Pinus aristata

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Pinus aristata
Pinus aristata - Mount Blue Sky 01.jpg
Pinus aristata on the Mount Blue Sky Scenic Byway
Status TNC G3.svg
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Strobus
Section: P. sect. Parrya
Subsection: P. subsect. Balfourianae
Species:
P. aristata
Binomial name
Pinus aristata
Pinus aristata range map 2.png
Synonyms [3]
  • Pinus balfouriana subsp. aristata (Engelm.) Engelm. (1880)
  • Pinus balfouriana var. aristata (Engelm.) Engelm. (1878)

Pinus aristata, the Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine or Colorado bristlecone pine is a long-lived species of bristlecone pine tree native to the United States. It is found in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and northern New Mexico, with an isolated population in the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona. It is found at very high altitudes, from 2,100 to 4,000 meters (6,900 to 13,100 ft) in cold, dry subalpine climate conditions, often at the tree line, although it also forms extensive closed-canopy stands at somewhat lower elevations.

Contents

Description

Pinus aristata is a medium-size tree, commonly reaching 15 meters (49 ft) in height and occasionally as much as 20 m (66 ft) in their natural habitat. In favorable conditions they are straight and upright trees, but they become increasingly stunted, short, and twisted the closer they grow to timberline. [4] The crown of the tree is flattened, irregular, or round in shape when fully mature. [5] The trunk can be very substantial, commonly 75 cm (2 ft) and up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, and tapers very noticeably towards the top. [4] [5] The bark is fairly smooth and white-gray on young trees, but becomes dark and cracked with a scaly texture on old trees. [4] [6] The color of older bark varies from red-brown to gray. [5]

Young trees that are not stunted have evenly spaced whorles of branches. [7] On older trees the branches are crooked and twisting and may be partially dead. [6] Twigs begin as red-brown, but become gray with age. [5] Twigs and very young branches are covered in needles that last for 10 to 17 years, giving them a shaggy bottle brush appearance. [6] [4] The needle like leaves are bundles of five and are 2–4 centimeters long, but usually longer than 3 cm. [5] The fascicle, the base that holds the needles together, breaks down more quickly in Pinus aristata than in Pinus longaeva , giving a more even appearance to its branches. The resin canals in the needles are closer to the surface and not as sturdy, explaining the noticeable white flecks of resin. The botanist Dana K. Bailey described the needles covered in resin as appearing "dandruffy". [8] The small dried droplets are easily mistaken for scale insects. [7] Between the white specks the needles are dark green in color. The buds are egg shaped with a long tapering point ( acuminate ), about 1 cm in size. [5] New shoots are light orange and may covered in hairs or hairless. [7]

Cones

Immature seed cone Pinus aristata - Matt Berger 01.jpg
Immature seed cone

The pollen cone is approximately 1 cm in length and may be blueish to red colored. [5] Trees mature enough to produce seed cones are generally about 1.5 meters in height and 20 years of age. [9] Seed cones are dark purple when immature and turn brown as they ripen. At full size they are 6–11 centimeters in length. [4] A seed cone takes two years to fully ripen. Each scale of the cone is tipped with a thin, brittle pickle 4–10 millimeters long. They fall from the tree soon after releasing their seeds. [5] Pinus aristata has seeds that are gray-brown to nearly black in color with darker spots and 5–6 mm long. The seed has an attached papery wing 10–13 mm long. [5] [7] Their mean weight is 25 milligrams, significantly smaller than those of the whitebark pine at 175 mg, but much larger than the 4 mg of lodgepole pine. [10] Large crops of cones are produced only once per century on average. [9]

Seedlings

Seedlings, 1 week old Broddfura (Pinus aristata) - 1week.jpg
Seedlings, 1 week old

The seeds of Pinus aristata easily germinate, with as much as 80% of the seeds being viable. Seeds that are mechanically damaged are colonized and killed by fungus. Each new sprout will have between seven and twelve needle-like seed leaves. The seedlings are quite vulnerable to cold temperatures with all being killed if exposed to temperatures of less than −10 °C (14 °F). [11]

