Lomatium orientale

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Lomatium orientale
Lomatium orientale full portrat.jpg
Lomatium orientale
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Lomatium
Species:
L. orientale
Binomial name
Lomatium orientale
Synonyms [1]
  • Cogswellia orientalis(J.M.Coult. & Rose) M.E.Jones
  • Peucedanum orientale(J.M.Coult. & Rose) Blank.

Lomatium orientale, commonly known as salt-and-pepper, [2] eastern cous, eastern desert-parsley, eastern lomatium, white-flowered desert-parsley, oriental desert parsley [3] or Northern Idaho biscuitroot, [4] is a small spring blooming ephemeral plant. It grows in open habitats from the plains to foothills in western North America. It is known as one of the earliest blooming native flowers in its habitat. The species name, "orientale", is botanical Latin meaning "eastern". [5]

Contents

Description

Lomatium orientale can be hard to distinguish from other plants in either Lomatium or in Cymopterus . [6] Plants it may be confused with include Cymopterus montanus , Cymopterus glomeratus , [7] and Lomatium nevadense . [8] It is a fully herbaceous perennial plant with no woody tissue like all plants in Lomatium . Overall the plants are 10–40 cm in size and almost all to of its leaves arising from the base of the plant (basal leaves). [2] L. orientale has a long slender taproot. [9] The plants grow from early spring until the start of summer, April through June in Colorado. [2]

Its leaves are pinnate dissected, each leaf being completely divided all the way down to the central vein with wide spacing of the leaflets near the base and closer together and smaller near the tip. Each leaflet is also partially dissected making it a tripinate leaf. The leaves have a soft texture with fine downy hairs covering their surface and are 3–8 cm long. [2] The leaves are most often triangular in outline with an overall appearance resembling lace or a fern with a pale blue-green color. [10] Plants with shinier, greener, and more narrow leaves may instead be Cymopterus glomeratus. [7] Most of the leaves are basal, the stems coming directly from the crown of the plant, but sometimes there will be leaves associated with the flowering stem with a base that wraps completely around the flowering stem (cauline leaves wholly sheathing). [9]

Flowers

The many flowers of Lomatium orientale grow together in a rounded head called an umbel. This umbrella shaped inflorescence is a compound umbel because each is formed out of three to fifteen smaller smaller umbels called umbelets. [6] Each umbelet will have about 20 tiny flowers. [9] The small stems that support the flower are 1.2–5.5 cm long. Each flower has five tiny petals, which are white to pinkish in color with prominent dark red anthers. [7] [2] The lack of red anthers in on the flowers of Cymopterus montanus help to distinguish between them. [7] The rounded ovary under the flower is glabrous, free of hairs. [9] This is an important characteristic to distinguish it from the very similar species such as Lomatium nevadense where their range overlaps New Mexico, Utah, or Arizona. [8]

Seeds of Lomatium orientale, photographed near the Gilla wilderness Lomatium orientale immature seeds.jpg
Seeds of Lomatium orientale, photographed near the Gilla wilderness

The fruits are 5–10 mm long and 3–7 mm wide, [9] with papery wings 0.5–1 mm on the sides. [2] Like the ovary, the fruits are hairless. When fully ripe they are light and dry.

Taxonomy

Lomatium orientale, An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions, 1913 Lomatium orientale line drawing 1913.tif
Lomatium orientale, An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions, 1913

The type specimen of Lomatium orientale was collected by E. Bethel on plains near Denver, CO in 1895. [11] The collected specimen held in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Department of Botany Collections as of 2023, is listed as "alleged type specimen examined". [12]

It was first scientifically described in Contributions from the United States National Herbarium in 1900 by John Merle Coulter and Joseph Nelson Rose. [1] In 1905 it was erroneously described as Peucedanum orientale, an illegal name as a different species by that name was described in 1834. [13] [1] An alternate classification as Cogswellia orientalis was published by Marcus E. Jones in Contributions to Western Botany in 1908 as part of a forceful argument against the creation of the genus Lomatium. Instead he proposed that Cogswellia named by Kurt Sprengel should be the accepted name for the genus. [14] This argument was initially accepted, including by Coulter and Rose. [15] However, the argument that Lomatium was synonymous the earlier Lomatia was held to be in error by James Francis Macbride in an article published in 1918. Subsequent articles about the genus tended to use Lomatium more often. [16] Though there is disagreement about the classification of species in Lomatium or in Cymopterus, as of 2023 Lomatium orientale is used as the species name by Plants of the World Online (POWO), [1] World Flora Online (WFO), [17] and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS). [4]

Habitat and distribution

Lomatium orientale grows in open habitats such as hillsides, rocky slopes, and sagebrush meadows. [7] It can be found on both plains and in lower foothills. [2] In mountain habitats it shows a moderate preference for seasonally moist slopes. [18]

Lomatium orientale is distributed across 17 US states and two Canadian provinces. [1] Most of the reported populations are on the great plains portions of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Kansas, and Colorado. There is an isolated population in southern New Mexico and also populations in small areas of the states of Iowa, Oklahoma, and Texas. In addition there are records of plants being observed in Washington state, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Missouri, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan with no precise location recorded. [4]

