List of museums in Slovenia

Last updated

This is a list of all museums, galleries, and museum collections in Slovenia that are open to the public, and in which professional care is taken of the material. They are recognized by "Slovenian Museums Association" and published in their Guide to Slovenian Museums and Galleries. The most recent version of this guide was published in 2008. All changes made afterward are noted in the table below.

Contents

Museums and galleries recognized by "Slovenian Museums Association"

Slovenian nameEnglish nameLocationEst.WebCollections
Muzej za arhitekturo in oblikovanje Museum of architecture and design Ljubljana 1972 www.mao.si
Belokranjski muzej Metlika White Carniola Museum in Metlika Metlika 1951 www.belokranjski-muzej.si
Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto Lower Carniola Museum in Novo Mesto Novo Mesto 1950 https://www.dolenjskimuzej.si/si/
Farmacevtsko-medicinska zbirka Bohuslava Lavičke Bohuslav Lavička Pharmaceutical and Medical Collection Ljubljana 1986 www.lek.si --
Galerija Božidar Jakac, Kostanjevica na Krki Božidar Jakac Art Museum, Kostanjevica na Krki Kostanjevica na Krki 1974 www.galerija-bj.si
Galerija Murska Sobota Murska Sobota Gallery Murska Sobota www.galerija-ms.si --
Galerija-Muzej Lendava (Galéria-Múzeum Lendva) Lendava Gallery-Museum Lendava 1973 www.gml.si
Galerija Velenje Velenje Gallery Velenje 1976 www.galerijavelenje.si
Gorenjski muzej Kranj Gorenjska Museum Kranj 1963 www.gorenjski-muzej.si
Goriški muzej Gorica Museum Kromberk 1952 www.goriskimuzej.si
Gornjesavski muzej Jesenice Upper Sava Museum, Jesenice Jesenice 1954 www.gornjesavskimuzej.si
Javni zavod za kulturo Litja, OE Muzej The museum of the Litija Public Institute of Culture Litija 2006 www.jzk.si --
Kobariški muzej Kobarid Museum Kobarid 1990 www.kobariski-muzej.si --
Koroška galerija likovnih umetnosti Carinthian Gallery of Fine Arts Slovenj Gradec 1957 www.glu-sg.si
Koroški pokrajinski muzej Carinthian Regional Museum Slovenj Gradec 1951 www.kpm.si
Kozjanski park Kozjansko Park Podsreda kozjanski-park.si
Loški muzej Škofja Loka Loka Museum in Škofja Loka Škofja Loka 1939 www.loski-muzej.si
Mednarodni grafični likovni center International Center of Graphic Arts Ljubljana 1986 www.mglc-lj.si --
Medobčinski muzej Kamnik Kamnik Intermunicipal Museum Kamnik 1961 www.muzej-kamnik-on.net
Mestna galerija Ljubljana Ljubljana City Art Museum Ljubljana 1963 https://mgml.si/sl/mestna-galerija/
Mestni muzej Idrija (muzej za Idrijsko in Cerkljansko) Idrija Municipal Museum Idrija 1953 www.muzej-idrija-cerkno.si
Mestni muzej Ljubljana City Museum of Ljubljana Ljubljana 1935 www.mestnimuzej.si
Mestni muzej Mengeš Mengeš Town Museum Mengeš 1995 www.muzej-menges.si
Moderna galerija Museum of Modern Art Ljubljana 1947 www.mg-lj.si
Muzej krščanstva na Slovenskem Slovenian Museum of Christianity Stična (Ivančna Gorica municipality)1991 www.mks-sticna.si --
Miklova Hiša - muzej, galerija Mikl House - Museum, Gallery Ribnica 1961 www.miklovahisa.si/muzej
www.miklovahisa.si/galerija
Muzej na prostem Rogatec Rogatec Open-Air Museum Rogatec 1981 www.muzej-rogatec.si/--
Muzej narodne osvoboditve Maribor Maribor National Liberation Museum  [ sl ] Maribor 1958 www.muzejno-mb.si Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Muzej novejše zgodovine Celje Celje Museum of Recent History Celje 1951 www.muzej-nz-ce.si
Muzej novejše zgodovine Slovenije National Museum of Contemporary History Ljubljana 1951 www.muzej-nz.si/en/
Muzej premogovništva Slovenije Coal Mining Museum of Slovenia Velenje 1957 muzej.rlv.si --
Muzej slovenske policije Slovenian Police Museum Tacen 1947 www.policija.si Archived 13 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Muzej športa, Ljubljana Sports Museum Ljubljana 2000 muzejsporta.si --
