Massalongiaceae

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Massalongiaceae
Massalongia carnosa 281435.jpg
Massalongia carnosa in California, USA
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Massalongiaceae
Wedin, P.M.Jørg. & E.Wiklund (2007)
Type genus
Massalongia
Körb. (1855)
Genera

Leptochidium
Massalongia
Polychidium

Massalongiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Peltigerales. [1] It has three genera and seven species.

Contents

Species in this family have cyanobacteria as their primary symbiotic partner (cyanobiont), so they belong to the group known as "cyanobacterial lichens".

Taxonomy

The family was circumscribed by Mats Wedin, Per Magnus Jørgensen, and Elisabeth Wiklund in 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the three genera formed a well-supported monophyletic group that was distinct from other similar families in the Peltigerales. [2] The family was named after the type genus, Massalongia ; the genus name honours Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo (1824-1860). [3]

Massalongiaceae has a sister taxon relationship with the family Peltigeraceae, and these two families together form a clade that is sister to a clade containing the families Vahiellaceae and Koerberiaceae. [4] Previous phylogenetic studies had placed genus Massalongia in a group together with Peltigeraceae, Nephromataceae and Lobariaceae, although the relationships of Massalongia within this group were not precisely determined. [5] [6]

Description

The thalli of Massalongiaceae lichens range in form from squamulose (scaley) to microfoliose (tiny and leafy) or microfruticose (tiny and bushy). The photobiont partner is a member of the cyanobacterial genus Nostoc . In the squamulose to microfoliose species, the lobes are rounded to elongated, and the branches in microfruticose species are terete (more or less circular in cross-section) and delicate. The ascomata are in the form of apothecia, and they are usually biatorine (where the outer layers of the apothecium are light-coloured and contain no algae). The hamathecium (a collective term for all kinds of hyphae or other tissues between asci) consists of unbranched to branched paraphyses, and is amyloid. [7]

The asci are semifissitunicate (i.e., discharge of spores from the ascus involves the separation of wall layers), with a thin apical tholus (the thickened inner part of an ascus tip) with an amyloid ring-structure, and cylindrical. [7] The structure of the asci is particularly important in distinguishing between related families in the Peltigerales. For example, Peltigeraceae has a distinctive apical tube, while Nephromataceae lacks any amyloid apical structure, and Lobariaceae has an indistinctive amyloid layer that is not comparable to the apical cap found in the asci of the Massalongiaceae. [2]

There are eight ascospores in each ascus. The spores have septa that divide the spore transversely, and have a shape ranging from spindle-shaped (fusiform) to ellipsoid. The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia; the conidia are hyaline, lack septa, and are rod-shaped to spindle-shaped. No secondary compounds are known to occur in the family. [7]

Habitat and distribution

Massalongiaceae lichens grow on rocks, and are often associated with bryophytes, growing among or on top of them. Collectively, the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, [7] but with more representation in northern temperate zones. [8]

Genera and species

Leptochidium albociliatum Whiskered Tarpaper Lichen (910358886).jpg
Leptochidium albociliatum

Several additional species of Massalongia have been described, but some cannot be identified precisely due to lack of sufficient type material, as they are only known from the type collection, and some have been transferred to other genera. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cladoniaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but other can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances, rocks as their substrate. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate aridity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecanoromycetes</span> Class of lichenized fungi

Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peltigerales</span> Order of fungi

Peltigerales is an order of lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The taxonomy of the group has seen numerous changes; it was formerly often treated as a suborder of the order Lecanorales. It contains two suborders, eight families and about 45 genera such as Lobaria and Peltigera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peltigeraceae</span> Family of lichenized fungi in the order Peltigerales

The Peltigeraceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. The Peltigeraceae, which contains 15 genera and about 600 species, has recently (2018) been emended to include the families Lobariaceae and Nephromataceae. Many Peltigeraceae species have large and conspicuous, leathery thalli. They largely occur in cool-temperate to tropical montane climates. Tripartite thalli involving fungus, green algae and cyanobacteria are common in this family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pannariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Pannariaceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. Species from this family have a widespread distribution, but are especially prevalent in southern temperate regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baeomycetales</span> Order of fungi

The Baeomycetales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species. As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Candelariaceae</span> Family of lichens

Candelariaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Candelariales. It contains seven genera and about 73 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caliciaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Caliciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. Although the family has had its classification changed several times throughout its taxonomic history, the use of modern molecular phylogenetic methods have helped to establish its current placement in the order Caliciales. Caliciaceae contains 36 genera and about 600 species. The largest genus is Buellia, with around 300 species; there are more than a dozen genera that contain only a single species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malmideaceae</span> Family of fungi

Malmideaceae is a family of crustose and corticolous lichens in the order Lecanorales. It contains eight genera and about 70 species.

