List of superlative trees

The coniferous Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is the tallest tree species on earth.

The world's superlative trees can be ranked by any factor. Records have been kept for trees with superlative height, trunk diameter (girth), canopy coverage, airspace volume, wood volume, estimated mass, and age.

Tallest

Main article: List of tallest trees

The heights of the tallest trees in the world have been the subject of considerable dispute and much exaggeration. Modern verified measurements with laser rangefinders or with tape drop measurements made by tree climbers (such as those carried out by canopy researchers), have shown that some older tree height measurement methods are often unreliable, sometimes producing exaggerations of 5% to 15% or more above the real height. ^[1] Historical claims of trees growing to 130 m (430 ft), and even 150 m (490 ft), are now largely disregarded as unreliable, and attributed to human error.

The following are the tallest reliably measured specimens from the top 10 species. This table shows only currently standing specimens:

List of tallest living trees by species

Tree name	Species	Height		Country	Location	References and notes
		Meters	Feet
Hyperion	Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)	116.07	380.8 [2]	United States	Redwood National Park, California	[3] [4] It reached 116.07 metres (380.8 ft) in 2019; [2] second and third tallest when Hyperion was found, were Helios114.7 metres (376 ft) and Icarus113.1 metres (371 ft) tall (in 2006). [2]
	South Tibetan cypress (Cupressus austrotibetica)	102.3	336	China	Yarlung Zangbo National Nature Reserve, Tibet	[5] [6] [7]
Centurion	Mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans)	100.5	330	Australia	Arve Valley, Tasmania	[8] [9]
	Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)	100.2	329	United States	Redwood National Park, California	[10] [11] [12]
Doerner Fir	Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii)	99.7	327	United States	Brummit Creek, Oregon	[13] [14]
Menara	Yellow meranti (Shorea faguetiana)	97.58	320.1	Malaysia	Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah	The original quoted figure of 100.8m was from the top leaves to the bottom of the buttresses on the low side of ground. The correct height of the tree is 97.58m – that is the average between the distance to the lowest part of bole and the distance to the highest part of bole [15] [16]
	Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)	95.7	314	United States	Sequoia National Forest, California	[17] [18]
	Bhutan Cypress (Cupressus cashmeriana)	94.6	310	Bhutan	Kazhi Gewog, Wangdue Phodrang District	[19] [ better source needed ]
Neeminah Loggerale Meena, or Mother and Daughter	Southern blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus)	90.7	298	Australia	Evercreech Forest Reserve, Tasmania	The crown of this tree is dying back. [20] [21]
	Dinizia excelsa	88.5	290	Brazil	Near the boundary of Amapá and Pará	[22] [23]

Tallest historically

Despite the tall heights attained by trees in the present, records exist of much greater heights in the past, before widespread logging took place. Some, if not most, of these records are likely greatly exaggerated, but some have been reportedly measured with semi-reliable instruments when cut down and on the ground. Some of the heights recorded in this way exceed the maximum possible height of a tree as calculated by theorists, ^[24] lending some limited credibility to speculation that some superlative trees are able to 'reverse' transpiration streams and absorb water through needles in foggy environments. All three of the tallest tree species continue to be Coast redwoods, Douglas-fir and Giant mountain ash.

List of tallest historically known non-surviving or lost trees

Tree name	Species	Height		Country	Location	References and notes
		Meters	Feet
Nooksack Giant	Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	142	466	United States	Alpenglow Farm, Washington	Note: Cut down in 1897. Measured using a tape [25]
Ferguson tree	Mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans)	132	433	Australia	Near the Watts River, Victoria	Note: Fallen in 1872, and measured on the ground. Reportedly missing part of the top [26] [27]
Eel River Giant	Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)	129.99	426.5	United States	Englewood, Redcrest California	Note: Cut down on Feb 14, 1893, and measured on the ground [28] [29] [30]
Lynn Valley Tree	Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	126.5	415	Canada	Lynn Valley, British Columbia	Note: Cut down in 1902 and measured on the ground [31]
Mineral Tree	Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	118.873	390.00	United States	Mineral, Washington	Note: Progressively lost height until falling in a storm. Oldest Douglas fir on record [32] [25] [33]
	Klinki (Araucaria hunsteinii)	89.0	292.0	Papua New Guinea		Note: all the references to this species are historical accounts – there is no currently known living klinki of this height. [34] [35] [36]
White Knight	Manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis)	88.9	292	Australia	Fingal, Tasmania	This tree has died, the likely cause being more frequent heatwaves and reduced rainfall. [37] [38] [39]

Stoutest

Árbol del Tule

The girth of a tree is usually much easier to measure than the height, as it is a simple matter of stretching a tape round the trunk, and pulling it taut to find the circumference. Despite this, UK tree author Alan Mitchell made the following comment about measurements of yew trees:

The aberrations of past measurements of yews are beyond belief. For example, the tree at Tisbury has a well-defined, clean, if irregular bole at least 1.5 m long. It has been found to have a girth that dilated and shrunk in the following way: 11.28 m (1834 Loudon), 9.3 m (1892 Lowe), 10.67 m (1903 Elwes and Henry), 9.0 m (1924 E. Swanton), 9.45 m (1959 Mitchell) ... Earlier measurements have therefore been omitted.

— Alan Mitchell; in a handbook "Conifers in the British Isles". ^[40]

Trunk of Te Matua Ngahere

As a general standard, tree girth is taken at "breast height". This is converted to and cited as dbh (diameter at breast height) in tree and forestry literature. ^{[41] [42]} Breast height is defined differently in different situations, with most forestry measurements taking girth at 1.3 m above ground, ^[42] while those who measure ornamental trees usually measure at 1.5 m above ground; ^[41] in most cases this makes little difference to the measured girth. On sloping ground, the "above ground" reference point is usually taken as the highest point on the ground touching the trunk, ^{[41] [42]} but in North America a point is usually used which is the average of the highest point and the lowest point the tree trunk appears to contact the soil. ^[43] Some of the inflated old measurements may have been taken at ground level. Some past exaggerated measurements also result from measuring the complete next-to-bark measurement, pushing the tape in and out over every crevice and buttress. ^[40] The measurements could also be influenced by deviation of the tape measure from a horizontal plane (which might seem called for if the trunk does not grow straight up), and the presence of features such as branches, spikes, etc.

