Mac transition to Apple silicon

Last updated

In the early 2020s, Apple Inc. transitioned its line of Mac computers from designs using Intel x86-64 CPUs to designs based on Apple-designed processors based on the ARM64 architecture.

Contents

Apple CEO Tim Cook announced a "two-year transition plan" to Apple silicon on June 22, 2020. [1] The first Macs with Apple-designed systems on a chip were released that November; [2] the last, the Mac Pro, was released in June 2023, completing the transition in three years.

The transition was the third time Apple had switched the Macintosh to a new instruction set architecture. The first was from the Motorola 68000 series to PowerPC chips in 1994, and the second was from PowerPC to Intel processors using the x86 in 2006.

Background

A first-generation MacBook Pro from 2006, one of the first line of Mac computers to feature an Intel processor instead of a PowerPC processor MacBook Pro.png
A first-generation MacBook Pro from 2006, one of the first line of Mac computers to feature an Intel processor instead of a PowerPC processor

The first Mac, introduced in 1984, was the original Macintosh, which was based on the Motorola 68000 architecture. Apple evaluated several possibilities for different processors in the early 1990s, switching to the PowerPC family that was co-developed by IBM and Motorola in 1994. In 2005, it switched again to Intel 32-bit and 64-bit x86. In 2011, Mac OS X Lion dropped support for Macs with 32-bit processors; in 2019, macOS Catalina dropped support for 32-bit Intel apps. Supported 64-bit Intel systems can still boot the latest versions of macOS as of December 2024.

The genesis of the third switch began in 1985, when Acorn's ARM architecture was spotted by Apple's Advanced Technology Group (ATG), an internal research laboratory. The ATG thought it might replace the MOS 6502 of the Apple II range or the 68000 of the original Macintosh, or become the basis of a tablet device, under Paul Gavarini and Tom Pittard, in a project labelled Möbius. [3] A partnership was established with Acorn Computers, and VLSI in 1990, and work began on a chip for small devices. The first Apple products with an ARM system on a chip were the 1993 Newton personal digital assistant, the 2001 iPod, and the 2007 iPhone. Apple has designed its own custom ARM chips since 2009, which it has since used in its iPhone, iPad, iPod, Apple TV, Apple Watch, AirPods, Beats, AirPort Time Capsule and HomePod products. [4] Between October 2016 and August 2020, Intel-based Macs with Apple-designed ARM co-processors were released.

In the 2010s, media reports documented Apple's frustrations and challenges with the pace and quality of Intel's technology development. [5] Apple reportedly had trouble with Intel modems for iPhones in 2017 due to technical issues and missed deadlines. [6] Meanwhile, a 2018 report suggested that Intel chip issues prompted a redesign of the MacBook. [7] In 2019, Apple blamed Intel processor shortages for a decline in Mac sales. [8] In June 2020, former Intel principal engineer François Piednoël said Intel's "abnormally bad" quality assurance in its Skylake processors, making Apple "the number one filer of problems in the architecture", helped Apple decide to migrate. Intel CTO Mike Mayberry countered that quality assurance problems may arise at large scale from any CPU vendor. [9]

History

Early involvement with ARM

In 1983, Acorn Computers started working on a project to design its own CPU architecture and instructions set, called the Acorn RISC Machine (ARM). [10] In 1985, Apple's Advanced Technology Group worked with Acorn to create an experimental prototype, code-named Mobius, to replace the Apple II, using a modified ARM processor. The project was cancelled but Apple again partnered with Acorn when it needed a low-power, efficient processor for its future Newton PDA. [11] [12] [13] In 1990, a new joint-venture was created between Acorn, Apple and VLSI Technology with the goal of pursuing the development of the ARM processor. The company was named Advanced RISC Machines Ltd, becoming the new meaning of the ARM acronym. [14] One of the first designs of the new company would be the ARM610 SoC, initially for Apple, that allowed the Endianness to be swapped, increased the address space from 26 bit (64 MB) to 32 bit (4 GB), and modified the memory management unit. [15] Apple held a 43% stake in the company, which was reduced to 14.8% in 1999. [16]

