Military tattoo

Last updated March 17, 2024

A military tattoo is a performance of music or display of armed forces in general. The term comes from the early 17th-century Dutch phrase doe den tap toe ("turn off the tap"), a signal sounded by drummers or trumpeters to instruct innkeepers near military garrisons to stop serving beer and for soldiers to return to their barracks and is unrelated to the Tahitian origins of an ink tattoo.^[1]

Etymology

The term dates from around 1600 during the Thirty Years' War in the Low Countries (Belgium and the Netherlands). The Dutch fortresses were garrisoned with mercenary troops who had been under federal command since 1594. The Dutch States Army had become a federal army, consisting mostly of Protestant German, Scottish, English and Swiss mercenaries, but commanded by a Dutch officer corps. Drummers from the garrison were sent out into the towns at 21:30 hrs (9:30 pm) each evening to inform the soldiers that it was time to return to barracks. The process was known as doe den tap toe (Dutch for "turn off the tap"), an instruction to innkeepers to stop serving beer and send the soldiers home for the night. The drummers continued to play until the curfew at 22:00 hrs (10:00 pm). Tattoo, earlier spelled tap-too then taptoo, are alterations of the Dutch words tap toe, which have the same meaning. Taptoo was the earlier alteration of the phrase and was used in George Washington's papers^[2] in which he said:"In future the Reveille will beat at day-break; the troop at 8 in the morning; the retreat at sunset and taptoo at nine o'clock in the evening."

Over the years the process became more of a show and often included the playing of the first post at 21:30 hrs and the last post at 22:00. Bands and displays were included and shows were often conducted by floodlight or searchlight. Tattoos were commonplace in the late 19th century, with most military and garrison towns putting on some kind of show or entertainment during the summer months. Between the First World War and the Second World War elaborate military tattoos were held in many towns and cities, with the largest held in Aldershot in the United Kingdom.

Notable examples

Europe

One of the best-known tattoos is held on the Esplanade in front of Edinburgh Castle each August as part of the annual Edinburgh Festival. The Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo was first staged in 1950; it combines the traditional sounds of the bagpipes and drums with the modern aspects of the armed forces. In 2008, the Windsor Castle Royal Tattoo was launched and held in the private grounds of Windsor Castle by permission of HM The Queen. The event's proceeds went to the Royal British Legion to help support recently returned troops from battle.
Another well-known tattoo was the Royal Tournament which was held annually in London from 1880 to 1999. The last producer of the Royal Tournament was Major Sir Michael Parker. The British Military Tournament, its successor, was established in 2010 at the former venue of the Royal Tournament, Earl's Court, lasting until 2013. Another UK tattoo is the Birmingham Tattoo held annually at the National Indoor Arena in November, which has been attracting audiences to Birmingham since 1989.
The Royal International Air Tattoo is the world's largest military airshow, held annually at RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire in aid of the RAF Charitable Trust.
The Basel Tattoo (Switzerland) was started in 2006 by the local Top Secret Drum Corps. It has grown to be the world's second-largest military tattoo in terms of performers and budget after the Edinburgh Military Tattoo.
The Norwegian Military Tattoo is internationally famous for its quality and streamlined production. It has been held every two years since 1994 in the capital of Norway, Oslo. Since 1996 the shows have been presented indoors - in the Oslo Spektrum which is "tailor-made" for this kind of event.
Russia has recently started the annual "Spasskaya Bashnya" (Russian for Spasskaya Tower) international military tattoo in Moscow (with Valery Khalilov as its founding executive producer until 2016). Its Russian name came from the name of the location where it is performed (at the Red Square's "Saviour Tower"). Although it is commonly referred to as "Spasskaya Bashnya Military Tattoo", its actual English name is "International Military Music Festival", and has been held since 2006. Its latest edition will be held in late August 2022, and the tattoo forms part of Moscow's city birthday celebrations.
Großer Zapfenstreich is an occasional military ceremony and tattoo that is currently or formerly conducted by the militaries of Germany, Austria, East Germany and Prussia. This traditional event is only done by military bands of the Bundeswehr and the Austrian Armed Forces and reflects the origins of the tattoo as an evening ceremony, and is done on special occasions.
The biannual Hamina Tattoo in Finland is the official military tattoo event of the Finnish Defense Forces.
The National Military Tattoo in the Rotterdam Ahoy indoor stadium, held since 1948, is the official military tattoo of the Armed forces of the Netherlands. It was formerly held in Delft and Breda before moving to Rotterdam in 2006.
The Taptoe Brussels, originating in 2001, was initiated by the Koninklijke Muziekfederatie van het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest , with the aim of orchestrating an "international tattoo" event on the iconic Grand Place in Brussels.^[3]