Modern trends are to cite the tree's diameter rather than the circumference. The diameter of the tree is calculated by finding the mean diameter of the trunk, in most cases obtained by dividing the measured circumference by π; this assumes the trunk is mostly circular in cross-section (an oval or irregular cross-section would result in a mean diameter slightly greater than the assumed circle). Accurately measuring circumference or diameter is difficult in species with the large buttresses that are characteristic of many species of rainforest trees. Simple measurement of circumference of such trees can be misleading when the circumference includes much empty space between buttresses. See also Tree girth measurement

Baobabs (genus Adansonia) store large amounts of water in the very soft wood in their trunks. This leads to marked variation in their girth over the year (though not more than about 2.5% ^[44] ), reaching maximum at the end of the rainy season, and minimum at the end of the dry season.

List of stoutest living single-trunk trees by species

Species	Diameter		Tree name	Location	Notes and References
	Meters	Feet
Montezuma cypress (Taxodium mucronatum)	11.62	38.1	Árbol del Tule	Santa Maria del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico	This diameter includes buttressing. A more accurate mean diameter for this tree is 9.38 m (30.8 ft). [45]
Baobab (Adansonia digitata):	10.64	34.9	Sunland Baobab	Sunland Farm, Limpopo, South Africa	Renowned because a bar and wine cellar operated inside its hollow trunk, [46] until it split in 2017.
White or Strangler Fig (Ficus virens):	9.77	32.1	The Temple Fig	Murwillimbah, NSW, Australia	[47] [48]
Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla):	9.23	30.3	The Bellingen Fig	Bellingen, NSW, Australia	[49] [48]
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)	8.90	29.2	Jupiter	Redwood National Park, California, United States	[50] [51]
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)	8.85	29.0	General Grant	General Grant Grove, California, United States	[52] A hollow, nameless Giant Sequoia along the Paradise Trail of the Atwell Mills Grove in Sequoia National Park, has a basal diameter (not girth) of 57 feet (17 meters). [53]
Za (Adansonia za)	8.85	29.0	The Ampanihy Baobab	North of Morombe, southwest Madagascar	[54]
Chinese camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora)	8.23	27.0	Kamō no Ōkusu	Kamō, Kagoshima, Japan	[55] [56]
Eucalyptus jacksonii	7.96	26.1	Hollow trunk	Walpole, West Australia, Australia	[57] [58]

Measurements become ambiguous when multiple trunks (whether from an individual tree or multiple trees) grow together. The Sacred Fig grows adventitious roots from its branches, which become new trunks when the root reaches the ground and thickens; a single sacred fig tree can have hundreds of such trunks. ^[59] The multi-stemmed Hundred Horse Chestnut was known to have a circumference of 57.9 m (190 ft) when it was measured in 1780.

There are known more than 50 species of trees exceeding the diameter of 4.45 m or circumference of 14 m.^{[ citation needed ]}

Largest

The General Sherman, a California giant sequoia, is the largest tree by volume

Further information: List of largest giant sequoias

The largest trees are defined as having the highest wood volume in a single stem. These trees are both tall and large in diameter and, in particular, hold a large diameter high up the trunk. Measurement is very complex, particularly if branch volume is to be included as well as the trunk volume, so measurements have only been made for a small number of trees, and generally only for the trunk. Few attempts have ever been made to include root or leaf volume.

All 12 of the world's largest trees are giant sequoias. Grogan's Fault, the largest living Coast redwood, would rank as the 13th largest living tree. Tāne Mahuta, the largest living tree outside of California, would rank within the top 100 largest living trees.

List of largest living trees by species, ranked by trunk volume

Species	Trunk volume		Tree name	Location	Country	References and notes
	Cubic Meters	Cubic Feet
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)	1,487	52,500	General Sherman	Sequoia National Park	United States	[60]
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)	1,084.5	38,300	Grogan's Fault	Redwood National Park	United States	[61]
Kauri (Agathis australis)	516	18,200	Tāne Mahuta	Waipoua Forest	New Zealand	The 516 cubic meter figure includes 255m³ for the main trunk and 261m³ for branches [62]
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)	449	15,900	Cheewhat Giant	Pacific Rim National Park Reserve	Canada	[63] [64] : 34
Eucalyptus regnans	390	14,000	Two Towers	Tasmania	Australia	The 390m³ figure includes 358m³ for trunks and 32m³ for branches.[ citation needed ]
Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus)	368	13,000	Rullah Longatyle	Tasmania	Australia	[38] Rullah Longatyle was killed during Tasmanian bushfires in February 2019. [65]
Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	349	12,300	Red Creek Fir	San Juan Valley	Canada	[66]
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)	337	11,900	Queets Spruce	Olympic National Park	United States	[64] : 58
Eucalyptus obliqua	337	11,900	Gothmog	Styx Valley	Australia	The 337m³ figure includes 296m³ for trunks and 41m³ for branches. [38]
Eucalyptus delegatensis	286	10,100		Styx Valley	Australia	This tree was destroyed in the 2019 bushfires. [38]

Broadest

The trees with the broadest crowns have the widest spread of limbs from a single trunk.

