Different names for European cities in neighbouring languages
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[citation needed] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]
Ajzenštat – Ајзенштат (Serbian*), Castrum Ferrum (alternative Latin), Eisenstadt (German*),[KNAB]Eisnstod (Austro-Bavarian German*), Ferreum Castrum (Latin*), Kismarton (Hungarian*),[KNAB]Železno (Slovak, Slovene*), Željezno (Croatian*),[KNAB]Željezno – Жељезно (alternative Serbian) (NB: the city's subdivisions also have different names in different languages)
Cille Chuimein (Irish*, Scots Gaelic*), Fort Augustus (Dutch*, English*, French*, German*), Forte Augusto (Italian*), Kiliwhimin (former English, former Scots), Àogǔsīdūbǎo - 奥古斯都堡 (Mandarin)
Fǎlánkèfú – 法蘭克福 (Mandarin Chinese*),Francfort (Catalan*), Fráncfort del Meno (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-le-Main (French*), Francfurt (Romansh*), Francoforte sobre o Meno (Portuguese*), Francoforte sul Meno (Italian*), Frankfort aan de Main (Dutch*, Limburgian*), Frankfoúrti – Φρανκφούρτη or Frankfoúrti epí tou Máin – Φρανκφούρτη επί του Μάιν (Greek)*, Frankfurt al Mayn – פרנקפורט על מיין (Hebrew*), Frankfurt am Main (German*), Frankfurt Maini ääres (Estonian*), Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Mohanem (Czech*), Frankfurt nad Mohanom (Slovak*), Frankfurt na Majni (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt na Majni – Франкфурт на Мајни (Serbian*) Frankfurt-na-Mayne – Франкфурт-на-Майне (Russian*), Frankfurt-na-Mayni – Франкфурт-на-Майні (Ukrainian*), Frankfurt pe Main (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Maino (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Mainas (Latvian*), Furankufuruto – フランクフルト (Japanese*), (Main Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Majnafrankfurt (former Hungarian*), Maynada Frankfurt (Azeri*), Peurangkeupureuteu / P'ŭrangk'ŭp'urŭt'ŭ – 프랑크푸르트 (Korean)
Fráncfort del Oder (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French*), Francoforte sobre o Óder (Portuguese*), Francoforte sull'Oder (Italian*), Frankfurt (Oder)* or Frankfurt an der Oder (German), Frankfurt nad Odrą / Słubice (historic) (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Odrou (Czech*, Slovak*), Frankfurt-na-Odere – Франкфурт-на-Одере (Russian*), Frankfurt na Odri (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt Oderi ääres (Estonian*)Frankfurt pe Oder (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Oderio (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Oderas (Latvian*), (Oder Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Oderafrankfurt (older Hungarian*), (Oderdə) Frankfurt (Azeri*), Frankfoúrti (Óder) – Φρανκφούρτη (Όντερ) or Frankfoúrti epí tou Óder – Φρανκφούρτη επί του Όντερ (Greek)*
Bois-le-Duc (French)*, Bolduque (Spanish)*, Boscoducale (former Italian)*, De Bos* and De Bosj* (Limburgian), De Bosk (Frisian)*, Den Bosch and 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch)*, Herzogenbusch (German)*, Oeteldonk (colloquial Dutch [during Carnaval]*)
Hoei (Dutch)*, Huy (French)*, Hu (Walloon*, German*)
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The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
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The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
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