North America

Canada's Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo is the largest annual indoor tattoo in the world today, each year featuring over 2000 performers from around the world. The tattoo has been produced since 1979 by Colonel Ian Fraser, who also produced the Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967, the world's largest travelling show. Through the course of his career Fraser has produced and / or directed more than 1000 international tattoo productions across the globe. This tattoo is unique in that it is a full theatrical production, comprising costume designers, props designers, full wardrobe staff, and is presented as 'theatre in the round'. The show is intensely rehearsed over a two-week period and is a wholly combined military and civilian production. The Nova Scotia Tattoo was the first tattoo to receive royal designation on the occasion of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II's 80th Birthday in 2006.^[4]

Buglers playing the Last Post during scene 8 of Tattoo 1967 Scene08.jpg — Buglers playing the Last Post during scene 8 of Tattoo 1967

The Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967 was the largest mobile tattoo in history performing 155 performances in 47 cities from coast to coast from the end of March to the middle of October 1967. Tattoo '67 was a completely military production involving over 1700 personnel from the Canadian Army, Navy and Air Force. The first leg of the tour involved transporting two shows across Canada by rail. The second phase saw "the show" performed in stadiums in major cities including a week-long run in Montreal, Quebec during EXPO 67. The third phase was a tour of East Coast cities and Quebec performing in arenas. The show received rave reviews and standing ovations and was called upon by the press to become an annual event and to have it tour not only throughout the United States but Europe as well but with the last performance on October 11, 1967, at Shawinigan, Quebec, the Tattoo was mothballed. Eventually, all the costumes and uniforms were sold off to museums or private collectors and the show that was hailed as "the greatest single presentation during Centennial year" has never been produced since. The producer of Tattoo 1967, Colonel Ian Fraser also produced the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo noted above.
The annual Fort Henry Tattoo is held each July at Fort Henry ^[5] in Kingston, Ontario. The event combines military drill, with an assortment of musical acts from across Canada, and is capped off with a fireworks display at the end of the evening. It is one of the largest annual events held at the National Historic Site.
The now-defunct Quebec City International Festival of Military Bands, and its Quebec City Military Tattoo, took place in August between 1998 and 2013.
The Ceremonial Guard conducts many different military tattoos in the Ottawa–Gatineau Region, including the Fortissimo Sunset Ceremony on Parliament Hill in July and the Governor General and Commander-in-Chief's Military Tattoo^[6] at Rideau Hall. The latter event honours the King of Canada in his position as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces. The former emulates the British Beating Retreat while including the practice of lowering of the Canadian flag. Aside from the Band of the Ceremonial Guard, participating units in both events included the Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces, the Canadian National Drill Team, and the Royal Military College of Canada Band.^[7]
The different services of the Canadian Forces have held local tattoos in their areas of operations. In September 2010, the Royal Canadian Navy sponsored the Canadian Naval Centennial Tattoo in Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver celebrating the 100th anniversary of the RCN. Among the bands that performed were the Band of the Royal Marines, the Vancouver Police Pipe Band, the Pipe Band of The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada and the Naden Band of Maritime Forces Pacific.^[8] In August 2013, a Sunset Ceremony was held at CFB Greenwood, featuring the 14 Wing Band and Pipes and Drums as well as the Stadacona Band of Maritime Forces Atlantic, the Bridgewater Fire Department Band, the RCMP Pipes and Drums, and the drill team of the 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot.^[9] The Black Watch Military Tattoo is an event sponsored by The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada.^[10]
The largest tattoo in the United States, is the Virginia International Tattoo, held every year in Norfolk, Virginia. Over 850 performers play traditional music and many international acts join every branch of the United States Armed Forces.
The United States Air Force holds tattoos for many different events and celebrations, like base openings and closures, and special events like the 21st Annual Langley Tattoo.^[11] The Air Force's largest tattoo is held the last Friday of June each year at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. The 2010 tattoo there drew an estimated 75,000 people and featured the rock group .38 Special. The 2011 event featured aircraft flyovers and music by country group Lonestar.
Twilight Tattoo is an hour long United States Army military tattoo held by Military District of Washington. Recurring units who participate in the tattoo include the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) and the Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps. The ceremony, which is held weekly during the summer, is held inside/on the grounds of Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall.^[12] The MDW revived the event in 1961 after it was discontinued before the Second World War.^[13]
The Cleveland International Tattoo^[14] in Cleveland, Ohio is traditionally held annually on the third weekend in May. Started back in 1985, the CIT has performed at Masonic Hall, Jacobs Pavilion at Nautica, Playhouse Square, and presently at Cleveland Public Auditorium.^[15]
The West Point Military Tattoo is held annually at the United States Military Academy, West Point, NY. It is traditionally held on the 4th Sunday in April at the outdoor amphitheater on Trophy Point overlooking the Hudson River. The Tattoo is hosted by the Pipes and Drums of the US Corps of Cadets.^[16]