List of trees with the broadest crowns, by species

Species	Diameter		Tree name	Location	Notes and References
	Meters	Feet
Banyan (Ficus benghalensis)	180	591	Thimmamma Marrimanu	Anantapur, Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh, India	[67] [68] [69] This crown is not from a single trunk. It has hundreds of trunks.
Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca. synonym Eucalyptus coolibah)	72.8	239	Monkira Monster	Neuragully Waterhole, southwestern Queensland, Australia	[70] [71] Groom's measurement may represent the tree at its prime. It was remeasured in 2008 and found to be "more than 200 meters" (more than 656 feet) in circumference; equivalent to an average limb spread of more than 209 feet ( more than 64 meters). The trunk is about ten feet thick (ten meters girth). [72]
Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis)	64.0	210	Oriental Plane Tree at Corsham Court	Wiltshire, England.	[73]
Raintree or monkeypod tree (Samanea saman)	63.1	207	Saman de Guere	San Mateo, Aragua State, Venezuela. Living, but "vetusto" (superannuated, or decrepit).	[74] The widest Monkeypod Tree at present is "Chamchuri" on a military post near Kanchanburi, Thailand, which is 198' 1" (60.4 meters) in spread while only 57' 8" (17.6 meters) in height. [75] Broadest cantilevered crown (no limbs resting on the ground).
Silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra)	61.3	201	The Big Tree	Barro Colorado Island, Panama	[76]
European yew (Taxus baccata)	55.5	182	Shugborough Yew	Shugborough Hall, Staffordshire, England	[77] [78] Broadest gymnosperm.
Sand post oak (Quercus stellata margarettae)	55.2	181		Gilchrist County, Florida	[79]
Turkey oak (Quercus cerris)	53.9	177		Devon, England.	[73]
Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla)	53.6	176	Moreton Bay Fig Tree	Chapala Street in Santa Barbara, California.	[80]
Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea)	53.6	176		Middlesboro, Kentucky	[81]
Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)	53.6	176	The Pechanga Great Oak	Pechanga Native American Reservation east of Temecula, California.	[82] [83] Also 29 m (95 ft) tall.
Montezuma cypress (Taxodium mucronatum)	53.3	175	El Gigante	Santa Maria del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico	[84] Broadest cantilevered Gymnosperm.
Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis)	51.8	170	Benaroon	John's River in Middle Brother National Park, New South Wales, Australia.	[85]
Live oak (Quercus virginiana)	51.8	170	The E. O. Hunt Oak	Long Beach, Mississippi	[86]
American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)	51.5	169	The Lansdowne Sycamore	Lansdowne, Pennsylvania	[87]
African Baobab ( Adansonia digitata )	51.2	168	The Glencoe Tree	Huidespruit, Limpopo Province, South Africa.	Now severely damaged [88]
Batai (Albizzia falcata)	50.9	167		Hawai'i	[89] [90]
Green Fig (Ficus virens)	Over fifty meters	over 165 feet.	(no individual name)	Boar's Pocket, northern Queensland	crown shades "over 2,000 sq. meters" [91]

Oldest

Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) is the longest living tree species on Earth.

Main article: List of oldest trees

The oldest trees are determined by growth rings, which can be seen if the tree is cut down, or in cores taken from the bark to the center of the tree. Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings, generally those in seasonal climates. Trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates grow continuously and do not have distinct growth rings. It is also only possible for trees that are solid to the center. Many very old trees become hollow as the dead heartwood decays. For some of these species, age estimates have been made on the basis of extrapolating current growth rates, but the results are usually largely speculation. White (1998) ^[92] proposes a method of estimating the age of large and veteran trees in the United Kingdom through the correlation of a tree's age with its diameter and growth character.

The verified oldest measured ages are:

List of oldest non-clonal trees by species

Species	Age (years)	Tree name	Location	Notes and References
Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva)	4,856	Methuselah	Inyo County, California, United States	[93]
Alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides)	3,653	Gran Abuelo	Cordillera Pelada, Chile	[94]
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)	3,266		Sierra Nevada, California, USA	Dead [93]
Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)	2,675		Sierra Nevada, California, USA	Dead [93]
Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)	2,649		North Carolina, USA	[93] [95]
Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine (Pinus aristata)	2,467		central Colorado, USA	[93] [96]
African Baobab (Adansonia digitata)	2,419		Matabeleland, Zimbabwe	[97]
Sacred fig (Ficus religiosa)	2,302		Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka	[93]
Przewalski's juniper (Juniperus przewalskii)	2,230		Delingha, Qinghai Province, China	[93]
Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)	2,200		northern California, USA	Dead [93]
Saharan Cypress (Cupressus dupreziana)	2,200		Wadi Tichouinet, southern Algeria.	[98]
Foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana)	2,110		Sierra Nevada, California, USA	[93]

Other species suspected of reaching exceptional age include European Yew (Taxus baccata) (probably over 5,000 years ^{[99] [100]} ), Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) (3,000 years or more ^[101] ), and Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata). The oldest known European Yew may be the Llangernyw Yew in the Churchyard of Llangernyw village in North Wales, or the Fortingall Yew in Perthshire, Scotland. The Llangernyw Yew has been estimated as between 4000 and 5000 years in age by David Bellamy, ^[102] who also used radiocarbon dating to estimate an age of around 4000 years for the Tisbury Yew in Wiltshire, ^[103] while the Fortingall Yew with its former 16 to 17-meter girth is estimated at 5,000 years of age. ^{[104] [105]} However, ageing yews is very difficult due to the loss of heartwood in very ancient trees, and one or two sources believe the trees to be far younger at around 1500–3000 years.

Lagarostrobos franklinii, known as Huon pine, is native to the wet southwestern corner of Tasmania, Australia. A stand of trees in excess of 10,500 years old was found in 1955 in western Tasmania on Mount Read. ^[106] Each of the trees in this stand is a genetically identical male that has reproduced vegetatively. Although no single tree in this stand is of that age, the stand itself as a single organism has existed that long. ^[107] Individual trees in the clonal patch have been listed as having ages of 2000 ^{[108] [109]} or even to 3000 years old. ^{[110] [111]}

The olive tree also can live for centuries. Previously the oldest age verified by carbon dating was 900 years for a tree in the Gethsemane garden in Jerusalem. ^[112] In 2024 research was published showing that one of the trees in the Sisters Olive Trees of Noah to be 1,161 years old, plus or minus 131 years, by carbon dating. ^[113] Previously they had been reputed to be around 6,000 years old. ^[114]

The pond cypress, Taxodium ascendens , has been known to live more than 1,000 years. One specimen in particular, named "The Senator", was estimated to be more than 3,400 years old at the time of its demise in early 2012.