Muzej Velenje Velenje Museum Velenje 1957 www.muzej-velenje.si
Muzej Vrbovec (Muzej gozdarstva in lesarstva) Vrbovec Museum (Museum of Forestry and Timber Industry) Nazarje 2001 www.muzej-vrbovec.si --
Muzej Železniki Železniki Museum Železniki 1969 www.zelezniki.si --
Muzeji radovljiške občine Radovljica Municipality Museums Radovljica 1974 www.muzeji-radovljica.si
Narodna galerija National Gallery of Slovenia Ljubljana 1918 www.ng-slo.si --
Narodni muzej Slovenije National Museum of Slovenia Ljubljana 1921 www.nms.si
Notranjski muzej Postojna Inner Carniola Museum, Postojna Postojna 1947 www.notranjski-muzej.si
Obalne galerije Piran Littoral Galleries, Piran Piran 1976 www.obalne-galerije.si
Pilonova galerija Ajdovščina Pilon Gallery Ajdovščina Ajdovščina 1973 www.venopilon.com --
Podzemlje Pece (rudnik svinca in cinka Mežica kot turistični rudnik in muzej) Peca Underground (Mežica Lead and Zinc Mine as Tourist Mine and Museum) Mežica 1995 www.podzemljepece.com --
Pokrajinski muzej Celje Celje Regional Museum Celje 1882 www.pokmuz-ce.si
Pokrajinski muzej Kočevje Kočevje Regional Museum Kočevje 1953 www.pmk-kocevje.si
Pokrajinski muzej Koper Koper Regional Museum Koper 1911 www.pmk-kp.si
Pokrajinski muzej Maribor Maribor Regional Museum Maribor 1903 www.pmuzej-mb.si --
Pokrajinski muzej Murska Sobota Murska Sobota Regional Museum Murska Sobota 1955 www.pok-muzej-ms.si
Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj-Ormož (changed name since 2009) Ptuj Ormož Regional Museum Ptuj 1963 www.muzej-ptuj-ormoz.si
Pomorski muzej Sergej Mašera Piran (Museo del mare Sergej Mašera Pirano) Sergej Mašera Maritime Museum Piran Piran 1954 www2.arnes.si/~kppomm
Posavski muzej Brežice Lower Sava Valley Museum in Brežice Brežice 1949 www.posavski-muzej.si --
Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Slovenian Museum of Natural History Ljubljana 1821 www2.pms-lj.si
Slovenska kinoteka Slovenian Cinematheque Ljubljana 1996 www.kinoteka.si
Slovenski etnografski muzej Slovenian Ethnographic Museum Ljubljana 1923 www.etno-muzej.si --
Slovenski gasilski muzej dr. Branka Božiča Branko Božič Slovenian Firefighter's Museum Metlika 1969 www.metlika.si --
Slovenski gledališki muzej Slovenian National Theatre Museum Ljubljana 1952 www.gledaliski-muzej.si --
Slovenski šolski muzej Slovenian School Museum Ljubljana 1898 www.ssolski-muzej.si --
Splošna knjižnica Ljutomer - OE Muzej Ljutomer General Library - Museum Ljutomer 1981 www.knjiznica-ljutomer.si Archived 30 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine --
Tehniški muzej Slovenije Slovenian Technical Museum Bistra 1951 www.tms.si
Tolminski muzej Tolmin Museum Tolmin 1950 www.tol-muzej.si
Tržiški muzej Tržič Museum Tržič 1952 www.trziski-muzej.si
Umetnostna galerija Maribor Maribor Art Gallery Maribor 1954 www.umetnostnagalerija.si
Vojaški muzej Slovenske vojske Military Museum of Slovenian Armed Forces Maribor 2004 www.vojaskimuzej.si
Zasavski muzej Trbovlje Central Sava Valley Museum Trbovlje 1986 www.zasavskimuzejtrbovlje.si
Zavod Celeia Celje - Center sodobnih umetnosti Celeia Institute - Centre for Contemporary Arts Celje www.celeia.info Archived 10 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Zemljepisni muzej Slovenije GIAM ZRC SAZU Slovene Geographical Museum GIAM ZRC SAZU Ljubljana 1946 giam.zrc-sazu.si --
Zgodovinski arhiv in muzej Univerze v Ljubljani University of Ljubljana Historical Archives and Museum Ljubljana www.uni-lj.si --
Železniški muzej Slovenskih železnic Slovenian Railway Museum Ljubljana www.burger.si and www.slo-zeleznice.si Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine --

Other museums and galleries

Slovenian nameEnglish nameLocationEst.Web
Čebelarski muzej Krapje Apiculture Museum Krapje Krapje 1997 www.cebelarski-muzej.si
Galerija Avgusta Černigoja Avgust Černigoj Gallery Lipica www.lipica.org
Baragov dom Baraga House Knežja vas at Dobrnič
Rojstna hiša Huga Wolfa Birthplace of Hugo Wolf Slovenj Gradec www.slovenj-gradec.si
Rojstna hiša Janeza Jalna Birthplace of Janez Jalen Rodine www.zirovnica.eu
Rojstna hiša Matije Čopa Birthplace of Matija Čop Žirovnica www.zirovnica.eu
Kovaški muzej, Razkrižje Blacksmith Museum, Razkrižje Razkrižje 1997 www.jeruzalem.si
Pivovarski muzej Brewery Museum Ljubljana 1986 www.pivo-union.si [ permanent dead link ]
Časarov mlin Časar Mill Prosenjakovci 1999 www.casarov-mlin.com
Železna jama in zbirka v jamarskem domu Cave Železna jama and Caving Collection Gorjuša 1963 www.burger.si
Galerija DLUM DLUM Gallery Maribor
Dominkova domačija Dominko Farm Gorišnica 1998 www.dedi.si
Spominska soba dr Frana Miklošiča Franz Miklosich Memorial Room Radomerščak
Etnološka zbirka kmečkega orodja Ethnological Collection of Agricultural Implements Sveti Jurij ob Ščavnici www.td-svetijurij.si
Mestna galerija Franc Riemer Franc Riemer Municipal Gallery Slovenske Konjice 1994
Plinarniški muzej Gasworks Museum Ljubljana 1996 www.jh-lj.si
Grubelnikova zbirka Grubelnik Collection Ribnica na Pohorju 1987
Domačija Miška Kranjca Miško Kranjec Farm Velika Polana 1964 www.velika-polana.si
Homogea (Stalna zbirka Lovci na mamute) Homogea (Permanent collection Mammoth Hunters) Tržič
Ekomuzej hmeljarstva in pivovarstva Slovenije Eco-Museum of Hop-Growing and Brewing Industry in Slovenia Žalec 2009 www.ekomuzej-hmelj.si
Splavarski muzej Javnik Javnik Wood Rafting Museum Javnik 2001 www.dravski-splavarji.com
Sadnikarjeva muzejska zbirka Josip Nikolaj Sadnikar Collection Kamnik 1893 www.kks-kamnik.si/sadnikar
Spominska soba Jožeta Lacka Jože Lacko Memorial Room Ptuj
Muzej Jezerski hram Lake Shed Museum Cerknica 1992 www.jezerski-hram.si
Muzej Laško Laško Museum Laško 1907 www.stik-lasko.si
Levstikov dom (Spominski sobi Frana Levstika in Josipa Stritarja) Levstik House (Memorial Rooms of Fran Levstik and Josip Stritar) Velike Lašče 1986 www.trubarjevi-kraji.si Archived 13 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Muzejska zbirka LGL - Lutkovna zapuščina Milana Klemenčiča Ljubljana Puppet Theatre Museum Collection Ljubljana 1990 www.lgl.si
Galerija Lojzeta Spacala Lojze Spacal Gallery and the Karst House Štanjel 1988 www.goriskimuzej.si/stanjel.html
Kraška hiša Karst House Štanjel www.goriskimuzej.si/stanjel.html
Etnografska zbirka Marije Sušnik Marija Sušnik Ethnographic Collection Bizeljsko 1997 www.bizeljsko.com