Switch from PowerPC to Intel

In 2005 and 2006, Apple moved its Macintosh computers from IBM's PowerPC CPUs to Intel's x86 CPU architecture. At his 2005 WWDC keynote address, Steve Jobs said that continuing to use PowerPC processors, which consumed more energy than Intel chips, would prevent Apple from making better workstation computers and laptops. "As we look ahead, we can envision some amazing products we want to build...And we don't know how to build them with the future PowerPC roadmap", Jobs said. [17] [18] In addition, he admitted that Mac OS X was being ported to the Intel architecture since as early as 2001.[ citation needed ]

By June 2006, only Apple's high-end desktop computer and server products were still using PowerPC processors. [19] The hardware transition was completed when Intel-based Mac Pros and Xserve computers were announced in August 2006 and shipped by the end of the year. [20] [21]

Apple ceased support for booting on PowerPC as of Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard [22] in August 2009, [23] three years after the transition was complete. Support for PowerPC applications via Rosetta was dropped from macOS in 10.7 "Lion" [24] in July 2011, five years after the transition was complete. [25]

Processor development

An illustration of the Apple A12Z processor Apple A12Z.jpg
An illustration of the Apple A12Z processor

In 2008, Apple bought processor company P.A. Semi for US$278 million. [26] [27] At the time, it was reported that Apple bought P.A. Semi for its intellectual property and engineering talent. [28] CEO Steve Jobs later claimed that P.A. Semi would develop system-on-chips for Apple's iPods and iPhones. [4] Following the acquisition, Apple signed a rare "Architecture license" with ARM, allowing the company to design its own core, using the ARM instruction set. [29] The first Apple-designed chip was the A4, released in 2010, which debuted in the first-generation iPad, then in the iPhone 4. Apple subsequently released a number of products with its own processors.

Rumors of Apple shifting Macintosh to custom-designed ARM processors began circulating in 2011, when SemiAccurate predicted it would happen by mid-2013. [30] In 2014, MacRumors reported that Apple was testing an ARM-based Mac prototype with a large Magic Trackpad. [31] In 2018, Bloomberg reported that Apple was planning to use its own chips based on the ARM architecture beginning in 2020. [32]

The Apple A12X Bionic processor used in the iPad Pro (3rd generation) reportedly roughly matched the performance of Intel's Core i7 processor used in the MacBook Pro at the time. [33]

In the months and weeks leading up to Apple's 2020 WWDC, multiple media reports anticipated an official announcement of the transition during the event. [34] [35]

Transition process

2020

Apple announced its plans to shift the Macintosh platform to Apple silicon at WWDC in June 2020. [36] The entire transition of the Macintosh product line was expected to take "about two years", with the first ARM-based Macs released by the end of 2020. [37] [1] Similar language was used during Apple's 2005–2006 transition to Intel, which actually took about one year. [33]

All Apple apps included with macOS Big Sur are compatible with x86-64 and ARM architectures. Many third-party apps are similarly being made dual-platform, including prominent software packages such as Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Word. [37]

To enable x86-native software to run on new ARM-based Macs, Apple embedded Rosetta 2 dynamic binary translation software in Big Sur. [33] [1] Universal binary 2 enabled application developers to support both x86-64 and ARM64. [38] [1]

To enable developers to create software for ARM-based Macs before they went on sale, Apple introduced the Universal App Quick Start Program, which allowed developers to pay $500 to rent a Developer Transition Kit (DTK), a computer built around the A12Z chip originally used in the iPad Pro (4th generation) and housed in a Mac Mini case. [1] [33] [39] [40] [41] [42]

In November 2020, Apple announced the Apple M1, its first ARM-based system on a chip to be used in Macs, alongside updated models of the Mac Mini, MacBook Air and 13-inch MacBook Pro based on it. [2]

2021

In April 2021, Apple released a redesigned 24-inch iMac based on the M1 to replace the 21.5-inch Intel model. [43]