Deepest and longest tree roots

A wild fig tree growing in Echo Caves near Ohrigstad, South Africa has roots going 120 m (400 ft) deep, giving it the deepest roots known of any tree. ^[115] El Drago Milenario, a tree of species Dracaena draco on Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, is reported to have 200-meter-long (660 ft) superficial roots. ^[116]

Thickest tree limbs

This list is limited to horizontal or nearly horizontal limbs, in which the governing growth factor is phototropism. Vertical or near vertical limbs, in which the governing growth factor is negative geotropism, are called "reiterations" and are really divisions of the trunk, which by definition must be less than the trunk as a whole and therefore less remarkable. The thickest trunks have already been dealt with under "stoutest".^{[ clarification needed ]}

List of thickest tree limbs by species

Species	Diameter		Tree name	Location	Notes and References
	Meters	Feet
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)	3.8	12.6	The Big Limb Tree	Atwell Mill Grove, Sequoia National Park, California	[117]
Za (Adansonia za)	2.7	9	The Ampanihy Baobab	north of Morombe, Madagascar	[54] Thickest limb on a dicot
African baobab (Adansonia digitata)	2.4	8	The Big Tree	Messina Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa	[118] [119]
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)	2.1	7	Kronos	Atlas Grove, Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park	[120]
Kauri (Agathis australis)	2.1	7	Nga Mahangahua	Tutamoe State Forest, North Island, New Zealand	[121]
White oak (Quercus alba)	1.8	6	The Wye Oak	Wye Mills, Maryland	Died June 6, 2002 [122]
Kapok or Silk Cotton Tree (Ceiba pentandra)	1.8	6		General statement; no individual cited	[123]
Canary Island Dragon Tree ( Dracaena draco )	1.75	5.75	The Orotava Tree	Orotava, Tenerife, Canary Islands	Died October 1869; [124] thickest limb on a monocot
Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla)	1.7	5.5 or more	The Children's Fig	Sydney Royal Botanical Gardens, Sydney, Australia	[125] [126]
Silver Fir ( Abies alba )	1.7	5.5	Sabin Candelabre	Jura Alps of France, near the Swiss border	[127] [128]
Rain Tree ( Samanea saman )	1.5	4.9		Caribbean region – this one near Nagarote, Nicaragua	[129] Measured by Dr. Berthold Seemann.
California Live Oak ( Quercus agrifolia )	1.5	4.9		Six kilometers (four miles) west of Gilroy, California	[130]

Thickest tree bark

List of trees by thickest bark

Species	Native range	Greatest thickness or depth	Comments
Giant Sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum )	Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.	The greatest thickness which has been reliably measured is 75 cm (2+1⁄2 ft) for one in Redwood Canyon, Kings Canyon National Park. [131]	However it is asserted that the basal bark of the "General Sherman" Big Tree is in places up to 1.2 m (4 ft) in thickness. [132] This could be determined non-invasively with sonograph equipment.
Coast Redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens )	Coastal Northern and Central California and extreme southern Oregon.	The "Mill Creek Giant" near the Mill Creek bridge in Redwood National Park, Crescent City, California has bark 46 cm (18 in) thick. [133]	Coast Redwood bark is often deeply fissured, making it easy to measure most of the depth of the bark even on live trees.
Douglas Fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii )	Northwestern North America.	A tree felled in North Vancouver, British Columbia in 1902 had bark 34 cm (13+1⁄2 in) in thickness. [134]
Cork Oak ( Quercus suber )	circum-Mediterranean distribution.	One Cork Oak at the chapel of São Gonçalo 16 km (10 mi) south of Lisbon, Portugal had cork measuring 20 cm (8 in) deep. [135]	This is the thickest bark among Dicots. One Cork Oak at the Mission-Basilica San Carlos de Borromeo del Rio Carmelo, Carmel-by-the-Sea, California had bark in 1971 with fissures 18 cm (7 in) in depth plus an unknown depth of unfissured bark beneath. In 1996 the bark had grown about an additional 25 mm (1 in).
Monkey Puzzle Tree ( Araucaria araucana )	The Patagonian Andes of Chile and Argentina.	Bark up to seven inches (18 centimeters) in thickness. [136] [137]
Bangalay ( Eucalyptus botryoides )	Victoria and New South Wales, Australia.	In 1973, one Bangalay in Alameda Park, Santa Barbara, California had bark fissured to a depth of 18 cm (7 in) with again an unknown depth of unfissured bark below that.
Parana Pine ( Araucaria angustifolia )	Mostly in southernmost Brazil.	Bark can be over 15 cm (6 in) thick. [138]
Renala ( Adansonia grandidieri )	Madagascar.	Bark is up to 15 cm (6 in) thick. [139]	This is the species with the colossal columnar trunks.
Valley Oak ( Quercus lobata )	Central Valley of California southward to the San Gabriel Valley.	This bark also up to 15 cm (6 in) in thickness. [140]
Plains Cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera)	North American Plains.	"Almost six inches (15 centimeters) thick" [141]
Nolina longifolia	Mexico	One plant at the Huntington Library, Galleries and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, California in 1996 had bark with fissures up to 4+3⁄4 in (120 mm) deep.	This is the thickest bark among Monocots.

