupe train seat coupé car
legiun legion légion legion legioen legion Dutch
letnan lieutenant lieutenant lieutenant luitenant lieutenant Dutch
libur free (from activities) libre
manuver maneuver manœuvre maneuver manoeuvre maneuver Dutch
mayones mayonnaise mayonnaise mayonnaise
mèmoar memoirs mémoire memoirs
milieu milieu milieu milieu milieu milieu Dutch
monseigneur monsignor monseigneur monsignor monseigneur monsignor Dutch
première premiere première first première premiere Dutch,
English
pual voile voile 1. veil.
2. sail
restan remnant, remainder restant remnant, remainder restant remnant, remainder Dutch
restoran restaurantrestaurantrestaurantrestaurantrestaurant Dutch
sabotase sabotage sabotage sabotage sabotage sabotage Dutch
sepeda bicycle vélocipède bicycle
supir driver chauffeur driver chauffeur driver Dutch
tante aunt tante aunt
tiras circulation, of newspaper or magazine tirage
trotoar sidewalk trottoir sidewalk troittoir

From North Germanic

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is sometimes referred to as the "Nordic languages", a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Norwegian scholars and laypeople.

Indonesian
word
Indonesian
meaning
North Germanic
word
North Germanic
Language
North Germanic
meaning
NotesRef
fjord fjord fjord Danish fjord [1]
kjökkenmodding(er) midden kjøkkenmødding Norwegian midden [1]

See also

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Indonesian slang vernacular, or Jakarta colloquial speech is a term that subsumes various urban vernacular and non-standard styles of expression used throughout Indonesia that are not necessarily mutually intelligible. Regional slang from the capital of Jakarta, based on Betawi language, is however heavily exposed and promoted in national media, and considered the de facto Indonesian slang. Despite its direct origins, Indonesian slang often differs quite significantly in both vocabulary and grammatical structure from the most standard form of Indonesia's national language. These expressions are neither standardized nor taught in any formal establishments, but rather function in daily discourse, usually in informal settings. Several dictionaries of bahasa gaul has been published. Indonesian speakers regularly mix several regional slangs in their conversations regardless of origin, but depending on the audience and the familiarity level with the listeners.

Indonesian and Malaysian Malay are two standardised varieties of the Malay language, the former used officially in Indonesia and the latter in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords. The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.

Keling or Kling is an exonym to denote a Tamilian or someone deemed to have originated from South India. Originally a neutral term, since the mid-20th century it has been considered derogatory and an ethnic slur, and it is sometimes euphemistically referred to as the K-word. The term is used in parts of Southeast Asia, particularly the Malay Archipelago where there are a significant Tamil diaspora – specifically Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei – but cognates exist in neighbouring countries as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betawi language</span> Language spoken in Indonesia

Betawi, also known as Betawi Malay, Jakartan Malay, or Batavian Malay, is the spoken language of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Indonesia</span>

Indonesia is home to over 700 living languages spoken across its extensive archipelago. This significant linguistic variety constitutes approximately 10% of the world’s total languages, positioning Indonesia as the second most linguistically diverse nation globally, following Papua New Guinea. The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese, Sundanese, and Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian family and represent a unique linguistic heritage. The language most widely spoken as a native language is Javanese, primarily by the Javanese people in the central and eastern parts of Java Island, as well as across many other islands due to migration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Klepon</span> Indonesian traditional rice cake

Klepon, kelepon or kalalapun, is a traditional Javanese and Balinese rice cake ball filled with molten Javan sugar and coated in grated coconut. Of Javanese origin, these green-coloured glutinous rice balls are one of the popular traditional snacks in Indonesian cuisine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palembang language</span> Malayic variety spoken in southern Sumatera

Palembang, also known as Palembang Malay, is a Malayic variety of the Musi dialect chain primarily spoken in the city of Palembang and nearby lowlands, and also as a lingua franca throughout South Sumatra. Since parts of the region used to be under direct Javanese rule for quite a long time, Palembang is significantly influenced by Javanese, down to its core vocabularies.

<i>Sembah</i> Indonesian greeting and gesture as a way of demonstrating respect and reverence

Sembah is an Indonesian greeting and gesture of respect and reverence. While performing the sembah, one clasps their palms together solemnly in a prayer-like fashion called suhun or susuhun in Javanese; or menyusun jari sepuluh in Indonesian and Malay, placing them in front of their chest and moving the pressed palms up to their chin, or all the way up until their thumbs touch the tip of their nose, while bowing slightly. Any of these two forms are made depending on the status of the person greeted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baju Rantai</span> Nusantaran chainmail armor

The Baju Rantai is a type of armor from Nusantara archipelago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bedil (term)</span>

Bedil is a term from Maritime Southeast Asia which refers to various types of firearms and gunpowder weapons, from small pistols to large siege guns. The term bedil comes from wedil and wediluppu in the Tamil language. In their original form, these words refer to gunpowder blast and saltpeter, respectively. But after being absorbed into bedil in the Malay language, and in a number of other cultures in the archipelago, Tamil vocabulary is used to refer to all types of weapons that use gunpowder. The terms bedil and bedhil are known in Javanese and Balinese. In Sundanese the term is bedil, in Batak it is known as bodil, in Makasarese baddilik, in Buginese, balili, in Dayak language, badil, in Tagalog, baril, in Bisayan, bádil, in Bikol languages, badil, and in Malay it is badel or bedil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jajan pasar</span> Traditional cakes from Java, Indonesia

Jajan pasar refers to traditional Javanese cakes sold in Javanese markets.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996.
  2. 1 2 C. D. Grijns et al. (eds). "Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay" (PDF). KITLV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.{{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  3. Nurlela Adan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur (2001). Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Becoming Indian: The Unfinished Revolution of Culture and Identity by Pavan K. Varma p.125
  5. Indonesian – English, English – Indonesian Dictionary, here: http://www.kamus-online.com/?lang=en
  6. "Onani".
  7. "Definisi onani - Kamus Bahasa Indonesia".
  8. "Pencarian Kata "onani" | KBBI.co.id".
  9. "Bibimbap meaning on KBBI". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  10. "Bulgogi meaning on KBBI". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  11. "Kimci meaning on KBBI". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  12. "Mukbang meaning on KBBI". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  13. Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. p. 26. ISBN   0-333-57689-6.
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Bibliography

  • de Vries, Jan W., Grijns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. ISBN   90-6718-004-1.
  • Badudu, J.S; Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia; Kompas, Jakarta, 2003
  • Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996 (dengan sedikit penyaduran tanpa mengubah maksud dan tujuan seseungguhnya dari buku ini).