List of terrestrial exoplanet candidates for atmosphere detection

The rocky exoplanets are thought to be abundant in the Milky Way, however their existence of atmosphere and their atmospheric composition are generally unknown. ^[1] The existence of a stable atmosphere depends on several factors including total amount of radiation receive (which is related to the spectral type of host star), the surface gravity (related to mass and radius) and the orbital period. ^[2]

In 2024, 55 Cancri e became the first terrestrial exoplanet with verified atmospheric detection. Its atmosphere might have been re-generated by the magma ocean and is composed of either carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂). ^[3] Later studies found evidences of atmosphere for the sub-Earth planet L 98-59 b, the evaporating planet K2-22b and the super-Earth planet TOI-561 b. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

Artist's impression of L 98-59 b as a rocky planet with an atmosphere

Table

To be included in the following list, an exoplanet must:

• Be terrestrial or nearly terrestrial (density > 3.0 g/cm³ and radius < 2.0R_⊕)
• Transit the host star from the Earth's view
• Have been studied with the transmission spectroscopy or secondary eclipse and have published claim(s) of atmospheric detection, whether confirmed or not.

Note that mass values prefixed with "~" have not been measured, but are estimated from the mass-radius relationship.

Row colors key

Solar system planet for reference

Solar system moon for reference

Rocky exoplanet with confirmed atmosphere detection

Rocky exoplanet with unconfirmed atmosphere detection

Mini-Neptune planet for reference

Planet/Moon	Host	Spectral type	Mass (M⊕)	Radius (R⊕)	Existence of atmosphere	Composition of atmosphere (by volume)	Atmospheric pressure at surface (atm)	Period (days)	Distance (ly)	Refs/notes
Earth (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	1.00	1.00	Confirmed	78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, water vapour and other trace gases	1.0	365.25	0	Only planet known to harbour life [7]
Venus (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	0.815	0.950	Confirmed	96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and other trace gases	92	244.26	~0	[8]
Mars (reported for reference)	Sun	G2V	0.107	0.533	Confirmed	95.97% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon, 1.89% nitrogen, oxygen and other trace gases	0.0063	686.98	~0	[9]
Titan (reported for reference)	Saturn	–	0.0225	0.404	Confirmed	(for the troposphere) 97% nitrogen, 2.7±0.1% methane, 0.1–0.2% hydrogen, organonitrogen hazes	1.45	15.945 (sidereal)	~0	[10]
Triton (reported for reference)	Neptune	–	0.0036	0.212	Confirmed	nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide traces	0.000014	5.877 (sidereal, retrograde)	~0	[11]
LTT 1445 Ab	LTT 1445 A	M2.5V	2.73	1.34	Unconfirmed	Likely hydrogen cyanide		5.36	22.4	[12]
Gliese 486 b	Gliese 486	M3.5V	2.77	1.29	Unconfirmed	Probably water vapour		1.47	26.3	Unclear if the water vapour signal came from planet or host star [13]
Gliese 357 b	Gliese 357	M2.5V	1.84	1.22	Unconfirmed	-		3.93	30.8	[14]
Gliese 341 b	Gliese 341	M1V	~0.72	0.89	Unconfirmed	Likely water vapour or other small molecules		7.58	34.1	[15]
L 98-59 b	L 98-59	M3V	0.47	0.85	Confirmed	Mostly sulfur dioxide		2.25	34.6	[5]
L 98-59 c	L 98-59	M3V	2.22	1.38	Unconfirmed	Likely carbon dioxide and water vapour		3.69	34.6	[16]
TRAPPIST-1b	TRAPPIST-1	M8V	1.37	1.12	Unconfirmed	Likely carbon dioxide		1.51	40.6	[17]
TRAPPIST-1c	TRAPPIST-1	M8V	1.31	1.10	Unconfirmed	Likely mostly oxygen and carbon dioxide traces		2.42	40.6	[18]
TRAPPIST-1d	TRAPPIST-1	M8V	0.39	0.79	Unconfirmed	Probably carbon dioxide or clouds from water vapour	~0.01 (if there is no cloud and an atmosphere exists)	4.05	40.6	Located in the habitable zone [19]
TRAPPIST-1e	TRAPPIST-1	M8V	0.69	0.92	Unconfirmed	Likely nitrogen with methane traces		6.10	40.6	Located in the habitable zone [20]
LHS 475 b	LHS 475	M3.5V	~0.91	0.99	Unconfirmed	Probably carbon dioxide	~0.01 (if there is no cloud or haze and an atmosphere exists)	2.03	40.7	[21]
55 Cancri Ae	55 Cancri A	K0IV-V	7.99	1.87	Confirmed	Carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, possibly with sodium and calcium	High	0.736	41.0	[3] [22]
GJ 1132 b	GJ 1132	M4V	1.66	1.13	Unconfirmed	Likely oxygen or carbon dioxide or clouds from potassium chloride/ zinc sulfide		1.63	41.1	[23]
GJ 1214 b	GJ 1214	M4.5V	8.41	2.73	Confirmed	Hazes and carbon dioxide, possibly with helium	Very high	1.58	47.8	[24] [25]
LHS 1140 b	LHS 1140	M4.5V	5.60	1.73	Unconfirmed	Likely nitrogen and water vapour		24.74	48.8	Located in the habitable zone [26] [27]
LHS 1478 b	LHS 1478	M3.5V	2.33	1.20	Unconfirmed	Likely pure carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide and water vapour or nitrogen and carbon dioxide	1–10 (if an atmosphere exists)	1.95	59.4	The dark bare-rock scenario was considered unlikely [28] [18]
GJ 1252 b	GJ 1252	M2.5V	1.32	1.18	Unconfirmed	Probably sodium, atomic oxygen and potassium	≤10-6	0.518	66.5	[29]
HD 97658 b	HD 97658	K1V	7.81	2.25	Confirmed	Clouds and likely hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane	Very high	9.49	70.3	[30]
TOI-732 c	TOI-732	M3.5V	8.04	2.39	Confirmed	Methane, 1-pentene and other alkenes or diethyl sulfide	Very high	12.25	71.8	[31]
TOI-270 b	TOI-270	M3V	1.48	1.30	Unconfirmed	Likely water vapour		3.36	73.3	[32]
TOI-270 d	TOI-270	M3V	4.20	2.13	Confirmed	Methane, carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon disulfide, thioformaldehyde, possibly with sulfur dioxide and chloromethane or fluoromethane	Very high	11.38	73.3	[33] [34]
L 168-9 b	L 168-9	M1V	4.07	1.63	Unconfirmed	Likely carbon dioxide		1.40	82.1	[35]
TOI-431 b	TOI-431	K2V	3.07	1.24	Unconfirmed	-		0.490	106	The dark bare-rock scenario was considered unlikely [36]
TOI-1685 b	TOI-1685	M3V	3.07	1.42	Unconfirmed	Probably carbon dioxide or water vapour or sulfur dioxide		0.668	123	[37]
K2-141b	K2-141	K5V	5.08	1.51	Unconfirmed	Likely vapourized silicate-rock		0.280	202	[38]
TOI-561 b	TOI-561	G9V	2.02	1.40	Confirmed	Volatiles including water vapour and oxygen	High	0.446	276	[6]
K2-22b	K2-22	M0V	0.02	<0.71	Confirmed	Likely magnesium silicate dust and NO or CO2		0.381	801	[4]

See also

• Extraterrestrial atmosphere
• List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
• Lists of planets

References

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