Trees bearing the largest flowers

List of trees by largest flowers

Species	Native range	Largest of kind	Comments
Guyana Chestnut, or Provision Tree ( Pachira aquatica )	Central America, northern South America and the West Indies.	Up to 66 cm (26 in) if the 33 cm (13 in) yellow petals are held outright. [142]	The red tipped, yellow stamens [143] are united into a column in the lower third, divided into five or more sub-groups in the middle third, and into as many as 250 individual stamens in the upper third. According to Perry, P. aquatica petals can reach 14 inches (35 centimeters) in length. [144] [145] The tree gets about 65 feet (20 meters) in height. [146]
Cacao Sauvage ( Pachira insignis )	Along brackish estuaries of South America and the Lesser Antilles.	Its 33–36 cm (13–14 in) pink or red petals are 66–71 cm (26–28 in) wide if held horizontally. [147] [148]	The white stamens of P. insigna, arranged in the same manner as P. aquatica, can number as many as one thousand. This tree may grow up to 20 m (70 ft) in height in exceptional cases. [149]
Big Leaf Magnolia ( Magnolia macrophylla )	The deep southern United States, especially Alabama and Mississippi, but excluding Florida.	The largest on record was 55 cm (21+1⁄2 in) in width. [150]	Magnolia macrophylla has the largest flowers of any temperate (non-tropical) plant. This, like all Magnolias, is pollinated by flower beetles.
Giant White Angel's Trumpet ( Brugmansia versicolor )	Northern Guayaquil River Basin of Ecuador.	Pendant white or cream trumpet-like flowers up to 51 cm (20 in) long and up to 20 cm (8 in) wide at the mouth. [151] [152]	At 5 m (16 ft) height, this is the smallest tree in this table. The pollinator is unknown, [153] but would seem to require a very long tongue or beak. The horticultural variety "Supernova" can be up to 24 in (61 cm) in length. B. versicolor is now believed to be extinct in the wild, but fortunately is widely cultivated.
Cloudforest Magnolia ( Magnolia dealbata )	The humid regions of Mexico.	Up to 41 cm (16 in) in diameter. [154]	Considered by some taxonomists to be a subspecies of M. macrophylla. One credible source states that M. dealbata can have flowers up to 50 cm (19+1⁄2 in) in width. [155]
Goniothalamus grandiflorus Annonaceae	Solomon Islands	Each of the three red petals up to seven inches (17 centimeters) in length, [156] for a potential width of fourteen inches (34 cm)	Tree is cauliflorous (flowers borne directly on trunk, or major limbs). Each flower produces a multiple fruit, where each carpel develops as a separate berry and together forming a cluster resembling a cluster of large grapes.
Mandacaru ( Cereus jamacaru ) Cactaceae	The Caatinga region of N.E.ern Brazil. Also naturalized to South Africa.	Up to 30 cm (12 in) long by up to 20 cm (8 in) wide. [157] [158]	One of the largest tree-cacti at up to 18 m (59 ft) in height, 10 m (33 ft) crown spread and up to 102 cm (40 in) trunk thickness. [157] It can bear spines up to 19 cm (7+1⁄2 in) long.[ citation needed ] By reason of its succulence, these may be the most massive (heaviest) of all tree flowers.[ citation needed ]
The Paloeloe ( Phenakospermum guianense ) (Strelitziaceae)	Amazon Rainforest.	Each cicinnus contains up to 25 individual flowers, each up to eleven inches (28 centimeters) in length. [159]
Calabash Nutmeg ( Monodora myristica ) (Annonaceae)	Native to tropical Africa.	Ornate, pendant, multicolor flower up to 25 cm (10 in) in width. Usually found in sets of three flowers. [160]	The name comes from the 15 cm (6 in) calabash-like fruit filled with fragrant seeds.
Ceiba schottii (Bombacaceae)	Southern Mexico and Guatemala	Up to 10.5 in (26 cm) wide by 7.5 in (19 cm) long. [161]
Gigasiphon humboldtianum (Caesalpinaceae)	Madagascar, with very similar G. macrosiphon in coastal Kenya and Tanzania.	Up to ten inches (25 centimeters) in length the hypanthium or floral tube surrounding the pistel-stipe or gynophore; both being the longest known for any plant. [162] The five petals( upper, central one yellow, the side ones white) are each five inches (13 centimeters) long and 2.5 inches (6.5 centimeters) wide. [163] for a total width of ten inches (25 centimeters|	Many botanists consider G. humboldtianum and G. macrosiphon to be conspecific.
The Za or Boji ( Adansonia za ) Bombacaceae	Widespread in Madagascar.	Five mostly yellow petals, each up to 9.5 inches (24 centimeters) long by 0.6-inch (1.5 cm) wide, and reflexed. [164] Flower 9 to 10 inches (23 to 25 cm) wide with long stamens bringing the length to nine inches (23 centimeters).	Largest of the Baobab flowers.
Hibiscus waimeae Malvaceae	Endemic to the island of Kauai, in Hawai'i.	Each of the five white petals is up to 5.5 inches (thirteen cm) in length for a potential diameter of eleven inches (26 centimeters) The central staminal column is up to six inches (fifteen cm) in length. [165]
Spotted Randia ( Rothmannia longiflora ) (Rubiaceae).	Native to tropical Africa.	Has trumpet-shaped Purple and white flowers up to ten inches (25 cm) long [166] by about five inches (12 cm) across the mouth. [167]
The Elephant Apple ( Dillenia indica ) (Dilleniaceae)	Native to India, Burma, Southeast Asia and the East Indies.	The 20 cm (8 in) wide flower consists of five large 50–65 mm (2–2+1⁄2 in) roundish, fleshy white petals, two concentric circles of several hundred stamens surrounding a circle of up to twenty stigmas. [168] [169]	Forms a fruit up to 18 cm (7 in) in diameter. [170] A second species, D. megalantha of the Philippines, also produces 8-inch (20 centimeter) wide flowers. [171]

See also

• Champion Trees
• Dendrology
• Dendrometry
• Largest organisms
• Lists of trees
• List of oldest trees
• List of old-growth forests
• List of individual trees
• List of superlative trees in Sweden
• List of Champion Trees (South Africa)
• List of tree genera
• List of trees and shrubs by taxonomic family
• List of world records held by plants
• Tree allometry
• Tree measurement
  • Tree crown measurement
  • Tree girth measurement
  • Tree height measurement
  • Tree volume measurement