Longevity

Though they do not obtain the extreme age of the Great Basin bristlecone pines, Colorado bristlecones still reach quite advanced ages. There are 13 trees that are known to be older than 1600 years by reliable dating, including one on Mount Goliath dated to the year 403. Four of these trees exceed 2100 years of age and one is 2465 years old (see Notable trees). Based on size and appearance scientists estimate there are 30 more trees in the same general area older than 1600 years that have not yet had core samples taken. [12] The botanist Aljos Farjon thinks that there may be trees that are older 3000 years of age that have yet to be scientifically scrutinized. [6] At lower elevations in montane habitats where they grow with grasses, ages generally do not exceed 300 years. [13]

The Rocky Mountain bristlecone is known both for having stripes of dead wood on the trunks of older trees and for the extreme lengths of time that dead trees will remain sound. In this it is very much like the Great Basin bristlecone. [14]

Taxonomy

The branches and cones of Pinus aristata as illustrated by Charles Edward Faxon in The Silva of North America Pinus aristata - Charles Edward Faxon.png
The branches and cones of Pinus aristata as illustrated by Charles Edward Faxon in The Silva of North America

Pinus aristata was scientifically described in 1862 by George Engelmann with its present scientific name. [3] The botanical samples used to describe and name the species were collected in 1861 by Charles Christopher Parry, however the earliest known scientific collection was by Frederick Creuzefeldt in 1853. [8] In 1878 Englemann worked on a reclassification of the taxon as a variety of Pinus balfouriana and in 1880 as a subspecies. [3] This reassessment was initially accepted by botanists such as Charles Sprague Sargent, [16] but was rejected by others such as Edward James Ravenscroft. [17] It is listed as an accepted species with no subspecies by Plants of the World Online, [3] World Flora Online, [18] and World Plants. [19] Prior to work by Dana K. Bailey published in 1971, Pinus longaeva trees growing in California, Nevada, and Utah were not identified as a separate species or subspecies. [20] [21] A distance of 260 kilometers (160 mi) separates the populations of P. aristata from the closest groves of P. longaeva. [22]

Names

The species name aristata means "bristle" in botanical Latin, a reference to the long points on the ends of the scales of its cones. [8] As the first bristlecone identified, Pinus aristata is still occasionally referred to simply as bristlecone pine, [23] however Pinus longaeva is also sometimes called bristlecone pine in English. [24] To distinguish it from its relative the name Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine has been used since at least 1971 and the similar Colorado bristlecone has been in use since at least 1976. [25] [26] The common name hickory pine is used, most often in Colorado, due to the hardness and density of the wood being like that of a hickory. [8] It is additionally known as foxtail pine and wind timber, [24] but the first of these names is more often applied to Pinus balfouriana. [27]

Range and habitat

The Colorado bristlecone grows in three western US states, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. [28] The Rocky Mountain bristle cone reaches its northern limit at approximately 40 degrees north latitude. [22] They are widely distributed in the Southern Rocky Mountains, but are limited to small areas within its range. [29] The elevation range where it grows is widest, from 2,100 to 4,000 meters (6,900 to 13,100 ft), in the state of Colorado. The Arizona population is only found above 2900 m and only as high as 3700 m. In New Mexico the trees start at a similarly high elevation of 3000 m and have the same maximum as in Arizona. [30]

Rocky Mountain bristlecone will grow in krummholz habitat at the edge of the arctic tundra, where it has the typical dwarfed and gnarled growth of these "crooked woods". [31] Its habitat extends downward into the subalpine forests and even lower in the driest parts of the middle elevations. [32] The bristlecones and limber pines (Pinus flexilis) will grow into full trees at elevations where silver spruces (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine firs (Abies lasiocarpa) are reduced to stunted, ground hugging shrubs. Their greater tolerance of dry conditions is what enables them to grow more successfully in challenging mountain habitats. [33]

Bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) at timberline, the summit of the San Francisco Peaks, 1926 Summit - 1926 (5375570467).jpg
Bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) at timberline, the summit of the San Francisco Peaks, 1926

