List of tallest freestanding steel structures

Last updated

This is a list of tallest freestanding steel structures in the world past and present. To be a freestanding steel structure it must not be supported by guy wires, the list therefore does not include guyed masts and the main vertical and lateral structural elements and floor systems in the case of buildings, are constructed from steel. This type of construction is a rarity today as most tall buildings are built with a composite structure featuring a reinforced concrete core.

Contents

Oil platforms built using rigid steel jackets, such as the Bullwinkle (oil platform), are included and ranked as the local medium(water) does not provide any horizontal support. In fact they are over engineered specifically to resist water forces them rather than modulate them as compliant towers are designed to do.[ citation needed ]

Demolished structures and structures under construction are also included but not ranked.

Steel Structures (above 275 m / 900 ft in height)

  indicates a structures no longer standing.
  indicates a structure built in water.

RankNamePinnacle height (metres / feet)YearTypeMain useCountryCityRemarksCoordinates
1 Tokyo Skytree 6342,0802012Lattice towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Japan.svg Japan Tokyo Tallest structure in Japan. Tallest tower in the world. Inclusion on the list is somewhat arguable as it is not entirely a steel structure. While the external steel lattice does provide most of the structural support, the tower does also has a concrete core. The two are structurally separated from each other and the concrete core and steel frame compensate each other and reduce the overall motion of the building during dynamic events such as earthquakes. [1] 35°42′36.5″N139°48′39″E / 35.710139°N 139.81083°E / 35.710139; 139.81083
2 Bullwinkle Platform 5291,7361989Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico When built the Bullwinkle platform was the second tallest freestanding structure in the world after the CN Tower.
3 Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower)527.01,7291974SkyscraperOffice, observation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United States Chicago Tallest building in the world 1974–1998 (by structural height). 41°52′44.1″N87°38′10.2″W / 41.878917°N 87.636167°W / 41.878917; -87.636167
World Trade Center (1973–2001) 526.7 [2] 1,7281973SkyscraperOffice, observation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York City Destroyed on 11 September 2001. Tallest freestanding structure that no longer exists. Tallest building in the world 1972–1974. 40°42′42″N74°00′45″W / 40.71167°N 74.01250°W / 40.71167; -74.01250
4 Pompano Platform 4771,5651994Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico
5 John Hancock Center 457.21,5001969SkyscraperOffice, residential, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesChicagoWorld's tallest mixed-use building 1969–2008. 41°53′55.68″N87°37′22.8″W / 41.8988000°N 87.623000°W / 41.8988000; -87.623000
6 Empire State Building 4491,4741931SkyscraperOffice, observation, UHF/VHF-transmissionFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York CityTallest freestanding structure 1931–1967.
Tallest skyscraper 1931–1973.
First Skyscraper with 100+ stories.
40°44′54.0″N73°59′09″W / 40.748333°N 73.98583°W / 40.748333; -73.98583
7 Harmony Platform [3] 3661,2001992Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of South Korea.svg South Korea [4] [ circular reference ] California Height is only to water level, total height between 1,400 to 1,500 ft, built in South Korea
8 One Vanderbilt 4271,4012020SkyscraperOffice, observationFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York City 40°45′11″N73°58′43″W / 40.7530°N 73.9785°W / 40.7530; -73.9785
JPMorgan Chase World Headquarters 4231,388u/cSkyscraperOffice, observationFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York City
Two World Trade Center (1973–2001) 415.31,3621973SkyscraperOffice, observationFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York City Destroyed on 11 September 2001. 40°42′42″N74°00′45″W / 40.71167°N 74.01250°W / 40.71167; -74.01250
9 Coelacanth Platform [5] 4001,3122016Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico
10 Virgo Platform [3] 3441,1301999Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico Height is only to water level, total height between 1,300 to 1,400 ft
11 Heritage Platform [3] 3261,0701992Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of South Korea.svg South Korea [6] [ circular reference ] California Height is only to water level, total height between 1,300 to 1,400 ft, built in South Korea
12 30 Hudson Yards 3951,2962019SkyscraperOffice, observation, retailFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York CityHas the highest outdoor observation deck in the Western Hemisphere. 40°45′17″N74°00′14″W / 40.754661°N 74.003783°W / 40.754661; -74.003783
13 Zhongyuan Tower 3881,2732010Steel towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaZhengzhou 34°43′29″N113°43′22″E / 34.72472°N 113.72278°E / 34.72472; 113.72278
14 Cognac Platform [7] 385.51,2651977Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico
15 Kyiv TV Tower 3851,2631973Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Ukraine.svg UkraineKyiv 50°28′16″N30°27′12″E / 50.47111°N 30.45333°E / 50.47111; 30.45333
16 tieJintang and Cezi islands Overhead Powerline Tie, East Tower [8] 3801,2472019Lattice Tower Electricity pylon Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaJintang IslandTallest pylons in the world
16 tieJintang and Cezi islands Overhead Powerline Tie, West tower3801,2472019Lattice Tower Electricity pylon Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaJintang IslandTallest pylons in the world
18 Tuntex Sky Tower 3781,2401997SkyscraperHotel, office, observation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the Republic of China.svg TaiwanKaohsiung 22°36′42″N120°18′0″E / 22.61167°N 120.30000°E / 22.61167; 120.30000
19 Tashkent Tower 374.91,2301984Steel towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Tashkent 41°20′44.05″N69°17′4.57″E / 41.3455694°N 69.2846028°E / 41.3455694; 69.2846028
20 Almaty Tower 371.51,2191983Steel towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Kazakhstan.svg KazakhstanAlmatyTallest free-standing tubular steel structure. 43°13′44″N76°58′34″E / 43.22889°N 76.97611°E / 43.22889; 76.97611
21 tie Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie North Tower3701,2142010Lattice tower Electricity pylon Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Zhoushan Island Second tallest set of electricity pylons in the world 29°56′2.78″N122°2′10.12″E / 29.9341056°N 122.0361444°E / 29.9341056; 122.0361444
21 tie Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie South Tower3701,2142010Lattice tower Electricity pylon Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Zhoushan Island Second tallest set of electricity pylons in the world 29°54′41.39″N122°1′26.38″E / 29.9114972°N 122.0239944°E / 29.9114972; 122.0239944
23 Riga Radio and TV Tower 368.51,2091987Steel towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Latvia.svg LatviaRigaTallest structure in the European Union. 56°55′26″N24°08′14″E / 56.92389°N 24.13722°E / 56.92389; 24.13722
24 Amberjack Platform [3] 3141,0301991Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico Height is only to water level, total height between 1,200 to 1,300 ft
25 Aon Center 362.51,1891973SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United StatesChicago 41°53′07″N87°37′17″W / 41.88528°N 87.62139°W / 41.88528; -87.62139
26 First Canadian Place 3551,1651975SkyscraperOffice, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Canada (Pantone).svg CanadaTorontoTallest skyscraper in Canada 43°38′55″N79°22′54″W / 43.64861°N 79.38167°W / 43.64861; -79.38167
27 Hondo Platform [9] 354.51,1631976Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico
28 tie Yangtze River Crossing North Tower3471,1382003Lattice tower Electricity pylon Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Jiangyin 31°58′17″N120°3′12″E / 31.97139°N 120.05333°E / 31.97139; 120.05333
28 tie Yangtze River Crossing South Tower3471,1382003Lattice tower Electricity pylon Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Jiangyin 31°57′4″N120°2′53″E / 31.95111°N 120.04806°E / 31.95111; 120.04806
30 The Center 3461,1351998SkyscraperOfficeFlag of Hong Kong.svg Hong KongHong Kong 22°17′05″N114°09′16″E / 22.28472°N 114.15444°E / 22.28472; 114.15444