References

1. "Native Tree Society". Native Tree Society. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
2. Ghose, Tia (May 23, 2022). "What is the world's tallest tree?". LiveScience . Retrieved 2023-06-24.
3. Martin, Glen (September 29, 2006). "World's tallest tree, a redwood, confirmed". SFGate. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
4. "Sequoia". Gymnosperm Database.
5. Ren, Yu; Guan, Hongcan; Yang, Haitao; Su, Yanjun; Tao, Shengli; Cheng, Kai; Li, Wenkai; Yang, Zekun; Huang, Guoran; Li, Cheng; Xu, Guangcai; Lu, Zhi; Guo, Qinghua (2024). "Discovering and measuring giant trees through the integration of multi‐platform lidar data". Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (10): 1889–1905. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.14401 . ISSN   2041-210X.
6. "Tibet's 102.3-meter "tall tree" breaks Asian record". People's Daily.
7. "How tall is the tallest tree in Asia – the latest discovery of the joint investigation team of Professor Guo Qinghua". The Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS of Peking University.
8. McIntosh, Derek. "Mountain Ash "Centurion" – tallest tree in Australia". National Register of Big Trees. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
9. "100 metres and growing: Australia's tallest tree leaves all others in the shade". www.abc.net.au. December 11, 2018. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
10. "Tall and Big Tree news". Victoria's Giant Trees. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
11. "Picea sitchensis". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2007-06-10. This tree also has a sign nearby proclaiming it to be 'the world's largest spruce'. The two tallest on record, 96.7 m and 96.4 m, are in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California
12. "Picea sitchensis". Gymnosperm Database.
13. "Doerner Fir – Tallest Douglas Fir" . Retrieved 2013-02-25.
14. "Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii". Gymnosperm Database.
15. "The world's tallest known tropical tree has been found—and climbed". National Geographic Society . April 3, 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
16. Shenkin, Alexander; Chandler, Christopher; Boyd, Doreen; Jackson, Tobias; bin Jami, Jamiluddin; Disney, Mathias; Majalap, Noreen; Nilus, Reuben; Foody, Giles; Reynolds, Glen; Wilkes, Phil; Cutler, Mark; M. Van Der Heijden, Geertje; Burslem1, David; Coomes, David; Patrick Bentley, Lisa; Malhi, Yadvinder (2019). "The World's Tallest Tropical Tree in Three Dimensions". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 2: 32. Bibcode:2019FrFGC...2...32S. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2019.00032 . hdl: 2164/12435 . ISSN   2624-893X.
17. "A New Tallest Giant Sequoia". Sequoia Parks Foundation. 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-09-24. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
18. "Sequoiadendron". Gymnosperm Database.
19. Wangchuk, Sangay; Dukpa, Dorji; Tenzin, Karma; Dorji Tamang, Kelly Tobden; Dhendup, Tashi (2018). Historically Significant Trees of Bhutan (PDF) (Report). Bumthang, Bhutan: Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests. p. 80. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
20. "Tree Data". Australia National Register of Big Trees.
21. Yoav (June 10, 2018). "The White Knight". Giant Tree Expeditions. Tasmania. Archived from the original on 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
22. "LIDAR technology leads Brazilian team to 30 story tall Amazon tree". November 11, 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
23. Odilla, Fernanda (September 1, 2019). "Pesquisadores encontram arvore mais alta da Amazonia...etc". BBC News Brasil. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
24. "How tall can a tree grow?". February 23, 2009.
25. "Giant logged long ago but not forgotten". September 4, 2011.
26. "A tall story: From Gondwanaland to clear-fell logging". September 23, 2013.
27. "The tallest tree in the world".
28. "A Mendocino Big Tree". Mining and Scientific Press. 66 (15): 230. April 15, 1893. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
29. "A Giant Redwood for the World's Fair". Pacific Rural Press. 45 (16): 354. April 22, 1893. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
30. "Notes". Garden and Forest. 6: 260. June 14, 1893. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
31. "Lynn Valley's secret Forest". Vancouver Big Tree Hiking Guide. October 29, 2015.
32. "The Yield of Douglas Fir in the Pacific Northwest". Archived from the original on 2022-10-24.
33. "Famous Tree Near Mineral – a True Giant". October 9, 2013.
34. Richards, Paul (1964). The Tropical Rainforest. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. <not recorded>.
35. Womersley, J.S. (1975). The Forests and Forest Conditions of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. Zillmere, Queensland: The Wilkes Group. p. 51.
36. Edelin, Claude; Chan, Hoi T. (1990). The Monopodial Architecture – The Case for Some Trees. <not given>: <not given>. p. 27.
37. "Silent sentinels of climate change – Giving".
38. "Tasmanian Giant Trees Register" (PDF). Forestry Tasmania. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19.
39. "Ancient Indigenous Forest Trees" . Retrieved 2003-08-13.
40. Mitchell, A. F. (1972). Conifers in the British Isles. Forestry Commission. Booklet 33.
41. Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins. ISBN   0-00-212035-6.
42. Hamilton, G. J. (1975). Forest Mensuration Handbook. Vol. 39. Forestry Commission Booklet. ISBN   0-11-710023-4.
43. "Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society" (PDF). Native Tree Society. March 2008. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
44. Fenner, M (1980). "Some measurements on the water relations of baobab trees". Biotropica. 12 (3): 205–209. Bibcode:1980Biotr..12..205F. doi:10.2307/2387972. JSTOR   2387972.
45. "Taxodium mucronatum". Gymnosperm Database.
46. "Big Baobab Facts". Archived from the original on 2008-01-06. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
47. Listing National Register of Big Trees
48. "Tree Register".
49. "National Register of Big Trees".
50. "Coast Redwood Discovery. Sequoia sempervirens". mdvaden.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
51. Dronkers, Mike (July 14, 2015). "Girth First? Local Man May Have Just Found the World's Fattest Redwood". Lost Coast Outpost. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
52. Earle, Christopher J. "Sequoiadendron giganteum". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2007-06-10. the General Grant tree in Kings Canyon National Park, CA, which is 885 cm dbh and 81.1 m tall
53. Flint, Wendell (1987). To Find the Biggest Tree. Three Rivers, California: Sequoia Natural History Society. p. 28.
54. Salak, Marc (January–February 2002). "The Vanishing Thorn Forests of Madagascar, part 2". Cactus and Succulent Journal. 74 (1): 31–33.
55. Carder, Al C. (2005). Giant Trees of Western America and the World. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publisher. p. 105.
