The Margraviate of Baden-Durlach was an early modern territory of the Holy Roman Empire, in the upper Rhine valley, which existed from 1535 to 1771. It was formed when the Margraviate of Baden was split between the sons of Margrave Christopher I and was named for its capital, Durlach. The other half of the territory became the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, located between the two halves of Baden-Durlach. Baden-Durlach became Lutheran during the Protestant Reformation, unlike Baden-Baden, which remained Catholic. Baden-Durlach occupied Baden-Baden from 1594 to 1622, but was driven out after being defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen, during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). The territory was ravaged during the Nine Years' War (1688-1697). Following the extinction of the Baden-Baden line in 1771, the Baden-Durlach inherited their territories and reunited the Margraviate of Baden. The reunified territory was caught up in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, emerging in 1806 as the Grand Duchy of Baden.
The Margraviate of Baden-Durlach encompassed an area on the middle Upper Rhine around the cities of Pforzheim and Durlach, as well as the Margraviate of Hachberg around Emmendigen, and an area known as Markgräflerland in the southern part of the Upper Rhine region, between Müllheim and Lörrach.
In detail, the territorial components were as follows:[1]
Baden-Durlach held two individual votes (Virilstimme) on the temporal bench of the Imperial Diet, as well as a third individual vote for the Margraviate of Hachberg. It had the same representation of the diet of the imperial circle of Swabia.
History
The Durlach palace, Karlsburg Castle, in 1652Idealised city plan of Karlsruhe, print of 1721
In 1594, Baden-Durlach exercised control over Baden-Baden in what is known as the Oberbadische Okkupation (Upper Baden Occupation), after Margrave George Frederick seized the territory in light of his relatives' bankruptcy. Having never received imperial authorisation for the seizure, George Frederick joined the Protestant Union in an effort to protect his claims.[3] This ended in 1622 during the Thirty Years' War, after George Frederick was defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen and forced to abdicate and return Baden-Baden to his relations.[4] During the Nine Years' War, Pforzheim and Durlach were burnt to the ground.
In 1771, Margrave Charles Frederick inherited the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, reunifying the Margraviate of Baden.
The summer residence of the margraves of Baden-Durlach was the Markgräflerhof in Basel, Switzerland, where the margraves also owned a number of other properties.
The coat of arms underwent changes over time. Here the coat of arms depicted on the seal of Margrave Charles II is described:
The central shield contained the red Badian diagonal band on a golden background. In the upper left field was the crowned red lion of the Landgraves of Sausenberg. The upper right field showed the wing of the lords of Üsenberg Castle. The lower left had a vertical band with three chevrons, the arms of the lordship of Badenweiler. In the lower right field was the red lion of the lords of Rötteln.
The coat of arms was surrounded by five helmets. The upper middle one bears the Badian ibex horns. Alongside it is a helmet with the Sausenberg lion and one with the upper part of a man wearing the wing of the Üsenberg arms. On the left side of the arms is a helmet with the upper part of a young man, who wears the vertical band of the Badenweiler arms, and at right is a helmet with a bishop's mitre, symbolising the Schirmvogtei held by the lordship of Rötteln over several monasteries.[5]
According to the Imperial Register, the Margraviate was obliged to supply troops to the Swabian Circle. In addition to these troops, the Margraves also built up a force of household troops (a bodyguard).
In 1770, the margraviate had a total of 807 soldiers in service (including both the circle troops and the household troops), consisting of four companies of a grenadierbattalion, a fusilier division, and a company of dragoons.[6]
The largest force raised in the history of Baden-Durlach was recruited by Margrave George Frederick in 1622 for the Palatinate campaign of the Thirty Years' War. It consisted of 11,500 men, only half of which were recruited locally from the margraviate's militia, with the rest on loan from George Frederick's allies; the territory was too small and poor to pay for professional soldiers beyond the margrave's own bodyguard.[3] George Frederick's army ceased to exist when he was defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen, the remnants of the army being absorbed by the Count of Mansfeld's forces.[7]
Calendar
Before 1582, like the rest of the Empire, the Margraviate employed the Julian Calendar. In 1582, the Margraviate of Baden-Baden adopted the Gregorian Calendar, such that 4 October 1582 was followed directly by 15 October 1582, but Baden-Durlach, as a Protestant state, retained the Julian Calendar, since the new calendar had been promulgated by the Pope.
