Names of European cities in different languages (E–H)

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The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

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There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[ citation needed ] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdańsk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev. [1]

E

English nameOther names or former names
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of Scotland.svg Edinburgh Àidīngbǎo愛丁堡(traditional characters) / 爱丁堡(simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Ài-teng-pó愛丁堡 (Hokkien/Taiwanese), Caeredin (Welsh*), [KNAB] Dinedin * / Din Edin [KNAB] (Breton), Doon Edin (Manx*), Dún Éideann (Irish*), Dùn Èideann (Scottish Gaelic*), Edeunbeoreo / Edŭnbŏrŏ – 에든버러 (Korean), Edimborg (Occitan*), Édimbourg (French*), [KNAB] Êdîmbourg (Jersey Norman), Edimburg (Catalan*, [KNAB] alternative Serbian*), Edimburgo (Italian*, [KNAB] Portuguese*, [KNAB] Spanish*, [KNAB] Tagalog*), Edimburgum (alternative Latin), EdimvoúrgoΕδιμβούργο (Greek*), Eḍinabrāএডিনবরা (Bengali*), `Ēdinbaraเอดินบะระ [ʔeː din bàʔ ráʔ] (Thai)*, Eḍinbarā - एडिनबरा (Hindi*), [KNAB] Eḍin‌barāఎడిన్‌బరా (Telugu), Ēḍinbarāਐਡਿਨਬਰਾ (Punjabi*), Edinboarch (alternative West Frisian*), Edinborg (Faroese, Icelandic* [KNAB] ), Edinbroאדינברו (Hebrew*), Edinburc (Friulian*), Edinburch (West Frisian*), Edinburg (Afrikaans*, Albanian*, German [rare])*, Romanian*, Slovenian*), Edinburg – Единбург (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), EdinburgЕдінбурґ (alternative Ukrainian*), Edinburgעדינבורג (Yiddish*), ÈdinburgЭдинбург (Russian*), [KNAB] Edinburga (Latvian*), Edinburgas (Lithuanian*), Edinburgiედინბურგი (Georgian*), [KNAB] Edinburgum (Latin*), Edinburk (Czech*), Edynburg (Polish*), [KNAB] Edynburh – Единбург (Ukrainian*), EdynburhЭдынбург (Belarusian*), Ejimbaraエジンバラ (Japanese*), Embra, Embro * (Scots), Eṭiṉparōஎடின்பரோ (Tamil*), ʾIdinburahإدنبرة (Arabic*), Karedin (Cornish*), Ngoidìngbóu愛丁堡 (Cantonese)*, Oi-tên-páu愛丁堡 (Hakka*)
Flag of Turkey.svg Edirne Aderneاَدِرنه (Persian*), Adirnaأَدِرْنَة (Arabic*), ÄdirnäӘдирнә (Bashkir*, Kazan Tatar*), Adrianopel (former German*), Adrianopla (Portuguese*), Adrianople (former English*), Adrianopojë * (Albanian), Adrianopol (Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak*), Adrianopol'Адрианополь (former Russian*), Adrianopole (Romanian*), Adrianopoliადრიანოპოლი (former Italian*, Finnish*, Georgian*), AdrianopolisԱդրիանապոլիս (Armenian*, Czech*, Dutch*, Finnish*), Adrianópolis (Spanish*), Adríanópólis (former Icelandic), Andrinople (former French), [KNAB] AdrianoúpoliΑδριανούπολη (Greek*), Āidíěrnèi埃迪爾內(traditional characters) / 埃迪尔内(simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Drinápoly (alternative/former Hungarian*), Drinopol (alternative Czech*, alternative Slovak*), DrinopoljДринопољ (former Serbian), Drinopolje (former Croatian), [2] Edirnä (Gagauz*), Edirne (Crimean Tatar*, Kurdish*, Turkish*), ÈdirneЭдирне (Russian*), Ədirnə (Azeri*), Edrene - Едрене (alternative Macedonian*), Εdrenë * (alternative Albanian), Hādéliángbōlìsī - 哈德良波利斯 (former Mandarin Chinese), Hadrianople (former variant in English*), Hadrianopolis (Latin*), JedreneЈедрене (Serbian*), OdrinОдрин (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*), Odrina (former Romanian), Odrysa (Thracian), Orestiás – Ὀρεστιάς (Ancient Greek*), Uskudama (Thracian)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Eeklo Eeklo (Dutch*), Êeklo (West Flemish*), Ėklas (Lithuanian)