56. "Big Trees Survey". Japan Ministry of Environment.
57. "Red Tingle".
58. "Red Tingle".
59. Huxley, A, ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN   0-333-47494-5.
60. Wendell D. Flint (January 1, 2002). To Find the Biggest Tree. Sequoia Natural History Association. ISBN   978-1-878441-09-6.
61. Earle, Christopher J. "Sequoia sempervirens". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
62. Earle, Christopher J. "Agathis australis". Gymnosperm Database.
63. Earle, Christopher J. "Thuja plicata". Gymnosperm Database.
64. Van Pelt, Robert (2001). Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast . Global Forest Society and University of Washington Press. ISBN   0-295-98140-7.
65. Ogilvie, Felicity (April 17, 2019). "500yo forest giant among trees reduced to 'pile of ash' by summer bushfires". ABC News. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
66. Earle, Christopher J. "Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
67. Matthews, Peter; Dunkley McCarthy, Michelle; Young, Mark (October 1993). The Guinness Book of Records 1994 . Facts on File. ISBN   978-0-8160-2645-6 . Retrieved 2012-06-05.^{[ page needed ]}
68. India Today. Vol. 17. Living Media India. 1992. p. 53. Retrieved 2012-06-05. [Magazine missing article title.]
69. Sayeed, Vikhar Ahmed. "Arboreal Wonder". Frontline . Retrieved 2012-06-05.
70. Groom, Arthur (January 1954). "The Monkira Monster". Wildlife and Outdoors: 9–13.
71. Brooks, A. E. (1964). Tree Wonders of Australia.
72. Allen, Richard; Baker, Kimbal (2009). Australia's Remarkable Trees. Melbourne: The Miegunyah Press. pp. 175=179.
73. Copping, Jasper (June 4, 2011). "Britain's record-breaking trees identified". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
74. A. F. (January 6, 1872). "<not recorded>". The Garden. 1: 155.^{[ full citation needed ]}
75. Glenday, Craig, ed. (2021). Guinness World Records. London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 44.
76. Carder (2005), p. 129.
77. "Parks and Gardens UK". October 27, 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2014-12-03.
78. Haycock, Stu (October 27, 2014). "Stafford's Yew Tree is Top !". Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2014-12-03.
79. "Florida Forest Service". 2004. Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
80. Hayes, Virginia (December 21, 2011). "S.B. Big Trees: The Moreton Bay Fig Tree was Planted from a Cutting from Australia". Santa Barbara Independent. Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2014-03-18.
81. Kearns, Ethan; et al. (Spring 2006). "National Register of Big Trees". American Forests: 32.
82. "Big Tree List". Archived from the original on 2003-02-18. Retrieved 2003-01-30.
83. Cristopher. "Old Temecula Valley" . Retrieved 2017-08-18.
84. Haller, John (January 1978). "A Most Remarkable Tree". American Forests. 84 (1): 23.
85. "National Register of Big Trees" . Retrieved 2017-10-27.
86. Frank, Edward F. (July 19, 2009). "The Middleton Oak and Sag Branch Tulip Tree Project" . Retrieved 2017-08-18.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
87. "Champion Trees of Pennsylvania" . Retrieved 2017-08-19.
88. Walker, Clive (2013). Baobab Trails. p. 256.
89. Littlecott, Lorna C. (February 1969). "Hawai'i First". American Forests. 75 (2): 15.
90. McFarlan and McWhirter (1992). Guinness Book of World Records. p. 57.
91. Allen, Richard; Baker, Kimbal (2009). Australia's Remarkable Trees. Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. p. 78.
92. White, J (1990). Estimating the Age of Large and Veteran Trees in Britain. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
93. "Oldlist". Rocky Mountain Tree Ring Research. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
94. Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo (May 21, 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science. 260 (5111): 1104–1106. Bibcode:1993Sci...260.1104L. doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1104. PMID   17806339. S2CID   46397540.
95. Stahle, DW; Edmondson, JR; Howard, IM; Robbins, CR; et al. (2019). "Longevity, climate sensitivity, and conservation status of wetland trees at Black River, North Carolina". Environmental Research Communications. 1 (4): 041002. Bibcode:2019ERCom...1d1002S. doi: 10.1088/2515-7620/ab0c4a .
96. Brunstein, FC; Yamaguchi, DK (1992). "The oldest known Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research. 24 (3): 253–256. doi: 10.1080/00040851.1992.12002955 .
97. Adrian Patrut; Stephan Woodborne; Roxana T. Patrut; Laszlo Rakosy; Daniel A. Lowy; Grant Hall; Karl F. von Reden (2018). "The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs". Nature Plants. 4 (7): 423–426. Bibcode:2018NatPl...4..423P. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5. hdl: 2263/65292 . PMID   29892092. S2CID   47017569.
98. Werner, Louis (September–October 2007). "Saudi Aramco World: A Cypress in the Sahara". Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
99. Harte, J (1996). "How old is that old yew?". At the Edge. 4: 1–9.
100. Kinmonth, F (2005). "Ageing the yew – no core, no curve?". International Dendrology Society Yearbook: 41–46. ISSN   0307-322X.
101. Suzuki, E (1997). "The Dynamics of Old Cryptomeria japonica Forest on Yakushima Island". Tropics. 6 (4): 421–428. doi: 10.3759/tropics.6.421 .
102. "Llangernyw".
103. "The ancient yew tree | St Johns Tisbury".
104. "Yew".
105. "European Yew 'Fortingall Yew' in the churchyard in Fortingall, Scotland, United Kingdom".
106. Lloyd, Graham (September 10, 2011). "The oldest tree". The Australian. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
107. "Could a tree be 10,000 years old?". Gumnuts – the ASGAP Blog. Archived from the original on 2007-04-11. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
108. "Plants – Huon pine: one of the oldest plants on earth". Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania. 2003.
109. Brack, Cris; Brookhouse, Matthew (April 18, 2017). "Where the old things are: Australia's most ancient trees". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-01-02. the oldest in Australia could be a Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii) in Tasmania, the oldest stem of which is up to 2,000 years old
110. "Huon Pine Lagarostrobos franklinni". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 2011. Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-03-22. Individuals have been known to reach an age of 3,000 years
111. "Lagarostrobos franklinii (Huon pine) description". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 2023-01-02. Living trees sampled by increment borer have yielded ring counted ages of up to 2500 years, and since these were not pith dates, it seems likely that there are living trees with ages in excess of 3000 years (Balmer 1999).
112. "Oldest olive trees". Reuters. October 19, 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
113. Camarero, J. Julio; Touchan, Ramzi; Valeriano, Cristina; Bashour, Isam; Stephan, Jean (April 2024). "Dating the Noah trees to improve age estimates in centennial and millennial olive trees". Dendrochronologia. 84: 126181. Bibcode:2024Dendr..8426181C. doi:10.1016/j.dendro.2024.126181. hdl: 10261/354303 . Retrieved 2024-09-20.