In October 2021, Apple announced the M1 Pro and M1 Max, and updated 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pro models based on them. The M1 Pro and M1 Max use integrated Apple-designed GPUs, replacing the integrated and discrete GPUs supplied by Intel and AMD, and lack support for external GPUs. [44] Apple discontinued all of their Intel-based laptops following the announcement. [45]

2022

In March 2022, Apple announced the Mac Studio, a new high-end compact desktop model that uses the M1 Ultra, a dual-SoC configuration of two M1 Max chips. [46] [47] Apple concurrently discontinued the 27-inch Intel-based iMac, leaving the Mac Pro and Core i5/i7 Mac Mini as the last Intel-based Macs. [48] Senior vice president of hardware engineering John Ternus confirmed the development of an Apple Silicon-based Mac Pro. [49]

2023

In January 2023, Apple announced updated Mac Mini models based on the M2 and M2 Pro, and discontinued the previous Intel Core i5/i7 model, leaving the Mac Pro as the last Intel-based Mac. [50]

On June 5, 2023, Apple announced an Apple silicon Mac Pro based on the M2 Ultra chip during the 2023 Worldwide Developers Conference keynote. The Intel Mac Pro, the last Mac with an Intel processor, was discontinued, officially marking the end of sales of Intel-based Macs and completing the "two-year transition" to Apple silicon almost three years after it was announced, or two years and seven months between the release of the first Apple silicon Mac and discontinuation of the last Intel Mac. [51] [52]

Impact

In June 2020, tech analyst Daniel Newman estimated that Apple accounted for $1.5 billion to $3.0 billion (about 2% to 4%) of Intel's annual revenue, [53] and only 6.9% to 12% of the PC market in the United States [54] [55] and 7% globally. [56] Some speculated that Apple's move away from Intel chips could prompt other customers to do the same. [54] [55] CNET speculated that the transition might reduce Apple's component costs. [57]

Users and developers

Apps created for the iOS platform can run natively on ARM-powered Macs. [58]

The transition could restrict or even eliminate hobbyist "Hackintosh" computers, which use commodity PC hardware to run macOS, in violation of license restrictions. [59] [60]

The Boot Camp software, which enables Intel-based Macs to natively run Microsoft Windows in an Apple-supported dual booting environment, is not implemented on Apple silicon-based Macs. As of late June 2020, Apple said it has "no plans to direct boot into Windows" on ARM-based Macintosh computers. Apple's senior vice president of software engineering Craig Federighi suggested that virtualization technology is a viable alternative: "Purely virtualization is the route... Hypervisors can be very efficient, so the need to direct boot shouldn't really be the concern." [61] [62]

As of 2022, Parallels Desktop for Mac preloads an ARM64 version of Windows 11 onto Apple Silicon-based Macs, and can also run ARM64 Windows 10 and Linux. Microsoft officially endorses the use of Parallels Desktop for Mac to run Windows 11. [63]

Reception

Before Apple released M1 Macs, Wired expressed skepticism that Apple's designers could use smartphone-related processors to drive a Mac Pro. It also questioned Apple's vague commitment to allow Intel binaries to run on ARM-based Macs "for years to come" and wondered which upcoming version of macOS would cease to support Intel Macs. [64] [1]

Laurent Giret remarked that Apple might "succeed where Microsoft has failed" due to Apple's "tight integration" of hardware and software, and a vast collection of applications that can already run on the new platform. [65]

When systems containing M1 processors were released, they received near-universal acclaim for their high speed and low energy consumption. [66] [67]

Timeline

See also

Related Research Articles

macOS Operating system for Apple computers

macOS, originally Mac OS X, previously shortened as OS X, is an operating system developed and marketed by Apple since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop and laptop computers, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of all Linux distributions, including ChromeOS and SteamOS. As of 2024, the most recent release of macOS is macOS 15 Sequoia, the 21st major version of macOS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosetta (software)</span> Operating system component