In Arizona this species of bristlecone pine is only found on the San Francisco Peaks, [22] four volcanic cinder cones in north-central Arizona. [32] Their alpine trees and flora resemble those of the Southern Rocky Mountains more than that of Nevada or California, including having Colorado bristlecone pines rather than Great Basin bristlecones. There they grow on south facing slopes together with limber pines. This isolated island of mountain habitat is 400 kilometers (250 mi) from the closest alpine habitat in southern Colorado. [32]

In the Southern Rocky Mountains they, like the limber pine, may grow in extensive stands on some sites without other species of tree or may be found intermixed with them. In the southerly parts of the Sangre de Cristo Range they replace the limber pines at higher elevations on very dry sites. It becomes more common in more northerly portions of the range, especially in habitats above 3,000 meters (10,000 ft). [22] A very large bristlecone pine wood of 120 hectares (300 acres) grows in the Valle Vidal within the Carson National Forest. [22] [34] In both New Mexico and Colorado they mostly grow on steep, south-facing slopes that are quite dry. [35]

In Colorado there are more than 50 areas with notable populations of bristlecone pine found in the southern and central mountain ranges of the state. On the Spanish Peaks in southern Colorado bristlecone pines grow together with ponderosa pines and Rocky Mountain white oaks at relative low elevations, an unusual habitat type. Though they also grow in nearly pure stands higher up in the subalpine zone of the Spanish Peaks. [22] A forest of 49 hectares (120 acres) growing on the southeastern flank of Mount Bross in the Pike National Forest is named the Windy Ridge Bristlecone Pine Scenic Area. [36] Further north, they grow on the mountains of the Front Range south of James Peak. [37] In the southern part of the range around Pikes Peak they occur on the south facing slopes while limber pines grow on the north facing areas. In areas around Mount Blue Sky bristlecone pines more often mix with limber pines, though bristlecones tend to be more common on fine textured soils while rocky ridges have more limber pines. [22] The rocks and soils derived from them along the Front Range are Precambrian granite. [35] The small 4.9 hectares (12 acres) grove in the Mount Goliath Natural area is notable both for the age of one of its trees (see Notable trees) as well as for the ease of public access from the Mount Blue Sky Scenic Byway. [22]

The typical habitat of high altitude groves is quite cool, even in summer. In the Front Range it was measured to have a mean annual temperature of 8.3 to 3.3 °C (46.9 to 37.9 °F) in the 1970s. The winds are also quite severe with speeds of 24–40 kilometers (15–25 mi) common. [35]

Conservation

The International Union for Conservation of Nature last evaluated Pinus aristata in 2012 and listed it as one of their species of "least concern". The evaluation found its population was stable without a continuing decline of mature individuals, but with a naturally very fragmented habitat. [1] In contrast, when NatureServe evaluated it in 1999 they listed it as "vulnerable" (G3) due to its small distribution. They additionally found it to be "imperiled" (S2) in Arizona. [2] In Arizona the state lists it as a salvage resiricted native plant, one that requires a permit for removal including on private land. [38]

Ecology

The seeds of the Rocky Mountain bristlecone are eaten by Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) and may also be stored by them in years where crops of seeds are particularly large. Unlike the seeds of the Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis) the seeds of show the same speckled patterns for camouflage on soil as other species and are not adapted to be primarily animal dispersed. [39]

The Rocky Mountain bristlecone is quite vulnerable to fire. After forest fires stands show very little regeneration after thirty years and a lower abundance compared with other species tree species that are more able to colonize newly open areas. [40]

Notable trees

The oldest tree in Colorado is a Rocky Mountain bristlecone that was dated by F. Craig Brunstein and David Yamaguchi to 442 BCE. [36] Designated in the 1992 paper as CB-90-11, it grows on Black Mountain in the Pike National Forest west of Pike's Peak. At the time core samples were taken by researchers the trees showed many signs of old age including dead wood that had been sculpted by wind erosion, crowns that had died back, only strips of living bark, and a radius greater than 40 centimeters (1.3 ft). Three other trees in the same area were dated to earlier than 100 BCE. [12]

The oldest known tree on Mount Goliath was discovered by Dr. Paula Krebs in 1970 while working on her doctoral dissertation. The tree, which she named Great Grandma, was dated to 403 CE making it 1621 years old. [36]