A member of the Commander-in-Chief's Guard (3rd Infantry Regiment) during the Twilight Tattoo. CINCGuard92831.jpg — A member of the Commander-in-Chief's Guard (3rd Infantry Regiment) during the Twilight Tattoo.

Asia

Since 1963 the Japan Self-Defense Forces Marching Festival has been the country's military tattoo, featuring guest bands from the Asia-Pacific and the bands of the service branches of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, plus traditional drum teams from the JSDF. Held in the Nippon Budokan in Tokyo every November since its first edition, it is also Asia's oldest.
The International Military Heritage Festival, organized by the Republic of Korea Armed Forces, is the national military tattoo of South Korea. Held every April in Seoul, it consists of performances from the military bands and drill teams of the ROKAF.
Hong Kong held international military tattoo events both in 2012 and 2017, on the occasion of the 15th and the 20th anniversary of the return of Hong Kong to The People's Republic of China. The Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China and the Hong Kong Police Band had essential roles to play. The performances also included military bands from Mongolia, The Netherlands, Russia, the United Kingdom (Scotland), and the United States.
Military tattoo-style events have been held in Indonesia in the context of major city and municipal district anniversaries in the form of the visits by the corps of drums and drum and bugle corps of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police, which are invited to march past and perform on local anniversaries and holidays. Often the ones frequently present in these tattoo-style events are the corps of drums of the military and police academies and the drum and bugle corps from the two military high schools in Magelang and Bandung, their appearances being a hit among the crowds attending these civic-military parades. A recent addition to these is the presence of the Corps of Drums of the Indonesian Army Officer Candidate School, also from Bandung. These events are also held within the academies' respective campuses during change of command, recognition and graduation parades as well as during their open house days, as well as during open days in military installations and anniversaries of the armed forces and police.
Malaysia has held special military tattoos at the Stadium Merdeka in Kuala Lumpur as part of Visit Malaysia Year and in important anniversary years of national independence.
In Kazakhstan, the most notable military tattoo is the Eskeri Kernei ("Military Trumpet") International Festival held on Capital City Day.