The Corpus Evangelicorum in the Imperial Diet agreed to adopt the Gregorian Calendar only in 1699. Baden-Durlach followed the decision and adopted the new calendar in 1700, with 18 February being followed directly by 1 March 1700.[8] Some parish books from the Margraviate show that individual churches did not all follow suit immediately.
Initially, the Margraviate was Roman Catholic, like the rest of the Holy Roman Empire, but on 1 June 1556, Margrave Charles II decreed a new Church Order on the Württemberg (i.e. Lutheran) model and initiated the Reformation in his territory.
Although his two oldest sons abandoned Lutheranism (Ernest Frederick converted to Calvinism in 1599 and James III converted to Catholicism in 1590), Baden-Durlach remained Lutheran since the third son, George Frederick did not convert, outlived his brothers and inherited both of their territories.
The Margrave was also the leader of the local Protestant church. The daily administration of the churche was dealt with by a Church council (Kirchenrat). Two General Superintendents were appointed, one for the Lower territories and another for the Upper territories, who oversaw the Special Superintendents who administered the individual dioceses, which in turn administered the individual parishes. Consistency of doctrine was maintained by regular visitations.
Culture
Dialect
Overview of the High German dialects
Even in language, the Margraviate was not unified. The Landgraviate of Sausenberg and the Lordships of Badenweiler und Rötteln spoke High Alemannic, while the Margraviate of Hachberg used Low Alemannic and the Lower Margraviate (Karlsruhe-Pforzheim) employed a South Franconian dialect.
Education
The Margraviate never had a university. However, the level of the highest school, the gymnasium illustre in Karlsruhe, was at times equivalent to a university. Originally, the institution mainly served to educate orthodox priests to safeguard the Reformation. The school was established in Durlach in 1586 and transferred to Karlsruhe by Charles III William in 1724.[9] It is now the Markgrafen-Gymnasium Karlsruhe.
From 1577 to 1584 and 1738 to 1746, there were regencies for underage rulers. These regents are mentioned in the text, but not listed asmargraves.
Name (lifetime)
Reign
Notes
Ernest (* 7 October 1482 in Pforzheim; † 6 February 1553 in Sulzburg)
1515–1553
Son of Margrave Christopher I of Baden. Regent over Upper Baden after his father's loss of capacity in 1515. After the death of his brother Philip I in 1533 and the division of the Margraviate, he founded the House of Baden-Pforzheim (later Baden-Durlach), also known after him as the "Ernestian Line."
CharlesII (* 24 July 1529 in Sulzburg; † 23. March 1577 in Durlach)
1553–1577
Son of Ernest. From 1552, regent along with his half-brother Bernard IV, but after the latter's death in 1553, he became sole Margrave. In 1556 after the Peace of Augsburg he joined the Reformation. In 1565 he transferred the residence to Karlsburg Castle in Durlach.
Ernest Frederick (* 17 October 1560 in Mühlburg; † 14 April 1604 in Remchingen)
1584–1604
Son of Charles II. Regency while he was underage was held by the Margravine Anna of Veldenz and various Protestant princes from 1577 to 1584. A new division of territory in which Ernest Frederick took Durlach and Pforzheim and his brothers James III (1562-1590) and George Frederick took Hachberg and Rötteln-Sausenberg respectively. He established a gymnasium in Durlach. In 1594 he used the debts of Edward Fortunatus as an excuse for the military occupation of the Margraviate of Baden-Baden (Oberbadische Okkupation). In 1599, he rejected the Formula of Concord and converted from Lutheranism to Calvinism, which led to unrest.
George Frederick (* 30 January 1573; † 24 September 1638 in Strassburg)
1604–1622
Son of Charles II. From 1595 regent of the upper territories, after the death of his older brothers he became sole Margrave of Baden-Durlach in 1604 and de facto ruler of Baden-Baden. A pious Protestant and founding member of the Protestant Union. Abdicated in favour of his son in 1622, after his defeat at the Battle of Wimpfen.