The tallest recorded tree is one 23 m (75 ft) tall that grows in the Carson National Forest, New Mexico. When measured in 1996 it also had a diameter of 107 cm (3.5 ft) and a crown spread of 12 m (39.4 ft). [41]

The American National Register of Champion Trees records a tree with a very large diameter of 144 centimeters (56.6 in) Huerfano County, Colorado. This tree also has a height of 18 m (59 ft) and a crown spread of 7.3 m (24 ft) when it was measured in 2018. [42]

Uses

Formerly it was used for fuel, electric utility poles, signposts, and as support timbers in mines. [24] [8]

Cultivation

Rocky Mountain bristlecone the most common of the bristlecone pines in cultivation. [43] It is a very attractive slow-growing small tree suitable for small gardens in cold climates. [44] It was brought into cultivation by Parry at the Arnold Arboretum soon after he collected the materials for its scientific description in 1861. [43] It has been cultivated since at least 1863 in the United Kingdom, but is a rarely planted tree there. [45] In gardens it will range from 2–6 meters (8–20 ft) high and 3–4.5 m (10–15 ft) wide. [46] However, due to its slow growth rare it is rare to see one taller than 10 m in landscaping. [47] It requires a well drained soil, one that is rocky and poor in organic material being particularly suitable. They also tolerate alkaline soils. [44]

Trees are tolerant of windy conditions, [44] but will show evidence damage from the wind. [46] They have an extreme resistance to cold, being hardy in USDA zones 3–7. [46] They can be encouraged to grow more quickly with supplemental water, but overwatering resulting in deformed growth or death is a frequent problem in landscaping. [44] [48] The Colorado bristlecone is quite flammable and is also susceptible to air pollution. [46] [44] Though symmetrical and bushy when young, as the trees grow they become more open in structure and irregular in shape. [47]

Cultivars

'Blue Bear'

A thick branched cultivar named for its blue-green foliage. It grows at about 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) each year. [46]

'Formal Form'

A cultivar with a narrower, upright growth habit and blue-green foliage. [46]

'Joe's Bess'

A dwarf selection that has a uniform shape and upright habit. [46] It is used in full sun borders or as a specimen plant. [49]

'Sherwood Compact'

This is a very dwarfed variety. It grows with a somewhat more treelike form when grafted onto Pinus strobus as a rootstock, but remains very small. It was introduced to the horticultural trade in 1983. [43] It also has shorter needles. [46]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pine</span> Genus of plants in the conifer family Pinaceae

A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bristlecone pine</span> Three species of pine trees native to the Western United States

The term bristlecone pine covers three species of pine tree. All three species are long-lived and highly resilient to harsh weather and bad soils. One of the three species, Pinus longaeva, is among the longest-lived life forms on Earth. The oldest of this species is more than 4,800 years old, making it the oldest known individual of any species. Many scientists are curious as to why this tree is able to live so long. In one study, they discovered that Pinus longaeva has higher levels of telomerase activity, which further slows or prevents the attrition rate of telomeres. This potentially contributes to the extended life of the bristlecone pine.

<i>Pinus albicaulis</i> Pine tree species found in North America

Pinus albicaulis, known by the common names whitebark pine, white bark pine, white pine, pitch pine, scrub pine, and creeping pine, is a conifer tree native to the mountains of the western United States and Canada, specifically subalpine areas of the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range, Pacific Coast Ranges, Rocky Mountains, and Ruby Mountains. It shares the common name "creeping pine" with several other plants.

<i>Pinus balfouriana</i> Californian endemic species of pine tree

Pinus balfouriana, the foxtail pine, is a rare high-elevation pine that is endemic to California, United States. It is closely related to the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines, in the subsection Balfourianae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western white pine</span> Pine tree found in North America

Western white pine, also called silver pine and California mountain pine, is a species of pine in the family Pinaceae. It occurs in mountain ranges of northwestern North America and is the state tree of Idaho.