Ecology

The flowers are sometimes visited by the butterfly Callophrys sheridanii , Sheridan's green hairstreak. [19]

Cultivation

Though hardy and early blooming salt-and-pepper flowers are not commonly grown in gardens. Its flowers are not showy and both seeds and plants are rarely available in the horticulture trade. It is recommended by the City of Fort Collins for its very low water usage and for its value as a food source for insects. [20]

Traditional uses

The Cheyenne people made use of an infusion of the roots and leaves for bowel pain, either fresh or dried roots. The Navajo people would sometimes rub the roots in hot ash to remove the strong flavor of the plant and then ate them raw or baked, but it was not a staple food source. [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apiaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose identity is unclear and which may be extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lovage</span> Species of flowering plant

Lovage, Levisticum officinale, is a tall perennial plant, the sole species in the genus Levisticum in the family Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae. It has been long cultivated in Europe, the leaves used as an herb, the roots as a vegetable, and the seeds as a spice, especially in southern European cuisine. Its flavour and smell are reminiscent both of celery and parsley, only more intense and spicy than either. The seeds can be used in the same way as fennel seeds.

<i>Smyrnium olusatrum</i> Species of flowering plant

Smyrnium olusatrum, common name alexanders is an edible flowering plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), which grows on waste ground and in hedges around the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal regions of Europe. It was formerly widely grown as a pot herb, but is now appreciated mostly by foragers.

<i>Lomatium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Lomatium is a genus in the family Apiaceae. It consists of about 100 species native to western Northern America and northern Mexico. Its common names include biscuitroot, Indian parsley, and desert parsley. It is in the family Apiaceae and therefore related to many familiar edible species such as carrots and celery; some Lomatium species are extensively used by Native Americans in the inland Northwest as a staple food.

Vesper multinervatus, synonym Cymopterus multinervatus, is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, known by the common name purplenerve springparsley. It is a perennial herb native to the southwestern United States, including the desert regions. It is stemless, producing leaves and inflorescence at ground level from a taproot. The leaves are erect on petioles of a few centimeters in length, with a fleshy blade dissected into waxy multilobed leaflets. The inflorescence arises on a stout purple or greenish peduncle up to about 14 centimeters tall. At the top is a rounded cluster of purple flowers sheathed in purple-veined bracts.

<i>Aletes</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Aletes has been regarded a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, all of which are endemic to North America. As of December 2022, Plants of the World Online regarded Aletes as a synonym of Cymopterus, while GRIN Taxonomy regarded it as a possible synonym of that genus.

<i>Lomatium roseanum</i> Species of flowering plant

Lomatium roseanum, adobe parsley, also known as adobe lomatium and rose-flowered desert-parsley, is a very rare plant of the Western U.S., known only from northwestern Nevada and southeastern Oregon, and which may also occur in northeastern California. The largest populations occur on the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge. It is a member of the celery family, the Umbelliferae, and has yellow flowers.

<i>Conioselinum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Conioselinum is a genus of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to Eurasia and North America. Its species are erect perennial plants with deeply toothed compound leaves and umbels of white flowers. Plants of this genus are known commonly as hemlock-parsley.

<i>Cymopterus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Cymopterus is a genus of perennial plants in the family Apiaceae native to western North America. They are commonly known as the spring parsleys. They are mostly stemless, taprooted perennial herbs with leaves at ground level and flowering scapes bearing yellow, white, or purple flowers.

<i>Lomatium donnellii</i> Species of flowering plant

Lomatium donnellii is a perennial herb of the family Apiaceae, in the Western United States.

<i>Lomatium foeniculaceum</i> Species of flowering plant

Lomatium foeniculaceum is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name desert biscuitroot. It is native to much of western and central North America, where it grows in many types of habitat.

<i>Lomatium grayi</i> Species of flowering plant

Lomatium grayi, commonly known as Gray's biscuitroot, Gray's desert parsley, or pungent desert parsley, is a perennial herb of the family Apiaceae. It is native to Western Canada in British Columbia, and the Western United States, including from the Eastern Cascades and northeastern California to the Rocky Mountains.

<i>Lomatium nevadense</i> Species of flowering plant

Lomatium nevadense is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name Nevada biscuitroot. It is native to the western United States and northern Mexico, where it is known from several different habitat types, including sagebrush and woodlands. It is a perennial herb growing up to about 45 centimeters tall from a taproot. The leaves are up to about 16 centimeters long, their blades divided into many oblong pointed segments. The inflorescence is an umbel of white or cream flowers.

<i>Lomatium triternatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Lomatium triternatum is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name nineleaf biscuitroot. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to California to Colorado, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a hairy perennial herb growing up to a meter tall from a taproot. The leaves emerge from the lower part of the stem. Each is generally divided into three leaflets which are each subdivided into three linear leaflike segments. The inflorescence is an umbel of yellow flowers, each cluster on a ray up to 10 centimeters long, altogether forming a flat formation of umbels.