Flag of Hungary.svg Eger Agria (Latin*), Eger (Hungarian*, [KNAB] Dutch*, Finnish*), EgerЕґер (alternative Ukrainian*), Eğri (Turkish*), EherЕгер (Ukrainian*), Erlau (German*), [KNAB] Jager (archaic Czech*), [KNAB] JagerЯгеръ (archaic Russian), [KNAB] Jáger (Slovak*), [KNAB] Jagier (archaic Polish),[ citation needed ]Jegar (archaic Croatian), Jegra (archaic Croatian), JegraЈегра (Serbian*)
Flag of Germany.svg Eisenhüttenstadt Eisenhüttenstadt (German*), Stalinstadt (former German*)
Flag of Austria.svg Eisenstadt AjzenštatАјзенштат (Serbian*), Castrum Ferrum (alternative Latin), Eisenstadt (German*), [KNAB] Eisnstod (Austro-Bavarian German*), Ferreum Castrum (Latin*), Kismarton (Hungarian*), [KNAB] Železno (Slovak, Slovene*), Željezno (Croatian*), [KNAB] ŽeljeznoЖељезно (alternative Serbian) (NB: the city's subdivisions also have different names in different languages)
Flag of Poland.svg Elbląg Elbing (German*), El'bingЭльбинг (former Russian), Elbiąg (local Polish dialect), Elbląg (Polish)*, El'blongЭльблонг (Russian*), Ilfing (Old Danish*), Truso (Old Prussian)
Flag of Russia.svg Elista ElistaЭлиста (Russian), ElistaЕліста (Ukrainian), ElstЭлст (Kalmyk, Mongolian), Stepnoy (former name*)
Flag of Poland.svg Ełk Ełk (Polish*), Lyck (German*), Éwūkè - 俄乌克/俄烏克 (Mandarin), Lukas (Lithuanian)
Flag of Denmark.svg Elsinore Elseneur (French*), Elsenor (Portuguese*), Elsinor (Spanish*, Romanian*), Elsinore (Italian*), Helsingør (Danish*, German variant*, Norwegian*), Helsingör (Finnish*, German*, Swedish*)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Emmeloord Civitas Fortunae Emmeloordis (Latin [3] ), Emelordas (Lithuanian), Emmeloard (Western Frisian*), Emmeloord (Dutch*)
Flag of Germany.svg Emmerich Emmerich (German*), Emmerik (Dutch*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Enghien Angia (Latin), Edinge (Limburgish*), Edingen (Dutch*), Enge (West Flemish), Enghien (French*), Ingî (Picard), Inguî (Walloon*)
Flag of Germany.svg Erfurt Erfurt (German*), Ερφούρτη (Greek*), Erfordia (Latin*), Jarobrod (Upper Sorbian*)
Flag of Germany.svg Erlangen Erlangen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Erlanky (Czech, old, obsolete*)
Flag of Finland.svg Espoo Aīsībō – 埃斯波 (Chinese*), Esbo (Swedish*), Espo (Latvian*, Lithuanian*), Espoo (Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), EspooЭспоо (Russian*), Esupō – エスポー (Japanese*)
Flag of Germany.svg Essen Assindia (Latin), Esse (Limburgish*), Essen (English, German), Essjen - Э́ссен (Russian)