<i>Pinus nigra</i> Species of conifer

Pinus nigra, the Austrian pine or black pine, is a moderately variable species of pine, occurring across Southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula to the eastern Mediterranean, on the Anatolian peninsula of Turkey, Corsica and Cyprus, as well as Crimea and in the high mountains of Northwest Africa. The world's oldest black pine, located in the Banaz district of Uşak, Türkiye, is estimated to be 1000 years old. This makes it significant in the country, which is known for a very dry climate, inhospitable for most trees. It has a length of 11 meters, a diameter of 3 meters and a circumference of 9.60 meters.

<i>Pinus flexilis</i> Plant species in the family

Pinus flexilis, the limber pine, is a species of pine tree in the family Pinaceae that occurs in the mountains of the Western United States, Mexico, and Canada. It is also called Rocky Mountain white pine.

<i>Pinus contorta</i> Species of plant

Pinus contorta, with the common names lodgepole pine and shore pine, and also known as twisted pine, and contorta pine, is a common tree in western North America. It is common near the ocean shore and in dry montane forests to the subalpine, but is rare in lowland rain forests. Like all pines, it is an evergreen conifer.

<i>Pinus wallichiana</i> Species of conifer

Pinus wallichiana is a coniferous evergreen tree native to the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains, from eastern Afghanistan east across northern Pakistan and north west India to Yunnan in southwest China. It grows in mountain valleys at altitudes of 1800–4300 m, reaching 30–50 m (98–164 ft) in height. It favours a temperate climate with dry winters and wet summers. In Pashto, it is known as Nishtar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coulter pine</span> Pine tree found in North America

Coulter pine, or big-cone pine, is a conifer in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae. Coulter pine is a native evergreen conifer that lives up to 100 years of age. Coulter pine occurs in a mediterranean climate. Winter rains are infrequent, and the summer is dry with occasional summer thunderstorms. It is a native of the coastal mountains of Southern California in the United States and northern Baja California in Mexico. Isolated groves are found as far north as Clearlake, California on the flanks of Mt. Konocti and Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. Although it has a limited range in the wild, the Coulter pine is a popular ornamental tree and is grown in many countries. Although geographically isolated, these Coulter pine populations were very similar in all of three morphological characteristics studies.Oleoresins were also similar.

<i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Species of large pine tree in North America

Pinus ponderosa, commonly known as the ponderosa pine, bull pine, blackjack pine, western yellow-pine, or filipinus pine, is a very large pine tree species of variable habitat native to mountainous regions of western North America. It is the most widely distributed pine species in North America.

<i>Pinus longaeva</i> Long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the western United States

Pinus longaeva is a long-living species of bristlecone pine tree found in the higher mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah. Methuselah is a Great Basin bristlecone pine that is 4,856 years old and has been credited as the oldest known living non-clonal organism on Earth. To protect it, the exact location of this tree is kept secret. In 1987, the bristlecone pine was designated one of Nevada's state trees.

<i>Pinus edulis</i> Species of plant

Pinus edulis, the Colorado pinyon, two-needle piñon, pinyon pine, or simply piñon, is a pine in the pinyon pine group native to the Southwestern United States, used for its edible pine nuts.

<i>Pinus monophylla</i> Pine tree found in North America

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue spruce</span> Species of tree

The blue spruce, also commonly known as Colorado spruce or Colorado blue spruce, is a species of spruce tree native to North America in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. It is noted for its blue-green colored needles, and has therefore been used as an ornamental tree in many places far beyond its native range.

<i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Western North American species of juniper

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest</span> Protected area in the White Mountains, Inyo County, California

The Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest is a protected area high in the White Mountains in Inyo County in eastern California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinyon–juniper woodland</span> Biome of Western United States higher elevation deserts

Pinyon–juniper woodland, also spelled piñon–juniper woodland, is a biome found mid-elevations in arid regions of the Western United States, characterized by being an open forest dominated by low, bushy, evergreen junipers, pinyon pines, and their associates. At lower elevations, junipers often predominate and trees are spaced widely, bordering on and mingling with grassland or shrubland, but as elevation increases, pinyon pines become common and trees grow closer, forming denser canopies. Historically, pinyon-juniper woodland provided a vital source of fuel and food for indigenous peoples of the American Southwest. The nuts continue to be a traditional indigenous food, and because nut-collecting was also adopted by the Spanish in the 1500s, the nuts are also traditionally harvested by some Hispanic communities.