Africa

At the 10th anniversary of the formation of the Rhodesian Light Infantry on 30 January 1971, a special commemorative military tattoo at Glamis Stadium in Salisbury was held. The tattoo, which was the first held by a single military unit in Rhodesia, saw the 1st Battalion spend three weeks rehearsing in terms of drilling, physical training and unarmed combat. a staged assault on a guerrilla camp was held by 2 Commando using blank ammunition and dummy mortars. The tattoo culminated with a sky-dive by three members of the Battalion Parachute Club. A retreat ceremony was held after as well as a final march-past by all participants.^[17]
During the 40th anniversary of the Libyan Revolution celebrations in September 2009, a military tattoo was held Green Square in Tripoli. Titled the World Military Music Festival, it was presided by Mutassim Gaddafi (the National Security Advisor of Libya) and featured units from countries such as Russia, Algeria and Ethiopia.^[18]
In 2018, the South African Tattoo was revived. The performance included members of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) performing military drills and a mock battle, as well as the Johannesburg Youth Orchestra, a collection of both local and international dancing groups and a combined performance of many of the South African Highlander Bagpipe groups.

Related Research Articles

A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A typical military band consists mostly of wind and percussion instruments. The conductor of a band commonly bears the title of Bandmaster or Music director. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching bands in the world, dating from the 13th century.

A drill team can be one of four different entities:

A military drill team is a marching unit that performs routines based on military foot or exhibition drills. Military drill teams perform either armed or unarmed.
A dance drill team creates routines based on precision dance movements rather than military drill. These teams usually do not carry anything, but may use props in field production numbers. They may perform to recorded music, or the live music of an accompanying marching band.
A team that execute routines carrying either one or multiple flags or pom-poms. This team's movements are also based in dance and may also have a heavy influence of gymnastics as well. These teams also may perform to music, either live or recorded.
A team that is mounted or advances some type of mobile object. May also include teams of dogs and handlers.

The Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo is an annual series of military tattoos performed by British Armed Forces, Commonwealth and international military bands, and artistic performance teams on the Esplanade of Edinburgh Castle in the capital of Scotland. The event is held each August as one of the Edinburgh Festivals.

Beating Retreat is a military ceremony dating to 17th-century England and was first used to recall nearby patrolling units to their castle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo</span>

The Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo is a show inspired by Military Tattoos given by military bands and display teams. It has taken place annually in Nova Scotia's capital, Halifax since 1979. It is currently held in the Halifax Scotiabank Centre.

The Virginia International Tattoo is a military tattoo that began in 1997 and is the signature event of the Virginia Arts Festival. Presented annually in Norfolk, Virginia, the tattoo is an exhibition of military bands, massed pipes and drums, military drill teams, Celtic dancers, and choirs. It is presented in cooperation with NATO and the Norfolk NATO Festival.

The Quebec City International Festival of Military Bands (FIMMQ) was a major cultural event in Quebec City that notably included a military tattoo by Canadian and foreign military bands as well as display teams. It has taken place annually in August in Quebec City from 1998 to 2013.

The Regimental Band and Pipes was founded on the Citadel campus in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1909, with marine general Harry K. Pickett in command. The marching band makes up one of the twenty-one companies of the South Carolina Corps of Cadets. In 1991, the band participated in the Edinburgh Military Tattoo in Scotland, becoming the first military college selected for the honor. They returned in 2010 as the only unit from the United States to appear at the Silver Jubilee of the Tattoo and appeared again in 2015.

A drum major in the military is the individual leading a military band or a field unit. It is an appointment, not a military rank. Military drum majors utilize a ceremonial mace for giving commands while marching. Many drum majors, particularly American- or British-influenced ones, wear a sash that can carry embroidered badges of their home unit and battle honors; a pair of ceremonial drum sticks are often attached.

Canadian military bands are a group of personnel in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) that performs musical duties for military functions. Military bands form a part of the Music Branch of the CAF, composed of six full-time professional Regular Force bands, 15 Regular Force voluntary bands, and 53 part-time reserve force bands. Bands of the Music Branch are often badged with the unit or Canadian Forces base insignia that they support.

Basel Tattoo is an annual military tattoo show performed by International military bands, display teams, popular musicians, and tattoo formations in Basel, Switzerland.

The Canadian Forces Tattoo 1967 was a series of military tattoos or displays performed by members of the Canadian military portraying more than three hundred years of Canada's military history. The Tattoo, which was the Canadian military's contribution to Canada's centennial year celebrations in 1967, toured the country from coast to coast. This was the largest such event in the history of the Canadian military.