<i>Vahliella</i> Genus of lichens

Vahliella is a genus of nine species of lichen-forming fungi in the order Peltigerales. It is the only member of Vahliellaceae, a family circumscribed in 2010 to contain this genus. Vahliella was formerly placed in the family Pannariaceae until molecular phylogenetics showed that it did not belong there. Vahliella species are found in the Northern Hemisphere – mainly in North America, but also in Europe and India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trapeliaceae</span> Family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales

Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizocarpales</span> Order of fungi

Rhizocarpales are an order of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. It has two families, Rhizocarpaceae and Sporastatiaceae, which contain mostly crustose lichens.

<i>Carbonicola</i> (lichen) Genus of lichens

Carbonicola is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the monogeneric family Carbonicolaceae. The genus, which collectively has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, contains three squamulose lichens that prefer to grow on burned wood in temperate areas of the world.

<i>Lepidocollema marianum</i> Species of lichen

Lepidocollema marianum is a species of cyanolichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was first scientifically described by Elias Fries in 1825 as Parmelia mariana. Per Magnus Jørgensen transferred it to the genus Lepidocollema in 2014 following a molecular phylogenetics-guided revision of the Pannariaceae.

Sagiolechiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Ostropales. It contains two genera, Rhexophiale, and Sagiolechia, the type genus. The family was circumscribed in 2010 by lichenologists Elisabeth Baloch, Robert Lücking, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, and Mats Wedin. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the two genera formed a distinct clade in Ostropales. Four species were included in the original circumscription of the family.

Cameronia is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Cameroniaceae. It has two species. Both the genus and its two species were described as new to science in 2011 by Australian lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas. Characteristics of the genus include its chlorococcalean photobiont partner, and perithecioid ascomata that are deeply immersed in the substrate. Microscopic features of Cameronia include the four-spored asci with an intensely hemiamyloid outer wall and non-amyloid, well-developed tholus, and hyaline, muriform ascospores. Both species are endemic to the Tasmanian Highlands.

<i>Rostania</i> Genus of lichens

Rostania is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. These lichens are primarily found on tree bark, occasionally on wood, with one species known to inhabit soil. The genus is characterized morphologically by having minute thalli made of hyphal tissue without a separate cortex, and the more or less cuboid-shaped ascospores.

<i>Crocodia</i> Genus of fungi

Crocodia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. It has eight species. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species occur in temperate and tropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The main characteristics of the genus that separate it from its parent genus, Pseudocyphellaria, include a yellow medulla and yellow pseudocyphellae on the lower thallus surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collematineae</span> Suborder of fungi

The Collematineae are an suborder of rust fungi in the order of Peltigerales in the class Lecanoromycetes.

Aspiciliopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. It has two species, both of which occur in the Southern Hemisphere.

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 .
  2. 1 2 Wedin, Mats; Jørgensen, Per Magnus; Wiklund, Elisabeth (2006). "Massalongiaceae fam. nov., an overlooked monophyletic group among the cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota)". The Lichenologist. 39 (1): 61–67. doi:10.1017/s002428290700655x. S2CID   86749909.
  3. ↑ Hertel, Hannes (2012). Gattungseponyme bei Flechten und Lichenicolen Pilzen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). Vol. 107. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 78. ISBN   978-3-443-58086-5.
  4. ↑ Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society: 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060.
  5. ↑ Wiklund, Elisabeth; Wedin, Mats (2003). "The phylogenetic relationships of the cyanobacterial lichens in the Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae". Cladistics. 19 (5): 419–431. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00312.x . PMID   34905834.
  6. ↑ Wedin, M.; Wiklund, E. (2004). "The phylogenetic relationships of Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae revisited". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 34 (1): 469–475.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. pp. 133–134. ISBN   978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC   429208213.
  8. ↑ Cannon, P.F.; Kirk, P.M. (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 199. ISBN   978-0-85199-827-5.
  9. ↑ Choisy, M. (1952). "Catalogue des lichens de la region lyonnaise. Fasc. 9". Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (in French). 21: 165–180. doi:10.3406/linly.1952.7511.
  10. ↑ Körber, G.W. (1855). Systema lichenum Germaniae (in Latin). Breslau: Trewendt & Granier. p. 109.
  11. ↑ Gray, S.F. (1821). A natural arrangement of British plants. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 401.
  12. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M.; Andersen, Heidi L.; Elvebakk, Arve (2019). "The genus Massalongia (lichenised ascomycetae) in the Southern Hemisphere". MycoKeys. 60: 125–140. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.60.37725 . PMC   6906167 . PMID   31844414.
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