<i>Juniperus grandis</i> Species of conifer

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References

  1. 1 2 Mahalovich, M.; Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus aristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T34057A2841717. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34057A2841717.en . Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  2. 1 2 NatureServe (2024). "Pinus aristata". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Pinus aristata Engelm". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 89–90. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
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  6. 1 2 3 4 Farjon, Aljos (2005). Pines : Drawings and Descriptions of the Genus Pinus (Second ed.). Leiden ; Boston: Brill. p. 23, 37, 121. ISBN   978-90-04-13916-9 . Retrieved 20 July 2024.
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  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Cohen, Michael P. (1998). A Garden of Bristlecones : Tales of Change in the Great Basin. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press. pp. 5–6, 16–17, 22, 27–28, 175. ISBN   978-0-87417-296-6 . Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  9. 1 2 McCaughey, Ward W.; Tomback, Diana F. (2001). "Chapter 5: The Natural Regeneration Process". In Tomback, Diana F.; Arno, Stephen F.; Keane, Robert E. (eds.). Whitebark Pine Communities : Ecology and Restoration. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. pp. 106, 110. ISBN   978-1-55963-717-6 . Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  10. ↑ Tomback, Diana F.; Arno, Stephen F.; Keane, Robert E. (2001). "Chapter 1: The Compelling Case for Management Intervention". Whitebark Pine Communities : Ecology and Restoration. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. p. 8. ISBN   978-1-55963-717-6 . Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  11. ↑ Reid, William H. (1972). "Germination of Pinus Aristata Engelm". The Great Basin Naturalist. 32 (4): 235–237. ISSN   0017-3614 . Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  12. 1 2 Brunstein, F. Craig; Yamaguchi, David K. (1992). "The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research. 24 (3): 253–256. doi:10.2307/1551666. ISSN   0004-0851 . Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  13. ↑ Fryer, Janet L. (2004). "Pinus aristata". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  14. ↑ LaMarche, Valmore C.; Mooney, Harold A. (1972). "Recent Climatic Change and Development of the Bristlecone Pine (P. longaeva Bailey) Krummholz Zone, Mt. Washington, Nevada". Arctic and Alpine Research. 4 (1): 61–72. doi:10.2307/1550214. ISSN   0004-0851 . Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  15. ↑ Sargent, Charles Sprague (1897). The Silva of North America: A Description of the Trees Which Grow Naturally in North America Exclusive of Mexico. Vol. XI Coniferae (Pinus). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. pp. 63–64, Tab DLIV. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  16. ↑ Sargent, Charles Sprague (1885). The Woods of the United States. New York: D. Appleton and company. p. 118. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  17. ↑ Ravenscroft, Edward (1884). "35: Pinus aristata". The Pinetum Britannicum : A Descriptive Account of Hardy Coniferous Trees Cultivated in Great Britain (in Latin and English). Edinburgh ; London: W. Blackwood & Sons : E. Ravenscroft. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  18. ↑ "Pinus aristata Engelm". World Flora Online . Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  19. ↑ Michael, Hassler (18 July 2024). "Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 24.7". World Plants. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  20. ↑ "Pinus longaeva D.K.Bailey". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  21. ↑ Peterson, Russell Francis (2004). The Pine Tree Book (Second ed.). New York: Central Park Conservancy. pp. 75–76. ISBN   978-0-9604540-0-6 . Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Benedict, Audrey D. (1991). A Sierra Club Naturalist's Guide to the Southern Rockies : the Rocky Mountain Regions of Southern Wyoming, Colorado, and Northern New Mexico. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 443–459. ISBN   978-0-87156-741-3 . Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  23. ↑ Barnard, Loretta; Doggett, Dannielle; Doig, Fiona; Etherington, Kate, eds. (2003). Flora's Plant Names. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN   978-0-88192-605-7.