Flag of Hungary.svg Esztergom Eštergon or OstrogonOстргон (Serbian*), EstergomЭстергом (Russian*), Estergon (Turkish*), Esztergom (Hungarian*), Gran (German*), Ostřihom (Czech*), Ostrihom (Slovak*), Ostrogon or Ostrigon (Croatian*), Ostrzyhom (Polish*), Solva * or Strigonium * (Latin), Strigonio (ancient Italian*), Strigoniu (Romanian*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Eupen Eupen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Naowe * or Naouwe * (Walloon, medieval spellings), Néau (French*, archaïc), Neyow (Walloon*)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of England.svg Exeter Caerwysg (Welsh*), Escanceaster (Old English), Exchestre (Middle English), Exonia (Latin*), Isca (Dumnoniorum) (Imperial Latin), Karesk (Cornish*)

F

English nameOther names or former names
Flag of Cyprus.svg / Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg Famagusta AmmóchostosΑμμόχωστος (Greek*), Famagosta (Italian*), Famagouste (French*), Famagusta (Dutch*, English*, German*), Gazimağusa (Turkish*)
Flag of Austria.svg Feldkirch Feldkirch (German*), San Peder (Romansh), Tǔsì - 土寺 (Mandarin)
Flag of Ukraine.svg / Flag of Crimea (Latest version).svg Feodosia Cafà (archaic Ligurian), Caffa (archaic English), KafaКафа (archaic Ukrainian), KäfäКәфә (Kazan Tatar), KáffasΚάφφας (medieval Greek), Kefe (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Feodosija (Finnish), FeodosijaФеодосия (Russian), FeodosijaФеодосія (Ukrainian), Feodossija (German), TʿeodosiaԹեոդոսիա (Armenian), Teodozja (Polish), TheodhosíaΘεοδωσία (Greek), Theodosia (Latin), Théodosie (French), Xí'àoduōxíyà - 席奥多席亚/席奧多席亞 (Mandarin)
Flag of Italy.svg Fiesole Faesulae (Latin), Fiesole (Italian), Vipsul (Etruscan)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Fiľakovo Fiľakovo (Slovak*), Fiļakovo (Latvian*), Filek (Turkish*), Filiakovas (Lithuanian*), Filjakovo (Serbo-Croatian*), FiljakovoФиљаково (Serbian*), Fülek (Hungarian*), Fülleck (German*)
Flag of Germany.svg Flensburg Flensborag (North Frisian*), Flensborg (Danish*, Low German*), Flensbourg (French*), Flensburch (West Frisian*), Flensburg (German*, Romanian*), Flensburgo (Portuguese*), Flensbörg (Gronings, Swedish*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Fleurus Flerius (Latin), Fleriusas (Lithuanian), Fleuru (Walloon*), Fleurus (French*)
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Flims Flem (Romansh*), Flims (German*)
Flag of Italy.svg Florence Fflorens (Welsh*), Firenca (Bosnian *, Croatian*), FirencaФиренца (Serbian*), Firence (Slovene*), Firentse – フィレンツェ (Japanese*), Firenze (Estonian*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Maltese, Norwegian*), Floireans (Scottish Gaelic), Florance (Walloon*), Flórans (Irish*), Floransa (Turkish*), Florença (Portuguese*), Florence (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, Latvian*), Florència (Catalan*), Florencia (Slovak*, Spanish*), Florencie (Czech*), Florencija (Lithuanian*), Florencja (Polish*), Florens (former Danish*, Swedish*), Florenţa (Romanian*), FlorentíaΦλωρεντία (Greek*), Florentia (Latin), Florentië (older Dutch*), FlorentsiyaФлоренция (Russian*), FlorentsiyaФлоренція (Ukrainian*), Florenz (German*), Fóluólúnsi – 佛羅倫斯 / 翡冷翠 (Chinese), Pirenche / P'irench'e – 피렌체 (Korean)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Florenville Floravile (Walloon*), Florenville (French*)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Flushing Flesinga (Spanish*), Flessinga (Italian*), Flessingue (French*), Flissingen (West Frisian*), Vlissienge (Zeelandic), Vlissingen (Dutch*)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of Scotland.svg Fort Augustus Cille Chuimein (Irish*, Scots Gaelic*), Fort Augustus (Dutch*, English*, French*, German*), Forte Augusto (Italian*), Kiliwhimin (former English, former Scots), Àogǔsīdūbǎo - 奥古斯都堡 (Mandarin)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Fontaine-l'Évêque Fontaine-l'Évêque (French*), Fontana Episcopi (Latin), Fontinne-l'-Eveke (Walloon*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Fosses-la-Ville Fosse-la-Ville (Picard*), Fosse-li-Veye (Walloon*), Fosses-la-Ville (French*)
Flag of Germany.svg Frankfurt am Main Fǎlánkèfú – 法蘭克福 (Mandarin Chinese*),Francfort (Catalan*), Fráncfort del Meno (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-le-Main (French*), Francfurt (Romansh*), Francoforte sobre o Meno (Portuguese*), Francoforte sul Meno (Italian*), Frankfort aan de Main (Dutch*, Limburgian*), FrankfoúrtiΦρανκφούρτη or Frankfoúrti epí tou MáinΦρανκφούρτη επί του Μάιν (Greek)*, Frankfurt al Mayn – פרנקפורט על מיין (Hebrew*), Frankfurt am Main (German*), Frankfurt Maini ääres (Estonian*), Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Mohanem (Czech*), Frankfurt nad Mohanom (Slovak*), Frankfurt na Majni (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt na MajniФранкфурт на Мајни (Serbian*) Frankfurt-na-MayneФранкфурт-на-Майне (Russian*), Frankfurt-na-MayniФранкфурт-на-Майні (Ukrainian*), Frankfurt pe Main (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Maino (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Mainas (Latvian*), Furankufuruto – フランクフルト (Japanese*), (Main Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Majnafrankfurt (former Hungarian*), Maynada Frankfurt (Azeri*), Peurangkeupureuteu / P'ŭrangk'ŭp'urŭt'ŭ – 프랑크푸르트 (Korean)
Flag of Germany.svg Frankfurt (Oder) Fráncfort del Oder (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French*), Francoforte sobre o Óder (Portuguese*), Francoforte sull'Oder (Italian*), Frankfurt (Oder) * or Frankfurt an der Oder (German), Frankfurt nad Odrą / Słubice (historic) (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Odrou (Czech*, Slovak*), Frankfurt-na-OdereФранкфурт-на-Одере (Russian*), Frankfurt na Odri (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt Oderi ääres (Estonian*)Frankfurt pe Oder (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Oderio (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Oderas (Latvian*), (Oder Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Oderafrankfurt (older Hungarian*), (Oderdə) Frankfurt (Azeri*), Frankfoúrti (Óder)Φρανκφούρτη (Όντερ) or Frankfoúrti epí tou ÓderΦρανκφούρτη επί του Όντερ (Greek)*
Flag of Germany.svg Freiburg FrajburgФрајбург (Serbian*), Freiburg im Breisgau (German*), Freiburga (Latvian*), Fribourg or Fribourg-en-Brisgau (French*), Friburgo (Portuguese*), Friburgo de Brisgovia (Spanish*), Friburgo in Brisgovia (Italian*), Fryburg Bryzgowijski (Polish*), Furaiburuku – フライブルク (Japanese*)
Flag of Germany.svg Freising Brižinje * or Brižine * (Slovene), Freising (German*), Fresinga (Spanish variant*), Frisinga (Italian*, Spanish*), Frisingue (French*), Fryzynga (Polish*)