114. "The World's Oldest Olive Trees are Lebanese – Green Prophet". January 8, 2013.
115. "Interesting Tree Facts". United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 2005-07-23. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
116. Akerberg, Eric (1966). "Tenerife – A place for research on plant ecology". Acta Universitatis Lundensis. Section 2 (33): 8.
117. Flint, Wendell D. (1987). To Find the Biggest Tree. Three Rivers, Calif.: Sequoia Natural History Assoc. pp. 26 & 92.
118. Carder, Al C. (1995). Forest Giants of the World. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry and Whiteside. p. 148.
119. "Dubel African Travel". 1993. Archived from the original on 1999-11-09. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
120. "Kenneth L. Fisher Chair in Redwood Ecology – Collaborators" . Retrieved 2007-06-20.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
121. Kirk F.L.S., T. (1889). The Forest Flora of New Zealand. Wellington: Government Printer. p. 144.
122. Preston, Dickson J. (November 1984). "Our Largest Oak Loses a Limb". American Forests. 90 (11): 42–43 & 62–63.
123. Gamlin, Linda and Anuschka de Rohan (1998). Mysteries of the Rain Forest. Pleasantville, New York: Reader's Digest Assoc. p. 79.
124. Stone, Olivia M. (1889). Tenerife and Its Six Satellites. London: Marcus Ward and Co. p. 198.
125. Seselja, Loui (August 18, 2000). "Performance around the giant fig tree, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney" . Retrieved 2005-02-08.
126. Allen, Richard; Baker, Kimbal (2006). Australia's Remarkable Trees. Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. p. 41. photograph with human figure for size comparison.
127. Goll, Bernard (January 2001). "Jura Sauvage" . Retrieved 2017-06-13.
128. "Grimper dans un arbre a plus de cinquante ans". November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
129. "not recorded". Gardener's Chronicle. First. 29: 1169. November 6, 1869.
130. Hanna, W. J. (July 1929). "A Large Quercus agrifolia in Santa Clara County". Madroño. 1 (15): 226.
131. Harvey, H.T.; et al. (1981). Giant Sequoias. Three Rivers, California: Sequoia Natural History Assoc. p. 30.
132. "Species Information: Giant Sequoia...etc". Archived from the original on 2003-04-02. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
133. Correspondence from Redwood doyen Ron Hildebrant
134. Carder (1995), p. 8.
135. Elwes, Henry J. and Augustine Henry (1906). Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 5. East Ardsley, England: S.R. Publishers Ltd. pp. 1294–1295.
136. Lewington, Anna; Parker, Edward (1999). Ancient Trees. London: Collins & Brown. p. 49.
137. Marticorena, Clodomiro; Rodriguez, Roberto (1995). Flora de Chile. Vol. 1. Concepcion, Chile: Univ. de Concepcion. p. 312.
138. Enright, Neal J.; Hill, Robert S. (1995). Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 124.
139. "How Many Baobab Species Do We Have?" . Retrieved 2005-09-26.
140. Carder (1995), p. 41.
141. Wier, S.K. (2014). "Plains Cottonwood" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-09-21.
142. Croat, Thomas B. (1978). Flora of Barro Colorado Island (First ed.). Stanford, California: Standford University Press. pp. 589–591. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
143. Rohwer Ph.D., Jens G. (2002). Tropical Plants of the World. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. pp. 80 plus photo p. 81. ISBN   0-8069-8387-6.
144. Perry, Frances (1981). Flowers of the World . Illustrated by Leslie Greenwood (Revised ed.). London: WH Smith. p. 47. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
145. Huxley, Anthony, ed. (1994). New Royal Hort. Soc. Dictionary of Gardening. Vol. 3. New York: Stockton Press. p. 429.
146. Rohwer, Dr. Jens G. (2002). Tropical Plants of the World. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. Inc. pp. 80 plus photo p. 81. ISBN   0-8069-8387-6.
147. Pertchik, Bernard and Harriet, with Paul Knapp (1951). Flowering Trees of the Caribbean. New York: Rinehart & Co, Inc. p. 44.
148. Fayaz, Ahmed (2011). Encyclopedia of Tropical Plants. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 517.
149. Roth, Ingrid; Lindorf, Helga (1991). "Leaf structure of two species of Pachira indigenous of Venezuela from different habitats". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik. 113 (2/3): 205. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
150. Raynal, Charles E. (May 1938). Butler, Ovid (ed.). "Big Leaf Magnolia". American Forests. Vol. 44, no. 5. p. 204. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
151. Preissel, Ulrike; Preissel, Hans-Georg (2002). Brugmansia and Datura. Buffalo, N.Y.: Firefly Books. p. 42. ISBN   978-1-5520-9558-4.
152. Huxley (1992), Vol. 1 p. 402.
153. Preissel & Preissel (2002), p. 45.
154. Menninger, Edwin A. Flowering Trees of the World. New York: Hearthside Press. p. 145.
155. Vazquez-Garcia, Jose Antonio; et al. (July 2015). "Magnolia rzedowskiana (Magnoliaceae), una especie nueva de la sección Macrophylla de la parte central de la sierra Madre Oriental, México". Acta Botánica Mexicana (in Spanish) (112): 19–36. doi: 10.21829/abm112.2015.1086 . Retrieved 2018-07-26.
156. "Flora of the Solomon Islands", Kew Bulletin # 102 (June–July 1895) Issue # CCCCLXI
157. "Plantinvasivekruger – Cactaceae – Cereus jamacaru DC". Pl@ntNet . Retrieved 2018-04-17.
158. Machado, Marlon (December 4, 2007). "Cactus World – Online – Big Ones" . Retrieved 2011-02-15.
159. Halle, F.; et al. (1978). Tropical Trees and Forests. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp. 124–125.
160. Rohwer 2002, p. 100.
161. Fayaz (2011), p. 516.
162. Brenan, J.P.M. (May 1967). "Leguminosae – subfamily Caesalpinaceae". Flora of Tropical East Africa: 204.
163. "Dendrologie Online – Gigasiphon macrosiphon". January 20, 2007. Retrieved 2021-08-25.^{[ dead link ‍]}
164. Ambrose-Oji, B.; Mughogho, N. (2007). van der Vossen, H.A.M.; Mkamilo, G.S. (eds.). "Adansonia za Baill". [Internet] Record from Protabase. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l'Afrique tropicale). Archived from the original on 2011-11-06. Current link
165. Fayaz (2011), p. 511.
166. Everard, Barbara; Morley, Brian (1970). Wild Flowers of the World. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Plate 59 with caption.
167. Fayaz (2011), p. 581 with photo.
168. Fayaz (2011), p. 339.
169. Rohwer (2002), p. 106.
170. Everard & Morley (1970), Plate 112 with caption.
171. Hoogland, R.D. (December 1951). "Dilleniaceae". Flora Malesiana. Series 1 Volume 4 (3): 159.

External links

• Notable and Ancient Trees in Britain and Ireland
• Monumental trees
• M. D. Vaden, arborist who measures tree sizes
• Calaveras Big Trees Association (CBTA)
• Tasmania's giant trees
• National Register of Big Trees. Australia's Champion Trees
• Old Trees in The Netherlands and Western Europe
• Photo Tours: Science Atop the World's Largest Trees
• Article about The Senator
• The New Zealand Tree Register – A project of the New Zealand Notable Trees Trust (NZNTT)