FrederickV (* 6 July 1594 in Sulzburg; † 8 September 1659 in Durlach)
1622–1659
Son of George Frederick. Occupation and plundering of Baden-Durlach by Imperial troops. To escape the Edict of Restitution, he allied with Sweden in 1631 and joined them in attacking Baden-Baden and parts of Breisgau. Fled to Basel after his defeat at the Battle of Nördlingen. The Emperor declared him to have abdicated and abolished the Margraviate, but it was restored in the Peace of Westphalia.
FrederickVI (* 16 November 1617 at the Karlsburg, Durlach; † 10 January 1677 or 31 January 1677)
FrederickVII Magnus (* 23 September 1647 in Ueckermünde; † 25 June 1709 in Durlach)
1677–1709
Son of Frederick VI, focussed mainly on domestic politics. Occupation and plundering by French troops in the Nine Years' War (1688-1697) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). Fled to Basel.
CharlesIII William (* January 1679 in Durlach; † 12 May 1738 in Karlsruhe)
1709–1738
Son of Frederick VII. Officer during the War of the Spanish Succession, Imperial General Field Marshal in 1715. Reigned as an absolute monarch, restored state finances, and created a reliable bureaucracy. In 1715 he began work on a new residence, the Karlsruhe Palace and the new city of Karlsruhe.
Son of hereditary prince Frederick (1703-1732) and grandson of Charles III William. Until 1746, a regency under Prince Charles August was in charge. Enlightened absolutist and follower of the Physiocrats. In 1771, the reunification of Baden took place after the extinction of the Baden-Baden line. Final loss of the territories on the left bank of the Rhine during the Revolutionary Wars, but was recognised as ruler by Napoleon. Elector in 1803, Grand Duke and joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. Significantly expanded Baden through the annexation of the territories of Electoral Palatinate on the right bank of the Rhine, Breisgau, and Ortenau, and through German mediatisation
The Margraviate of Baden was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Spread along the east side of the Upper Rhine River in southwestern Germany, it was named a margraviate in 1112 and existed until 1535, when it was split into the two margraviates of Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden. The two parts were reunited in 1771 under Margrave Charles Frederick, even if the three parts of the State maintained their distinct seats to the Reichstag. The restored Margraviate of Baden was elevated to the status of electorate in 1803. In 1806, the Electorate of Baden, receiving territorial additions, became the Grand Duchy of Baden. The rulers of Baden, known as the House of Baden, were a cadet line of the Swabian House of Zähringen.
Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, nicknamed Charles with the bag, governed the Margravate of Baden-Durlach from 1552 to 1577. On 1 June 1556 Charles issued a new Church Order, which made Lutheranism the official religion in Baden-Durlach.
George Frederick of Baden-Durlach was Margrave of Baden-Durlach from 1604 until his abdication in 1622. He also ruled Baden-Baden.
Sausenburg Castle is a ruined German castle on the edge of the Black Forest, just north of the town of Kandern in Baden-Württemberg, between the villages of Sitzenkirch and Malsburg-Marzell. The castle was originally the stronghold of the lords of Sausenburg, and is built on a hill, 665 metres high, known as the Sausenberg.
Rötteln Castle, located above the Lörrach suburb of Haagen, lies in the extreme southwest corner of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, just 10 kilometres north-east of the Swiss City of Basel. The fortification was one of the most powerful in the southwest, and today, it is the third largest castle ruin in Baden.
Margrave Philip I of Baden took over the administration of his father's possessions Baden (Baden-Baden), Durlach, Pforzheim and Altensteig and parts of Eberstein, Lahr and Mahlberg in 1515 and ruled as governor until he inherited the territories in 1527. From 1524 till 1527, he also acted as an imperial governor in the second Imperial Government. His official title was Margrave of Baden-Sponheim.
The Margraviate of Baden-Hachberg was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire, in the upper Rhine valley, which existed from 1212 to 1415.
Margrave Philip of Hachberg-Sausenberg was the son of the Margrave Rudolf IV of Hachberg-Sausenberg and Margaret of Vienne. Philip reigned in 1487–1503 as Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg and Count of Neuchâtel. From 1466 he called himself Lord of Badenweiler.