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Fribourg Freiburg im Üechtland (German*), Friborgo (Swiss Italian*), Fribourg (Finnish*, French*), Friburg (Catalan*, Romansh*), Friburgo (Italian *, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Fryburg (Polish*)
Flag of Poland.svg Frombork Frauenburg (German*), Frombork (Polish*)

G

English nameOther names or former names
Flag of Slovakia.svg Gabčíkovo Beš (archaic Slovak), Bős (Hungarian*), Gabčíkovo (Slovak*), Gabčīkovo (Latvian*)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Galanta Galanta (Slovak*), GalantaГаланта (Serbian*), Galánta (Hungarian*), Gallandau (German*), Qаlаntа (Azerbaijani*)
Flag of Ireland.svg Galway Gaillimh (Irish)*, Galvia (Latin)*, Golwei / Kolwei - 골웨이 (Korean), a' Ghailbhinn (Scots Gaelic)*
Flag of Sweden.svg Gällivare Gällivare (Swedish)*, Jällivaara (Finnish)*, Jelivarė (Lithuanian)*, Jiellevárre (Lule Sami), Jiellevárri (Northern Sami)*, Váhčir (Northern Sami alternate)*, Váhtjer (Lule Sami alternate), YellivareЕлливаре (Russian)*
Flag of Sweden.svg Gävle Gefle (Norwegian, Swedish before 1940), Gevalia (Latin)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Gbely Egbell (German*, Hungarian*), Gbeli (Latvian*), Gbely (Slovak*), GbelyГбели (Serbian*)
Flag of Poland.svg Gdańsk Dancig, Dancka (older Hungarian*), Danswijk (former Dutch)*, Danţig (older Romanian*), Dantiscum (Latin alternate)*, Dants - דאַנץ (Yiddish)*, Dantsic (older English alternate)*, Dantzig or Gdansk (Afrikaans)*, Danzica (Italian)*, Danzig (Icelandic)*, Danzig (German*, Spanish, older Turkish*), Danzigue (Portuguese)*, Gdaňsk (Czech)*, Gdansk (Finnish*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Turkish*), Gdansk - גדנסק (Hebrew)*, Gdańsk (Danish*, Dutch*, Polish*), Gdan'sk - Гданьск (Russian)*, Gdanjsk (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*), Gdaņska (Latvian)*, Gdanskas (Lithuanian)*, Gdanjsk - Гдањск (Serbian*, Macedonian*), Gduńsk (Kashubian)*, Gedania (Latin alternate)*, Gedanum (Latin)*, Geudanseukeu / Kŭdansŭk'ŭ - 그단스크 (Korean), Ghdhansk - Γδανσκ (Greek)*, Gudanisuku - グダニスク (Japanese)*, Gydanysg (Welsh)*, Gyddanyzc (Pomeranian, mentioned in 997 AD), Hdans'k - Гданськ (Ukrainian)*
Flag of Poland.svg Gdynia Gdiņa (Latvian)*, Gdingen (former Dutch*, German*), Gdiniô (Kashubian*, Pomeranian), Gdyně (Czech)*, Gdynė (Lithuanian)*, Gdynia (Finnish*, Polish*, Romanian*), Ghdhínia - Γδύνια (Greek)*, Gotenhafen (German 1939–1945)*, Hdyniya - Гдиня (Ukrainian)*
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Geel Geel (Dutch*), Gelis (Lithuanian*)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Gelnica GeljnicaГељница (Serbian*), Gelnica (Slovak*), Gelnjica (Serbo-Croatian*), Göllnitz (German*), Gölnicbánya (Hungarian*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Gembloux Djiblou (Walloon*), Gemblacum (Latin*), Gembloers (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Limburgish*, Zeelandic*), Gembloux (French*), Žanblu (Lithuanian*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Genappe Djinape (Walloon*), Genapė (Lithuanian), Genappe (French*), Genappia (Latin), Genepiën (Dutch*, Zeelandic*)