31 4 Times Square 340.71,1182000SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York City 40°45′21″N73°59′09″W / 40.75583°N 73.98583°W / 40.75583; -73.98583
32 Dragon Tower 3361,1022000Lattice towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaHarbin 45°44′45.55″N126°40′28″E / 45.7459861°N 126.67444°E / 45.7459861; 126.67444
33 Tokyo Tower 332.61,0911958Lattice towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Japan.svg JapanTokyoSecond tallest structure in Japan 35°39′31″N139°44′44″E / 35.65861°N 139.74556°E / 35.65861; 139.74556
34 Minsheng Bank Building 3311,0872007SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Wuhan 30°35′49″N114°16′05″E / 30.597°N 114.268°E / 30.597; 114.268
35 WITI TV Tower 329.41,0811962Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United States Shorewood (Milwaukee), Wisconsin 43°05′26″N87°53′50″W / 43.09056°N 87.89722°W / 43.09056; -87.89722
36 tie Cerveza Platform [10] 3271,0731981Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico
36 tie Cerveza Light Platform [10] 3271,0731981Rigid Steel Jacket (truss tower)Oil RigFlag of the United States.svg United States Gulf of Mexico
38 tie St. Petersburg TV Tower 3261,0701962Lattice towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Russia.svg RussiaSt. Petersburg 59°58′36″N30°19′15″E / 59.97667°N 30.32083°E / 59.97667; 30.32083
38 tieLinyi Radio and TV Tower [11] 3261,0702010Steel towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcasting, Amusement rideFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaLinyi 35°4′52″N118°21′44″E / 35.08111°N 118.36222°E / 35.08111; 118.36222
40 Eiffel Tower 3241,0631889Lattice towerObservation, FM/TV-broadcastingFlag of France.svg FranceParisTallest structure in the world from 1889 to 1930; first structure to exceed 300 metres in height 48°51′29.6″N2°17′40.2″E / 48.858222°N 2.294500°E / 48.858222; 2.294500
41 WHDH-TV Tower 323.81,0621960Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNewton, Massachusetts 42°18′41″N71°12′58″W / 42.31139°N 71.21611°W / 42.31139; -71.21611
42 Chrysler Building 3191,0461930SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York CityTallest structure in the world 1930–1931 40°45′06″N73°58′31″W / 40.75167°N 73.97528°W / 40.75167; -73.97528
43 New York Times Building 3191,0462007SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York City 40°45′23″N73°59′24″W / 40.75639°N 73.99000°W / 40.75639; -73.99000
44 KCTV Broadcast Tower 317.61,0421956Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United States Kansas City 39°04′15″N94°34′58″W / 39.07083°N 94.58278°W / 39.07083; -94.58278
The Spiral 3141,041u/cSkyscraperOffice, observationFlag of the United States.svg United StatesNew York City
Turner Broadcasting tower (1967-2010) 314.31,0311980Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesAtlanta, GeorgiaDemolished in 2010 33°46′57″N84°23′19″W / 33.7825°N 84.388611°W / 33.7825; -84.388611
45 TV Tower Yerevan 311.71,0231977Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Armenia.svg ArmeniaYerevan 40°10′16.64″N44°32′10.77″E / 40.1712889°N 44.5363250°E / 40.1712889; 44.5363250
46 U.S. Bank Tower 3111,0181990SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United StatesLos Angeles 34°03′04″N118°15′15″W / 34.0510°N 118.2542°W / 34.0510; -118.2542
47 Fazilka TV Tower 304.81,0002007Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of India.svg India Fazilka 30°23′44.42″N74°1′57.87″E / 30.3956722°N 74.0327417°E / 30.3956722; 74.0327417
48 Wells Fargo Plaza 3029921983SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United StatesHouston 29°45′30″N95°22′06″W / 29.7584396°N 95.3682630°W / 29.7584396; -95.3682630
49 tie Mumbai Television Tower 3009841972Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of India.svg India Mumbai 19°00′26″N72°49′12″E / 19.00722°N 72.82000°E / 19.00722; 72.82000
49 tie Abeno Harukas 3009842014SkyscraperOffice, ObservationFlag of Japan.svg Japan Osaka Tallest skyscraper in Japan. [12] 34°38′45.6″N135°30′48.2″E / 34.646000°N 135.513389°E / 34.646000; 135.513389
51 Sutro Tower 297.89771973Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesSan Francisco, California 37°45′19″N122°27′10″W / 37.75523°N 122.45284°W / 37.75523; -122.45284