Spominska soba generala Rudolfa Maistra Memorial Room of General Rudolf Maister, a.k.a. Vojanov Zavrh 1984
Muzej medicine v okviru Inštituta za zgodovino medicine, Univerza v Ljubljana Museum of Medicine, Institute for the History of Medicine Ljubljana 1945 www.mf.uni-lj.si
Kovaški in gasilski muzej Muta Forge Museum Muta 1973 www.kpm.si
Domačija Petra Dajnka Peter Dajnko Farm Črešnjevci 2003 www.tic-radgona.si
Muzej na prostem Kartuzija Pleterje Pleterje Charterhouse Open Air Museum Drča www.sentjernej.si
Pleteršnikova domačija Pleteršnik Farm Pišece 1994
Pocarjeva domačija Pocar Farm Zgornja Radovna 1999 www.tnp.si
Kovaški muzej Podgoršek Podgoršek Blacksmith's Museum Pišece 1993
Predjamski grad Predjama Castle Postojna www.turizem-kras.si
Muzej Ralo Ralo Museum Ljutomer 1998 www.jeruzalem.si
Čevljarski muzej Shoemaker's Museum Turnišče 1979 www.turnisce.si Archived 12 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Škrabčeva domačija Škrabec Farm Hrovača 2002 www.skrabceva-domacija.com
Slomškova soba Slomšek Room Vuzenica 1999 www.vuzenica.eu
Grad Slovenska Bistrica Slovenska Bistrica Castle Slovenska Bistrica www.zavod-ksb.si/ANG/castle.html
Sokličev muzej Soklič Museum Slovenj Gradec 1937 www.kpm.si
Etnološko-zgodovinska zbirka Stražna krajina Stražna Krajina Ethnological and Historical Collection Krplivnik 1997
Vojaški muzej Tabor Tabor Military Museum Lokev 1995 www.kras-carso.com/muzej/tabor
Galerija likovnih samorastnikov Trebnje Trebnje Gallery of Naïve Artists Trebnje 1971 www.galerijatrebnje.si/en
Dom Trenta Trenta Lodge TNP Information Centre and Museum Trenta 1953 www.tnp.si
Trubarjeva domačija Trubar Farm Velike Lašce 1986 www.trubarjevi-kraji.si Archived 18 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Galerija ZDSLU Union of Slovene Fine Arts Associations (ZDSLU) Gallery Ljubljana www.dlul-drustvo.si
Spominski dom na Vaneči Vaneča Memorial Room Vaneča 1984
Foto muzej Vlastja Vlastja Photographic Museum Gorenja vas 1991
Muzej motociklov Vransko Vransko Motorcycle Museum Vransko 1997 www.muzej-motociklov.com
Vojni muzej War Museum Logatec 1998 logatec.si
Zavod za kulturo, šport in turizem Žalec Žalec Institution for Culture, Sport and Tourism Žalec 1992 www.zkst-zalec.si/kultura
Muzej Žiri Žiri Museum Žiri 1970 www.lto-blegos.si [ permanent dead link ]
Dvorec Strmol Strmol Mansion Rogatec
Grad Ravne Ravne Castle Ravne na Koroškem
Sinagoga Maribor Maribor Synagogue Maribor 2001 www.pmuzej-mb.si Archived 12 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Sinagoga Lendava Lendava Synagogue Maribor 1994
Muzej na prostem Račji dvor Račji Dvor Open-Air Museum Maribor