The Margraviate of Baden-Baden was an early modern southwest German territory within the Holy Roman Empire. It was created in 1535 along with the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach as a result of the division of the Margraviate of Baden. Its territory consisted of a core area on the middle stretch of the Upper Rhine around the capital city of Baden, as well as lordships on the Moselle and Nahe.
Margrave Ernest I of Baden-Durlach was the founder of the so-called "Ernestine" line of the House of Baden, the line from which the later Grand Dukes descended. He was the ruling Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim from 1533 and resided in Pforzheim from 1537. In 1565, his son Charles II moved the capital to Durlach and thereby changed the name of his country to Baden-Durlach. He had to deal with the upcoming Reformation and the frequent Ottoman wars in Europe. In this turbulent time, he tried to maintain a neutral position between the Protestants and Catholics. He did not participate in the Schmalkaldic War.
Margrave Rudolf IV of Hachberg-Sausenberg was the son the Margrave William of Hachberg-Sausenberg and his wife Elisabeth of Montfort-Bregenz.
Ernest Frederick of Baden-Durlach ruled the northern part of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach. He came to power when he came of age in 1584. He founded the first Gymnasium Illustrie in the margraviate. His conversion from Lutheranism to Calvinism and his occupation of Upper Baden caused serious conflicts – even with the Emperor – the consequences of which damaged Lower Baden and ultimately also led to losses of territory.
Margrave James III of Baden-Hachberg was margrave of Baden-Hachberg from 1584 to 1590 and resided at Emmendingen. He converted, in 1590, from Lutheranism to the Roman Catholic confession, causing some political turmoil.
Margrave Rudolf III of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1343–1428) was the son of Margrave Rudolf II of Hachberg-Sausenberg and Catherine of Thierstein. He inherited Hachberg-Sausenberg when his father died in 1352. As he was a minor at the time, his uncle Otto I acted as regent. When Rudolf II came of age, he and Otto I ruled jointly, until Otto's death in 1384. Rudolf III is considered the most important of the Margraves of Hachberg-Sausenberg.
Margrave Rudolf II of Hachberg-Sausenberg(medieval: Rudolf II of Hachberg-Susenberg) (1301–1352) was the son of Margrave Rudolf I of Hachberg-Sausenberg and his wife Agnes, the heiress of Otto of Rötteln. After their elder brother Henry died in 1318, Rudolf II and his younger brother Otto I took up government in Rötteln and Sausenberg. They moved their seat of government from Sausenburg Castle to Rötteln Castle. In the fall of 1332, troops from the City of Basel besieged Rötteln Castle, because one of the brothers had stabbed the mayor of Basel. The conflict was settled after mediation by the nobility of the city and the margraviate.
Margrave Rudolf I of Hachberg-Sausenberg (d.1313) was the son of Margrave Henry II of Hachberg and Anne of Üsenberg. He married in 1298 or 1299 to Agnes, the heiress of Otto of Rötteln. In 1306 he founded the side-line Hachberg-Sausenberg at Sausenburg Castle, a castle which the Margraves of Hachberg had built in 1240 on top of Mount Sausenberg. His elder brother Henry III continued the main Baden-Hachberg line at Hochburg castle in Emmendingen.
Henry, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1300-1318) was the son of Margrave Rudolf I of Hachberg-Sausenberg and his wife Agnes, who was the daughter and heiress of Otto of Rötteln. In 1312, when he was still a minor, he inherited his father's possessions. After he came of age in 1315, his uncle Lüthold II of Röttlen gave him the Lordship of Rötteln. Lüthold II died in 1316.
The House of Hachberg-Sausenberg(medieval: House of Hachberg-Susenberg) was a German royal family that was first documented in 1306 as carve-out from the House of Baden-Hachberg, when Henry III. and his brother Rudolf I. shared the heritage of their father Henry II.
References
↑ Markgräflich Baden-Durlachischer Staats- und Addresse-Calender auf das Jahr 1765, pp. 52–58 Digitalisat der SLUB Dresden
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