52 Landmark Tower 296.39721993SkyscraperOffice, ObservationFlag of Japan.svg Japan Yokohama 35°27′17″N139°37′54″E / 35.45472°N 139.63167°E / 35.45472; 139.63167
53 tie Tucuruí transmission line North Tower2959682013Lattice tower Electricity pylon Flag of Brazil.svg BrazilJurupari island
53 tie Tucuruí transmission line South Tower2959682013Lattice tower Electricity pylon Flag of Brazil.svg BrazilJurupari island
55 WKRQ Tower 294.69671960'sLattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesCincinnati, Ohio 39°06′59″N84°30′07″W / 39.11639°N 84.50194°W / 39.11639; -84.50194
56 Zhuzhou Television Tower 2939611999Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaShijiazhuang 27°49′17″N113°06′49″E / 27.82139°N 113.11361°E / 27.82139; 113.11361
57 Star Tower 290.89541991Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesCincinnati, Ohio Landmark tower design 39°12′01″N84°31′22″W / 39.20028°N 84.52278°W / 39.20028; -84.52278
58 70 Pine Street 290.29521932SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United States New York 40°42′23″N74°00′27″W / 40.70639°N 74.00750°W / 40.70639; -74.00750
59 WLWT TV Tower 289.69501978Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesCincinnati, Ohio 39°07′27″N84°31′18″W / 39.12417°N 84.52167°W / 39.12417; -84.52167
60 One Liberty Place 2889451987SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United States Philadelphia 39°57′08″N75°10′04″W / 39.9522°N 75.1678°W / 39.9522; -75.1678
61 Dudelange Radio Tower 2859351957Lattice towerFM-broadcastingFlag of Luxembourg.svg LuxembourgDudelange 49°27′48″N6°05′45″E / 49.46333°N 6.09583°E / 49.46333; 6.09583
62 tie Akashi Kaikyō Bridge North Tower282.89281998BridgeTransportationFlag of Japan.svg JapanKobe 34°36′58″N135°01′14″E / 34.6162°N 135.0205°E / 34.6162; 135.0205
62 tie Akashi Kaikyō Bridge South Tower282.89281998BridgeTransportationFlag of Japan.svg JapanKobe 34°36′58″N135°01′14″E / 34.6162°N 135.0205°E / 34.6162; 135.0205
62 tie Cheung Kong Centre 282.89281999SkyscraperOfficeFlag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong Hong Kong 22°16′46″N114°09′37″E / 22.27944°N 114.16028°E / 22.27944; 114.16028
65 40 Wall Street 282.69271930SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United States New York 40°42′25″N74°00′35″W / 40.706964°N 74.009672°W / 40.706964; -74.009672
66 tie United Overseas Bank Plaza 2809191992SkyscraperOfficeFlag of Singapore.svg Singapore Singapore 1°17′08″N103°50′59″E / 1.28555°N 103.84972°E / 1.28555; 103.84972
66 tie Shijiazhuang TV-tower 2809191998Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaShijiazhuang 38°01′15.81″N114°31′40.14″E / 38.0210583°N 114.5278167°E / 38.0210583; 114.5278167
66 tie AIR tower 2809192013Lattice towerFM-broadcastingFlag of India.svg India Amritsar originally intended to be 300 m tall [13] currently 280 m [14] due to a tilt in the towers angle. [15] 31°36′56.58″N74°39′54.49″E / 31.6157167°N 74.6651361°E / 31.6157167; 74.6651361
69 Citigroup Center 278.99151977SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United States New York 40°45′31″N73°58′13″W / 40.758533°N 73.970314°W / 40.758533; -73.970314
70 OUB Centre 277.89111992SkyscraperOfficeFlag of Singapore.svg Singapore Singapore 1°17′05″N103°51′04″E / 1.2846°N 103.8510°E / 1.2846; 103.8510
71 Net 25 Tower 276.49071990Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of the Philippines.svg PhilippinesQuezon City 14°39′45″N121°03′36″E / 14.66250°N 121.06000°E / 14.66250; 121.06000
72 WCPO TV Tower 2769051965Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of the United States.svg United StatesCincinnati, Ohio 39°07′30″N84°29′56″W / 39.12500°N 84.49889°W / 39.12500; -84.49889
73Perm TV tower [16] 2759022016Lattice towerFM/TV-broadcastingFlag of Russia.svg RussiaPerm 58°21′40″N56°17′27″E / 58.36111°N 56.29083°E / 58.36111; 56.29083
74 tie Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower 2759011972Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of Georgia.svg GeorgiaTbilisi 41°41′45″N44°47′05″E / 41.69583°N 44.78472°E / 41.69583; 44.78472
74 tie RCTI TV Tower [17] 275901 ?Lattice towerTV-broadcastingFlag of Indonesia.svg IndonesiaJakarta
74 tie Williams Tower 2759011982SkyscraperOfficeFlag of the United States.svg United States Houston 29°44′14″N95°27′41″W / 29.73722°N 95.46139°W / 29.73722; -95.46139