Rosetta is a dynamic binary translator developed by Apple Inc. for macOS, an application compatibility layer between different instruction set architectures. It enables a transition to newer hardware, by automatically translating software. The name is a reference to the Rosetta Stone, the artifact which enabled translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal binary</span> Apple multi-architecture binary files

The universal binary format is a format for executable files that run natively either on both PowerPC-based and x86-based Macs or on both Intel 64-based and ARM64-based Macs. The format originated on NeXTStep as "Multi-Architecture Binaries", and the concept is more generally known as a fat binary, as seen on Power Macintosh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac transition to Intel processors</span> 2005–2006 change of processors in Apple computers

The Mac transition to Intel processors was the process of switching the central processing units (CPUs) of Apple's line of Mac and Xserve computers from PowerPC processors over to Intel's x86-64 processors. The change was announced at the 2005 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) by then-Apple CEO Steve Jobs, who said Apple would gradually stop using PowerPC microprocessors supplied by Freescale and IBM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hackintosh</span> Non-Apple computer running macOS

A Hackintosh is a computer that runs Apple's operating system macOS on computer hardware that is not authorized for the purpose by Apple. This can also include running Mac software on hardware it is not originally authorized for. This is due to the software license for macOS only permitting its use on in-house hardware built by Apple itself, in this case the Mac line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook Pro</span> Line of notebook computer

The MacBook Pro is a line of Mac laptop computers developed and manufactured by Apple. Introduced in 2006, it is the high-end sibling of the MacBook family, sitting above the ultra-portable MacBook Air and previously the low-end MacBook. It is currently sold with 14-inch and 16-inch screens, all using Apple M-series chips. Before Apple silicon, the MacBook Pro used Intel chips, and was the first laptop made by Apple to do so, replacing the earlier PowerBook. It was also the first Apple laptop to carry the MacBook moniker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boot Camp (software)</span> Built-in macOS software to natively install Microsoft Windows on a Mac.

Boot Camp Assistant is a multi boot utility included with Apple Inc.'s macOS that assists users in installing Microsoft Windows operating systems on Intel-based Macintosh computers. The utility guides users through non-destructive disk partitioning of their hard disk drive or solid-state drive and installation of Windows device drivers for the Apple hardware. The utility also installs a Windows Control Panel applet for selecting the default boot operating system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook Air</span> Line of ultraportable notebook computers by Apple

The MacBook Air is a line of laptop computers developed and manufactured by Apple since 2008. It features a thin, light structure in a machined aluminum case and currently either a 13-inch or 15-inch screen. The MacBook Air's lower prices relative to the larger, higher performance MacBook Pro have made it Apple's entry-level notebook since the discontinuation of the original MacBook line in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook</span> Line of laptop computers by Apple

MacBook is a brand of Mac notebook computers developed and marketed by Apple that use Apple's macOS operating system since 2006. The MacBook brand replaced the PowerBook and iBook brands during the Mac transition to Intel processors, announced in 2005. The current lineup consists of the MacBook Air (2008–present) and the MacBook Pro (2006–present). Two different lines simply named "MacBook" existed from 2006 to 2012 and 2015 to 2019. The MacBook brand was the "world's top-selling line of premium laptops" as of 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac (computer)</span> Family of personal computers made by Apple

Mac is a family of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple since 1984. The name is short for Macintosh, a reference to a type of apple called McIntosh. The current product lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, and the iMac, Mac Mini, Mac Studio, and Mac Pro desktops. Macs are sold with the macOS operating system, which is not licensed to other manufacturers and exclusively bundled with Mac computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac Mini</span> Desktop computer by Apple Inc.

Mac Mini is a small form factor desktop computer developed and marketed by Apple Inc. As of 2022, it is positioned between the consumer all-in-one iMac and the professional Mac Studio and Mac Pro as one of four current Mac desktop computers. Since launch, it has shipped without a display, keyboard, and mouse. The machine was initially branded as "BYODKM" as a strategic pitch to encourage users to switch from Windows and Linux computers.

iMac Line of all-in-one desktop computers by Apple Inc.