The Spasskaya Tower International Military Music Festival is an annual military music event and military tattoo held in Moscow on Red Square. Participating in the festival are Russian and foreign military bands, folk groups, and honor guard units of foreign countries. More than 40 countries have taken part in the festival since 2006. It is named after the world-famous Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Its TV partner is TV Centre. The festival's motto is "To Revive Traditions and Preserve History".

The Indian military bands consists of musicians from the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force. Indian military bands regularly participate in international festivals and take part in celebrations dedicated to various national events. These bands are permanent participants in the Delhi Republic Day parade on the Kartavya Path. Today, the Indian Armed Forces have more than 50 military brass bands and 400 pipe bands and corps of drums. A Tri-Services Band refers to a joint Indian Armed Forces military band that performs together as a unit. At the Spasskaya Tower Military Music Festival and Tattoo in Moscow, the band consisted of 7 officers and 55 musicians. The Military Music Wing of the Army Education Corps is the principal educational institution of the armed forces that provides instruction to musicians of all ranks. Instruction is also provided by the Military Music Training Center and the Indian Navy School of Music.

The His Majesty the King's Guard 3. Company is a renowned military band and drill unit the Norwegian Armed Forces. It is attached to the Hans Majestet Kongens Garde or The King's Guard, acting as its unit band and drill team. The band and drill unit is based out of Huseby Leir in the capital Oslo where its area of responsibility is. It is a renowned unit that is famous around the world for its participation in international military tattoos. In its activities, it participates in parades and ceremonies for HM Harald V of Norway) and Norwegian members of the House of Glücksburg. It also supports the government and the military, specifically increasing the esprit de corps in army units as well as in the public. The concert season usually lasts from December to March/April while the marching season lasts until September.

The Music Corps is a department of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force that is tasked with presiding over military bands in the JGSDF. Similarly, the Maritime Self-Defense Force and the Air Self Defense Force each have a music corps. JGSDF military bands regularly participate in international festivals and take part in national and branch-related events. It is roughly the equivalent to the Royal Corps of Army Music (CAMUS) in the British Army or the Music Branch.

The Amur Waves International Military Bands Festival is an annual military music event and military tattoo held in Khabarovsk on Komsomolskaya Square, Glory square, Erofey arena etc, Khabarovsk. Participating in the festival are Russian and foreign military bands, folk groups, and honor guards. The festival is considered to be one of the most significant events in the cultural life of the capital of the Russian Far East. Oleg Fedoseev is the current director of festival.

Sri Lankan military bands refer to the joint-service musical units of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces representing the Sri Lanka Army, the Sri Lanka Navy, and the Sri Lanka Air Force. The three bands mentioned, which were established in 1949, 1952 and 1970 respectively and are the seniormost in the armed forces. They are composed of many ceremonial marching bands as well as concert bands which are base for the band's success. The band participates in main social and cultural events, including formal state visits and military parades. All army regiments also contain a regimental band for ceremonial duties.

The Omani Royal Guard Military Band is the official music band of the Royal Guard of Oman and the seniormost military band of the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces. It is specifically dedicated to providing ceremonial honours and music to the Sultan of Oman, the House of Al Said, and public officials.

The Fanfare Band of the Royal Marechaussee is a 60-member fanfare band which serves as the official ensemble of the Dutch Royal Marechaussee. It is currently led by Captain Peter Kleine Schaars. It is currently based in Apeldoorn. Being a professional military band representing a service branch of the Dutch Armed Forces, it consists of many different ensembles, including a saxophone quartet, and a percussion section. Also, it maintains a drum and bugle corps component.