See also

Related Research Articles

Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform built from 1997 to 2000 and operated by Chevron in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km (130.5 mi) southeast of New Orleans, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Almaty Tower</span> Tallest free-standing tubular steel structure in the world

The Almaty Television Tower, or simply Almaty Tower, formally the Koktobe TV Tower is a 371.5-metre-high (1,219 ft) steel television tower built between 1975 and 1983 in Almaty, Kazakhstan. The tower is located on high slopes of Kok Tobe mountain south-east of downtown Almaty. Unlike other similar TV towers, it is not a concrete, but a steel tubular structure. It is the tallest free-standing tubular steel structure in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lattice tower</span> Freestanding framework tower

A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding vertical framework tower. This construction is widely used in transmission towers carrying high voltage electric power lines, in radio masts and towers and in observation towers. Its advantage is good shear strength at a much lower weight than a tower of solid construction would have as well as lower wind resistance. In structural engineering the term lattice tower is used for a freestanding structure, while a lattice mast is a guyed mast supported by guy lines. Lattices of triangular (3-sided) cross-section are most common, particularly in North America. Square (4-sided) lattices are also widely used and are most common in Eurasia. Lattice towers are often designed as either a space frame or a hyperboloid structure.

Baldpate is a 579.7 metres (1,902 ft) offshore compliant tower oil platform near the coast of Louisiana, owned and operated by Hess Corporation. It was the first freestanding compliant tower to be built following the Lena platform which was a guyed compliant tower. It is the second tallest structure built in water after the Petronius. The Baldpate Platform was designed and built by Hudson Engineering in Houston, Texas, and installed by Heerema Marine Contractors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bullwinkle (oil platform)</span> Pile-supported fixed steel oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico

Bullwinkle was a 1,736 feet (529 m) tall, pile-supported fixed steel oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Installed in 1988, the total weight of the platform was 77,000 tons, of which the steel jacket comprises 49,375 tones. At the time of its construction it was the third tallest freestanding structure ever built – shorter than only the CN Tower and the Ostankino Tower – and the tallest in the United States, being 6 ft (1.8 m) taller than the pinnacle of the Sears Tower. Of the total height, 1,352 feet (412 m) are below the waterline. It is located in Green Canyon Block 65, approximately 160 miles (260 km) southwest of New Orleans. Bullwinkle currently is operated by QuarterNorth Energy, LLC. The total field development construction cost was US$500,000,000 according to some sources.

A compliant tower (CT) is a fixed rig structure normally used for the offshore production of oil or gas. The rig consists of narrow, flexible (compliant) towers and a piled foundation supporting a conventional deck for drilling and production operations. Compliant towers are designed to sustain significant lateral deflections and forces, and are typically used in water depths ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 feet. These structures are considered freestanding but media supported. They demonstrate static stability but have a much greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility vs land-base structures, up to 2.5% vs 0.5% and are partially supported by buoyancy. It is unknown if these structures could support themselves as built if they were constructed on land. At present the deepest is the Chevron Petronius tower located in water 623m deep.

The tallest building in the world, as of 2023, is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The title of "world's tallest building" has been held by various buildings in modern times, including the Lincoln Cathedral in Lincoln, England, and the Empire State Building and the original World Trade Center, both in New York City.

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