Sources

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slovenia</span> Country in Central Europe

Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. Slovenia is mostly mountainous and forested, covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi), and has a population of 2.1 million. Slovenes constitute over 80% of the country's population. Slovene, a South Slavic language, is the official language. Slovenia has a predominantly temperate continental climate, with the exception of the Slovene Littoral and the Julian Alps. A sub-mediterranean climate reaches to the northern extensions of the Dinaric Alps that traverse the country in a northwest–southeast direction. The Julian Alps in the northwest have an alpine climate. Toward the northeastern Pannonian Basin, a continental climate is more pronounced. Ljubljana, the capital and largest city of Slovenia, is geographically situated near the centre of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ljubljana</span> Capital of Slovenia

Ljubljana is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. It is the country's cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Janko Prunk</span> Slovenian historian of modern history (born 1942)

Janko Prunk is a Slovenian historian of modern history. He has published articles and monographs on analytical politology, modern history, the genesis of modern political formations, and the history of social and political philosophy in Slovenia. He has also written on the history of political movements in Europe from the end of the 18th century until today, especially about Slovene Christian socialism and the history of Slovenian national questions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nebotičnik</span> Multi-use in Ljubljana, Slovenia

Nebotičnik is a prominent high-rise located in the centre of Ljubljana, Slovenia, and is one of the city's most recognisable landmarks. Its thirteen storeys rise to a height of 70.35 m (231 ft). It was designed by the Slovenian architect Vladimir Šubic for the Pension Institute, the building's investor. Construction began on 19 April 1931 and the building opened on 21 February 1933. It was, upon completion, the tallest building in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the ninth-tallest high-rise in Europe. It was and would remain for some time the tallest residential building in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kresija Building</span>

The Kresija Building is a building that together with Philip Mansion marks the entrance to the old town of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It stands at the Adamič and Lunder Embankment on the right bank of the river Ljubljanica immediately after the Triple Bridge and borders Pogačar Square, Stritar Street, and Maček Street. Until 2007, the Ljubljana Center Administrative Unit was stationed in the building. Now, it houses a number of municipal offices, the Kresija Gallery, and the Ljubljana visitor centre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Museum of Slovenia</span> Slovenian museum

The National Museum of Slovenia is located in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It is located in the Center district of the city near Tivoli City Park. Along with the Slovenian Museum of Natural History, located in the same building, the National Museum of Slovenia is the country's oldest scientific and cultural institution. The museum has an extensive collection of archaeological artefacts, old coins and banknotes and displays related to the applied arts. In 2021 it's been given the golden Order for Exceptional Merits by the president of Slovenia, Borut Pahor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tivoli City Park</span>

Tivoli City Park or simply Tivoli Park is the largest park in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It is located on the western outskirts of the Center District, stretching to the Šiška District to the north, the Vič District to the south, and the Rožnik District to the west. Several notable buildings and art works stand in the park. Since 1984, the park has been protected as part of Tivoli–Rožnik Hill–Šiška Hill Nature Park. It is home to a variety of bird species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rooster Bridge</span>

The Rooster Bridge in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, is a footbridge crossing the Gradaščica River in the Trnovo District south of the downtown of Ljubljana. It stands between the Trnovo Bridge and the outflow of the Gradaščica into the Ljubljanica, and connects Gradaščica Street in the northern Krakovo neighbourhood to Eipper Street in the southern Trnovo neighbourhood. These are the oldest Ljubljana suburbs, known for their market gardens and cultural events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teo Spiller</span> Slovenian digital artist (born 1965)