The iMac is a series of all-in-one computers from Apple Inc. operating on the MacOS. Introduced by Steve Jobs in August 1998 when the company was financially troubled, the computer was an inexpensive, consumer-oriented computer that would easily connect to the Internet. Since that time, it has remained a primary part of Apple's consumer desktop offerings and evolved through seven distinct forms.

The following outline of Apple Inc. is a topical guide to the products, history, retail stores, corporate acquisitions, and personnel under the purview of the American multinational corporation:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple T2</span> System on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc.

The Apple T2 security chip is a system on a chip "SoC" tasked with providing security and controller features to Apple's Intel based Macintosh computers. It is a 64-bit ARMv8 chip and runs bridgeOS. T2 has its own RAM and is essentially a computer of its own, running in parallel to and responding to requests by the main computer that the user interacts with.

macOS Big Sur 17th major version of the macOS operating system

macOS Big Sur is the seventeenth major release of macOS, Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers. It was announced at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 22, 2020, and was released to the public on November 12, 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Developer Transition Kit</span> Series of prototype Mac computers

The Developer Transition Kit is the name of two prototype Mac computers made available to software developers by Apple Inc. The first Developer Transition Kit was made available in 2005 prior to the Mac transition to Intel processors to aid in the Mac's transition from PowerPC to an Intel-based x86-64 architecture. A second Developer Transition Kit was made available in 2020 prior to the Mac transition to Apple silicon as part of its initiative to transition the Mac away from Intel to Apple's ARM64-based Apple silicon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple M1</span> Series of systems-on-a-chip designed by Apple, launched 2020 to 2022

Apple M1 is a series of ARM-based system-on-a-chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc., launched 2020 to 2022. It is part of the Apple silicon series, as a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) for its Mac desktops and notebooks, and the iPad Pro and iPad Air tablets. The M1 chip initiated Apple's third change to the instruction set architecture used by Macintosh computers, switching from Intel to Apple silicon fourteen years after they were switched from PowerPC to Intel, and twenty-six years after the transition from the original Motorola 68000 series to PowerPC. At the time of its introduction in 2020, Apple said that the M1 had "the world's fastest CPU core in low power silicon" and the world's best CPU performance per watt. Its successor, Apple M2, was announced on June 6, 2022, at Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC).

The MacBook Air is a line of Mac laptops made by Apple Inc. In 2020, Apple stopped using Intel processors in the Air and switched to using their own Apple silicon M-series chips. In the current product line, the MacBook Air is Apple's entry-level laptop, situated below the performance range MacBook Pro, and is currently sold with 13-inch and 15-inch screens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)</span> Current line of high-end notebook computers by Apple