<i>Tiedemannia canbyi</i> Species of flowering plant

Tiedemannia canbyi is a rare species of flowering plant in the carrot family known as Canby's dropwort and Canby's cowbane. It is native to the southeastern United States, where it occurs on the Atlantic coastal plain from North Carolina to Georgia, as well as the Chesapeake Bay area. It is threatened by the loss of the wetland habitat in which it grows. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Aletes humilis is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common names Colorado aletes and Larimer aletes. It is native to Colorado in the United States; it is also known from Wyoming, but there are no recent collections there.

<i>Cymopterus davisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Cymopterus davisii is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name Davis's springparsley. This small, flat, taprooted perennial is endemic to Idaho in the United States, where it occurs in the Albion Mountains. The plant is found in the Albion Division of the Minidoka Ranger District of Sawtooth National Forest. It reaches approximately 7 in (18 cm) in height with a short stem that is sheathed by fibrous leaf bases. Numerous leaves form a whorl around yellow-flowered umbels.

<i>Cymopterus glomeratus</i> Species of flowering plant

Cymopterus glomeratus , now including Cymopterus acaulis, is a flowering plant. This plant is an aromatic plant of the family Apiaceae, a family of commonly known as the “celery, carrot, or parsley” family. The genus name comes from the Greek word, “Cyma” which means “wave” and “Pteron” which means “wing”, and combines to form the genus “Cymopterus”.

Lomatium austiniae is a perennial plant in the carrot family (Apiaceae) occurring in a limited area of Nevada. It is named after Rebecca Merritt Smith Leonard Austin, who collected the type specimen. It was formerly classified as Lomatium plummerae var. sonnei. The epithet "austinae" is an orthographic variant subject to automatic correction without publication under ICBN Art. 60.11 to austiniae.

<i>Lomatium plummerae</i> Species of flowering plant

Lomatium plummerae is a formerly recognized species of plant in the carrot family (Apiaceae). When recognized, it was subdivided into a number of subspecies and varieties. As of August 2021, Plants of the World Online considers the species itself and the variety helleri to be synonyms of Lomatium donnellii, and the varieties austiniae and sonnei as synonyms of Lomatium austiniae, whereas the Jepson eFlora considers the species and the varieties austiniae and sonnei to be synonyms of Lomatium donnellii.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 POWO (2023). "Lomatium orientale J.M.Coult. & Rose". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (First ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press. pp. 85, 87. ISBN   978-1-889878-45-4.
  3. ↑ Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org (2022). "Lomatium orientale J.M.Coult. & Rose". GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. doi:10.15468/39omei . Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 USDA, NRCS (2023). "Lomatium orientale J.M. Coult. & Rose". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  5. ↑ Holloway, Joel Ellis (2005). A Dictionary of Common Wildflowers of Texas & the Southern Great Plains. Fort Worth: TCU Press. p. 94. ISBN   978-0875653099 . Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  6. 1 2 Mitton, Jeff (16 April 2020). "Salt and pepper adds spice to spring". Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine. University of Colorado. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Denver Botanic Gardens (2018). Wildflowers of the Rocky Mountain Region. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 116, 199, 289. ISBN   978-1-60469-644-8.
  8. 1 2 "SEINet Portal Network - Lomatium orientale". swbiodiversity.org. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Mathias, Mildred E.; Constance, Lincoln (1944). "Umbelliferae (Pars)". North American Flora. New York Botanical Garden. 28: 241–242.
  10. ↑ "Lomatium orientale (Northern Idaho Biscuitroot)". Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  11. ↑ Coulter, John M.; Rose, J. N. (1900). "Monograph of the North American Umbelliferae". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 7 (1): 220. ISSN   0097-1618 . Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  12. ↑ "Botany Collections Search". Museum Collection Records. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  13. ↑ POWO (2023). "Peucedanum orientale G.Don". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  14. ↑ Jones, Marcus E. (1908). Contributions to western botany. pp. 29–33.
  15. ↑ Coulter, John M.; Rose, J. N. (1909). "Supplement to the Monograph of the North American Umbelliferae". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 12 (10): 441–451. ISSN   0097-1618. JSTOR   23491829 . Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  16. ↑ Mathias, Mildred E. (1938). "A Revision of the Genus Lomatium". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 25: 225–226. doi:10.2307/2394480. JSTOR   2394480 . Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  17. ↑ WFO (2023). "Lomatium orientale J.M.Coult. & Rose". World Flora Online. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  18. ↑ Nelson, Aven (1902). An analytical key to some of the common flowering plants of the Rocky Mountain Region. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 56. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  19. ↑ "Eastern Lomatium". Encyclopedia of Life. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  20. ↑ "Lomatium orientale (salt & pepper) - Recommended Plant List". www.fcgov.com. City of Fort Collins. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  21. ↑ Moerman, Daniel E. (1998). Native American ethnobotany. Portland, Oregon. p. 316. ISBN   0-88192-453-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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