  24. 1 2 3 Grandtner, Miroslav M. (2005). Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees. Vol. 1: North America. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 642, 650. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  25. ↑ Gates, David M. (1971). "An Amateur Botanist's Great Discovery: Dana K. Bailey and Pinus longaeva". Missouri Botanical Garden bulletin. 59 (39–48). St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  26. ↑ Mirov, Nicholas Tiho; Hasbrouck, Jean (1976). The Story of Pines. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 72. ISBN   978-0-253-35462-4 . Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  27. ↑ Schlenz, Mark A. (2008). A Day in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest. Bishop, California: Companion Press. pp. 8, 53. ISBN   978-0-944197-85-1 . Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  28. ↑ NRCS (22 July 2024), "Pinus aristata", PLANTS Database, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
  29. ↑ Elmore, Francis Hapgood (1976). Shrubs and Trees of the Southwest Uplands. Globe, Arizona: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. pp. 5, 173, 178, 180, 187. ISBN   978-0-911408-41-6 . Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  30. ↑ "Distribution". High Elevation White Pines. United States Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  31. ↑ Carter, Jack L.; Carter, Martha A.; Stevens, Donna J. (2003). Common Southwestern Native Plants : An Identification Guide. Silver City, New Mexico: Mimbres Publishing. p. 83. ISBN   978-0-9619945-1-8 . Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  32. 1 2 3 Arno, Stephen F. (1984). Timberline : Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers. pp. 169, 176, 185. ISBN   978-0-89886-085-6.
  33. ↑ Tranquillini, W. (Walter) (1979). Physiological ecology of the Alpine timberline : tree existence at high altitudes with special reference to the European Alps. Berlin, West Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 2, 102, 103. ISBN   978-3-540-09065-6 . Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  34. ↑ "Trees of the Carson National Forest" (PDF). United States Forest Service . Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  35. 1 2 3 Ranne, Brigitte M.; Baker, William L.; Andrews, Tom; Ryan, Michael G. (1997). "Natural Variability of Vegetation, Soils, and Physiography in the Bristlecone Pine Forests of the Rocky Mountains". The Great Basin Naturalist. 57 (1): 21–37. ISSN   0017-3614 . Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  36. 1 2 3 Fiester, Roberta (1993). Brunstein, F. Craig (ed.). A Strew of Wonder : The Story of the Bristlecone Pine at Windy Ridge, Colorado. Dillon, Colorado: Summit Historical Society. pp. 1–3.
  37. ↑ Cary, Merritt (1911). "A Biological Survey of Colorado". North American Fauna. 33. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: 43. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  38. ↑ "Protected plant list. Appendix A: Protected native plants by categories" (PDF). Native Plants. Arizona Department of Agriculture, Plant Services Division. 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  39. ↑ Wall, Stephen B. Vander; Balda, Russell P. (1977). "Coadaptations of the Clark's Nutcracker and the Pinon Pine for Efficient Seed Harvest and Dispersal". Ecological Monographs. 47 (1): 89–111. doi:10.2307/1942225. ISSN   0012-9615 . Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  40. ↑ Coop, Jonathan D.; Massatti, Robert T.; Schoettle, Anna W. (2010). "Subalpine vegetation pattern three decades after stand-replacing fire: effects of landscape context and topography on plant community composition, tree regeneration, and diversity". Journal of Vegetation Science. 21 (3): 472–487. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01154.x. ISSN   1100-9233.
  41. ↑ Earle, Christopher J. (2023). "Pinus aristata". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  42. ↑ "2021 National Register of Champion Trees" (PDF). American Forests. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  43. 1 2 3 Jacobson, Arthur Lee (1996). North American Landscape Trees. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp. 439, 441, 449. ISBN   978-0-89815-813-7 . Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 Winger, David, ed. (1996). Xeriscape Plant Guide. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. p. 52. ISBN   978-1-55591-322-9 . Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  45. ↑ Lancaster, Roy (1987). Garden Plants for Connoisseurs. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 108–110. ISBN   978-0-04-440054-7 . Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Pinus aristata (Bristlecone Pine, Colorado Bristlecone Pine, Hickory Pine, Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine)". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  47. 1 2 Toomer, Simon (2005). Trees for the Small Garden : How to Choose, Plant, and Care for the Tree that Makes the Garden Special. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 114. ISBN   978-0-88192-683-5 . Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  48. ↑ "Bristlecone Pine". Botanical Center Extension. Utah State University. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  49. ↑ "Pinus aristata 'Joe's Bess'". Chicago Botanic Garden. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
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