References

↑ Little Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins Julia Cresswell - 2014- Page 106 0199683638 tattoo. Tattoos on the skin came into English in the 18th century from the Polynesian languages of the Pacific Islands—Captain Cook's journals are the first to record the word. The military tattoo sounded by drum or bugle to recall soldiers to their quarters in the evening was originally written tap-too. It comes from Dutch doe den tap toe, literally 'close the tap'. The tap was on a cask; closing it signalled time for drinking was over and soldiers should go home
↑ C, Fitzpatrick, John (Jan 1, 1939). The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799 Volume 10 November 4, 1777-February 28, 1778. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9781623764203 . Retrieved Aug 29, 2022– via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ "[:nl]Wat is Taptoe Brussels?[:fr]Qu'est-ce "Taptoe Brussels " ?[:en]What is " Taptoe Brussels " ?[:] –" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-03-16.
↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2012-06-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ "Fort Henry Annual Tattoo - St. Lawrence Parks Commission".
↑ "Military Tattoo". 5 May 2016.
↑ "Public invited to Military Tattoo on Saturday at Rideau Hall".
↑ "Marine Corps Forces, Pacific Band performs in Military Tattoo".
↑ https://m.valleyevents.ca/event?id=23786
↑ "The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada - Black Watch Military Tattoo". www.blackwatchcanada.com. Retrieved Aug 29, 2022.
↑ "Air Combat Command Tattoo". Archived from the original on Mar 6, 2009. Retrieved Aug 29, 2022.
↑ "The United States Army Band "Pershing's Own"". Archived from the original on 2013-07-15.
↑ "HISTORY". Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.
↑ "Cleveland International Tattoo – of the Greater Cleveland Peace Officers Memorial Society" . Retrieved Aug 29, 2022.
↑ "Cleveland International Tattoo Presents Heroes' Ceilidh | GCPOMS". 2 March 2016.
↑ https://www.westpoint.edu/military/directorate-of-cadet-activities/support-clubs/pipes-and-drums . Retrieved 27 April 2023.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Binda 2008 , p. 122
↑ "World Military Music Festival". www.croberts100.com.

External links

Media related to Military tattoos at Wikimedia Commons
Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967
The Aldershot Tattoo
The Royal Tournament Website
The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-29A (1966) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive .
Air Force Materiel Command Freedom's Call Tattoo
Nationale Taptoe

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[1] Little Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins Julia Cresswell - 2014- Page 106 0199683638 tattoo. Tattoos on the skin came into English in the 18th century from the Polynesian languages of the Pacific Islands—Captain Cook's journals are the first to record the word. The military tattoo sounded by drum or bugle to recall soldiers to their quarters in the evening was originally written tap-too. It comes from Dutch doe den tap toe, literally 'close the tap'. The tap was on a cask; closing it signalled time for drinking was over and soldiers should go home

[2] C, Fitzpatrick, John (Jan 1, 1939). The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799 Volume 10 November 4, 1777-February 28, 1778. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9781623764203 . Retrieved Aug 29, 2022– via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] "[:nl]Wat is Taptoe Brussels?[:fr]Qu'est-ce "Taptoe Brussels " ?[:en]What is " Taptoe Brussels " ?[:] –" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-03-16.

[4] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2012-06-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[5] "Fort Henry Annual Tattoo - St. Lawrence Parks Commission".

[6] "Military Tattoo". 5 May 2016.

[7] "Public invited to Military Tattoo on Saturday at Rideau Hall".

[8] "Marine Corps Forces, Pacific Band performs in Military Tattoo".

[9] ttps://m.valleyevents.ca/event?id=23786

[10] "The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada - Black Watch Military Tattoo". www.blackwatchcanada.com. Retrieved Aug 29, 2022.

[11] "Air Combat Command Tattoo". Archived from the original on Mar 6, 2009. Retrieved Aug 29, 2022.

[12] "The United States Army Band "Pershing's Own"". Archived from the original on 2013-07-15.

[13] "HISTORY". Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.

[14] "Cleveland International Tattoo – of the Greater Cleveland Peace Officers Memorial Society" . Retrieved Aug 29, 2022.

[15] "Cleveland International Tattoo Presents Heroes' Ceilidh | GCPOMS". 2 March 2016.

[16] ttps://www.westpoint.edu/military/directorate-of-cadet-activities/support-clubs/pipes-and-drums . Retrieved 27 April 2023.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[binda122-17] Binda 2008 , p. 122

[croberts100.com-18] "World Military Music Festival". www.croberts100.com.

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