Teo Spiller is a Slovenian digital artist who has been active in the net.art movement since 1995. Spiller is notable for being one of the first artists to sell a piece of Internet art to a museum or collector. As of March 2018 he was an assistant professor at Arthouse College in Ljubljana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marko Snoj</span>

Marko Snoj is an Indo-Europeanist, Slavist, Albanologist, lexicographer, and etymologist employed at the Fran Ramovš Institute for Slovene Language of the Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana, Slovenia. He served as director of the institute from 2008 to 2018. He has made numerous scholarly contributions to Indo-European linguistics, particularly in the realms of Slovene and Albanian, and is noted for his work in advancing Slavic etymology in both scholarly and popular domains. He is a full fellow of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loka pri Zidanem Mostu</span> Village in Styria, Slovenia

Loka pri Zidanem Mostu is a village on the left bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Sevnica in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National anthem of Slovenia</span> National anthem of the Central European country

The national anthem of Slovenia is based on "Zdravljica" [zdraʋljìːt͡sa], a carmen figuratum poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren, inspired by the ideals of Liberté, égalité, fraternité, and set to music by Stanko Premrl. As the country's national anthem, it is one of the state symbols of Slovenia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leskovec pri Krškem</span> Place in Lower Carniola, Slovenia

Leskovec pri Krškem is a settlement on the right bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Krško in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Grad, Beli Breg, Veliki Marof, and Žadovinka. Older sources also mention the appertaining hamlet of Bajer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Šentpavel</span> Place in Lower Carniola, Slovenia

Šentpavel is a settlement in the hills southeast of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It belongs to the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government Building and President's Office</span>

The Government Building and President's Office, also simply the Government Building or the President's Office, is a building in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, that houses the Office of the President of Slovenia, the Secretary-General of the Government of Slovenia, and the Protocol of Slovenia. It stands at the corner of Prešeren Street, Erjavec Street, and Gregorčič Street in the Center District, next to the Cankar Centre. It is used for state and ceremonial functions, as well as for receptions and meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries and heads of state. Occasionally, exhibits take place there.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Josip Stritar</span> Slovene writer

Josip Stritar was a Slovene writer, poet, essayist, the first aesthetic critic, playwright, publisher and translator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Municipality of Ajdovščina</span> Municipality of Slovenia

The Municipality of Ajdovščina is a municipality with a population of a little over 19,000 located in the Vipava Valley, southwestern Slovenia. The municipality was established in 1994. Its seat is in the town of Ajdovščina. As of 2020, its mayor is Tadej Beočanin.

Jana Kolarič is a Slovene author and translator. She is the author of plays and novels for both children and adults, and has been recognised as an exceptional artist by the Ministry of Culture. She has won a number of literary awards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franc Berneker</span> Slovenian sculptor and architect

Franc Berneker was a 19th- and early-20th-century Slovene tomb sculptor, who had a strong impact on Slovenj Gradec gaining recognition for his work in bronze, marble and monuments. His art focus went from realism to modernism to psychology, drama and an exploration of the relationship between worked and unworked, smooth and rough. He studied with Edmund von Hellmer at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts and Ivan Zajec on monuments of national heroes His art work is displayed at the Resau Art Nouveau Network.

The Ljubljana Synagogue is a house of prayer of the Federation of the Jewish Communities of Graz and Ljubljana, located in a residential building in the center of the Slovenian capital. It was founded, planned and realized by the president of the Jewish community in Graz Elie Rosen and is managed by the Jewish community of Graz for the Slovenian community respectively all Slovenian Jews. Before that it wasn´t possible for the Jewish community of Slovenia to build its own permanent synagogue in Ljubljana in lack of financial means. Therefore, they were dependent on makeshift arrangements.