The MacBook Pro with Apple silicon is a line of Mac notebook computers first introduced in November 2020 by Apple. It is the higher-end model of the MacBook family, sitting above the consumer-focused MacBook Air, and is currently sold with 14-inch and 16-inch screens. All models use Apple-designed M series systems on a chip.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Apple announces Mac transition to Apple silicon" (Press release). Apple. Apple. June 22, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Iyengar, Rishi (November 10, 2020). "Apple details new MacBook Air, MacBook Pro and Mac Mini -- all powered by in-house silicon chips". CNN. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  3. ↑ Pittard, Tom. "CONSULTANT". Tom Pittard. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  4. 1 2 Krazit, Tom (September 18, 2009). "Report: Apple's Jobs: PA Semi to design iPhone chips". CNet . Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  5. ↑ Hardwick, Tim (June 25, 2020). "Former Intel Engineer Claims Buggy Skylake Chips Hastened Apple's Switch to Custom Silicon". MacRumors. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  6. ↑ Potuck, Michael (May 15, 2019). "Report: Apple's custom 5G modems may not arrive until 2025 after 'long and painful divorce' with Intel". 9to5Mac . Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  7. ↑ Horwitz, Jeremy (August 17, 2018). "Apple reportedly redesigned basic MacBook after Intel chip issues". VentureBeat . Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  8. ↑ Allan, Darren (May 3, 2019). "Apple blames Intel's processor shortage for slump in Mac sales". TechRadar . Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  9. ↑ James, Dave (June 24, 2020). "Intel insider claims it finally lost Apple because Skylake QA 'was abnormally bad'". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
  10. ↑ Speed, Richard (April 27, 2020). "Happy birthday, ARM1. It is 35 years since Britain's Acorn RISC Machine chip sipped power for the first time". The Register. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  11. ↑ Dingee, Don; Nenni, Daniel (December 21, 2015). Mobile Unleashed: The Origin and Evolution of ARM Processors in our Devices. ASIN   B019OUQP8W.
  12. ↑ "Tom Pittard - Technologies". Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  13. ↑ Sobel, Art. "The ARM Processor or The RISC for the Rest of Us". advanced-risc.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  14. ↑ Weber, Jonathan (November 28, 1990). "Apple to Join Acorn, VLSI in Chip-Making Venture". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  15. ↑ Harker, Tony (Summer 2009). "ARM Gets Serious About IP". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. 1 (3): 8–69. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2009.933674. S2CID   36567166. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  16. ↑ Gallagher, William (June 9, 2020). "How ARM has already saved Apple - twice". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  17. ↑ McCracken, Harry (June 24, 2020). "Apple's 2005 and 2020 WWDC keynotes: Eerily similar—and worlds apart". Fast Company. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  18. ↑ ""Macintel" Q&A". EveryMac. January 16, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  19. ↑ Dalrymple, Jim (June 28, 2006). "One year later: How Apple's Intel transition is going". Macworld . Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  20. ↑ "Apple Introduces Xserve with Quad 64-bit Xeon Processors". Apple Inc. August 7, 2006. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Apple Unveils New Mac Pro Featuring Quad 64-bit Xeon Processors". Apple Inc. August 7, 2006. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard Installation and Setup Guide" (PDF). Apple Inc. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020. To upgrade to Snow Leopard or install Snow Leopard for the first time, you must have a Mac with: An Intel processor
  23. ↑ "Apple to Ship Mac OS X Snow Leopard on August 28". Apple Inc. August 24, 2009. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Inside Mac OS X 10.7 Lion: Missing Front Row, Rosetta and Java runtime". AppleInsider . Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Mac OS X Lion Available Today From the Mac App Store". Apple Inc. July 20, 2011. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Apple Buys Chip Designer". Forbes. April 23, 2008. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  27. ↑ Krazit, Tom (September 18, 2009). "Apple acquires low-power chip designer PA Semi". CNet . Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  28. ↑ Krazit, Tom (September 18, 2009). "Report: Apple wants PA Semi's engineers, not its chips". CNet . Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  29. ↑ Gwennap, Linley (September 15, 2012). "How Apple Designed Own CPU For A6". linleygroup.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  30. ↑ Demerjian, Charlie (May 5, 2011). "Apple dumps Intel from laptop lines". SemiAccurate. Stone Arch Networking Services, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Apple Testing ARM Based Mac Prototypes with Large Magic Trackpad?". MacRumors. May 25, 2014. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  32. ↑ King, Ian; Gurman, Mark (April 2, 2018). "Apple Plans to Use Its Own Chips in Macs From 2020, Replacing Intel". Bloomberg . Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Horwitz, Jeremy (June 22, 2020). "Apple confirms Mac transition to ARM CPUs, Rosetta 2 Intel emulation". VentureBeat . Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  34. ↑ Gurman, Mark; Wu, Debby; King, Ian (April 23, 2020). "Apple Aims to Sell Macs With Its Own Chips Starting in 2021". Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  35. ↑ Haselton, Todd (June 22, 2020). "Apple will stop using Intel chips in all Macs by 2021, top analyst says". CNBC . Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  36. 1 2 Warren, Tom (June 22, 2020). "Apple announces it will switch to its own processors for future Macs". The Verge . Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  37. 1 2 Axon, Samuel; Amadeo, Ron (June 22, 2020). "This is Apple's roadmap for moving the first Macs away from Intel". ArsTechnica . Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  38. ↑ Axon, Samuel (June 22, 2020). "This is Apple's roadmap for moving the first Macs away from Intel". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  39. 1 2 Gruber, John (June 24, 2020). "The Talk Show Remote from WWDC 2020, With Craig Federighi and Greg Joswiak". Daring Fireball. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  40. 1 2 Long, Michael (June 25, 2020). "Just How Fast Is Apple Silicon?". The Startup. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  41. 1 2 "Universal App Quick Start Program". Apple Developer. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  42. ↑ "Universal App Quick Start Program" (PDF). June 22, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  43. 1 2 Dignan, Larry. "Apple pushes M1 competitive advantage with iPad Pro and iMac updates". ZDNet. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  44. 1 2 Warren, Tom (October 26, 2021). "Apple's MacBook Pro is a GPU-shaped warning to Nvidia and AMD". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
  45. 1 2 Villas-Boas, Antonio. "Apple stopped selling Intel-based laptops just moments after it announced the new MacBook Pros". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  46. ↑ Gartenberg, Chaim (March 8, 2022). "Apple announces new flagship M1 Ultra desktop processor for its most powerful computers". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  47. ↑ Chin, Monica (March 8, 2022). "Apple's Mac Studio is a new desktop for creative professionals". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  48. 1 2 Song, Victoria (March 8, 2022). "The 27-inch iMac has been discontinued". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  49. 1 2 Mayo, Benjamin (March 8, 2022). "Apple teases Apple Silicon Mac Pro at end of March event". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on June 5, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  50. 1 2 Miller, Chance (January 17, 2023). "Apple finally kills Intel Mac mini, leaving one Intel machine left". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  51. 1 2 Mayo, Benjamin (June 5, 2023). "Apple announces new Mac Pro powered by M2 Ultra: PCI expansion, starts at $6999". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  52. 1 2 Kamps, Haje Jan (June 5, 2023). "Apple surprise-launches new Mac Pro with Apple Silicon". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  53. ↑ Newman, Daniel. "Opinion: If Intel lost Apple as a customer, it would be good news". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  54. 1 2 Gurman, Mark (June 9, 2020). "In a first, Apple plans to shift to its own processors to power new Mac computers". Fortune . Bloomberg. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  55. 1 2 Gassée, Jean-Louis (June 21, 2020). "ARM Mac Impact On Intel". Monday Note. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Grew 2.3% in 4Q19 and 0.6% for the Year". Gartner. January 13, 2020. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  57. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (June 22, 2020). "Apple gives Macs a brain transplant with new Arm chips starting this year". CNet . Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  58. ↑ Lee, Nicole (June 22, 2020). "iOS apps will run natively on ARM-powered Macs". Engadget . Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  59. ↑ Gewirtz, David (June 24, 2020). "Will Apple Silicon kill the Hackintosh? The odds against a self-built MacOS Arm computer". ZDNet. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  60. ↑ Fagioli, Brian (June 22, 2020). "Macs will use ARM-based Apple processors instead of Intel — is Hackintosh dead?". BetaNews. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  61. ↑ Warren, Tom (June 24, 2020). "Apple's new ARM-based Macs won't support Windows through Boot Camp". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  62. ↑ Axon, Samuel (June 24, 2020). "Here's what's happening to Boot Camp amid the Apple silicon transition". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  63. ↑ "Options for using Windows 11 with Mac® computers with Apple® M1® and M2™ chips". Microsoft Support. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  64. ↑ Barrett, Brian (June 22, 2020). "Apple's Intel Breakup Will Reshape Macs—and Beyond". Wired . Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  65. ↑ "Opinion: Apple seems poised to succeed where Microsoft failed with Windows 10 on ARM". OnMSFT.com. June 23, 2020. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  66. ↑ Spoonauer, Mark (January 11, 2022). "MacBook Pro with M1 review". Tom's Guide. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  67. ↑ Espósito, Filipe (November 10, 2021). "Comment: 1 year after the M1 chip, Apple has really changed the computer industry once again". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  68. ↑ "Universal App Quick Start Program" (PDF). June 22, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.