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Geneva Cenevre (Turkish)*, Djeneve (Walloon)*, Genebra (Portuguese)*, Genefa (Welsh)*, Geneva (Romanian)*, Geneve (Afrikaans*, Armenian, Finnish*, Swedish*), Genève (Danish*, Dutch, French*), Genevra (Romansh)*, Genewa (Polish)*, Genf (Estonian*, German*, Icelandic*, Hungarian*), An Ghinéiv (Irish)*, Ginebra (Catalan*, Spanish*), Ginevra (Italian) *, Ġinevra (Maltese), Cenevrə (Azeri)*, Jenewa (Indonesian)*, Jinīf - جنيف (Arabic), Xenebra (Galician)*, Yenévi - Γενεύη (Greek)*, Ženeva - Женева (Bosnian*, Bulgarian*, Croatian*, Czech*, Lithuanian*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Ukrainian*), Ženēva (Latvian) *, Zjenaef (Limburgian)*, Zhenyeva - Женева (Russian*,), Zhenevë (Albanian)*, Jeneva - ז'נבה (Hebrew)*, Jeneba / Cheneba - 제네바 (Korean), Junēbu - ジュネーブ (Japanese)*, Rineiwa - 日內瓦 (Chinese)*
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Genk Geneche (Latin), Genk (Dutch*, Limburgish*), Genka (Latvian*), Genkas (Lithuanian*)
Flag of Italy.svg Genoa Cenova (Turkish)*, Đenova (Serbian)*, Dženova (Latvian)*, Gênes (French)*, Gènova (Catalan)*, Genova (Danish*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Slovene*), Génova * - Gênova * ( Brazilian Portuguese), Ġenova (Maltese), Génova (Spanish)*, (European Portuguese) * - Genúa (Icelandic)*, Genua (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Latin*, Polish*, Swedish*), Genuja (Lithuanian)*, Gjenova (Albanian)*, Janov (Czech*, Slovak*), Jenoba - ジェノバ (Japanese)*, Jenoba / Chenoba - 제노바 (Korean), Xénova (Galician)*, Yénova - Γένοβα *- Γένουα * (Greek), Zena (Ligurian)*
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Geraardsbergen Geraardsbergen (Dutch*), Geraerdsbergen (Zeelandic*), Gerārdsbergena (Latvian), Gerardimontium (Latin), Gėrarsbergenas (Lithuanian), Geroardsbergn (West Flemish*), Grammont (French*)
Flag of North Macedonia.svg Gevgelija Gevgelija (English), Djevdjelija (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Гевгелија (Macedonian), Gevgeli (Turkish), Gjevgjeli (Albanian)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Ghent Gand (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*), Gandava (Latin*), [4] Gandawa (Polish*), Gante (Galician, Spanish*), Gaunt (older English*), Gent (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Indonesian*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gent - Гент (Belarusian*, Russian*), Gent - גנט (Hebrew*), Ģente (Latvian*), Genteu / Kent'ŭ - 겐트 (Korean), Gint (West Frisian*), Ghándhi - Γάνδη (Greek*), Guanto (old Italian*), Gænt (Anglo-Saxson*)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar Cebelitarık (Turkish)*, Cəbəllütarix (Azeri)*, Ġibiltà (Maltese), Gibilterra (Italian)*, Gibraltar (Dutch*, Finnish*, Polish *, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gibraltar - גיברלטר (Hebrew)*, Gibraltár (Hungarian*), Gibraltaras (Lithuanian)*, Gibraltārs (Latvian)*, Giobraltair or Diobraltair (Scottish Gaelic), Giobráltar (Irish), Ghivraltár - Γιβραλτάρ (Greek)*, Hibraltar - (Tagalog*, Гібралтар Ukrainian)*, Jibraltār - جبرلتار or (older) Jabal Tāriq - جبل طارق (Arabic)*, Jibeurolteo / Chibŭrolt'ŏ - 지브롤터 (Korean), Jiburarutaru - ジブラルタル (Japanese)*, Zhíbùluótuó - 直布羅陀 (Chinese)*
Flag of Slovakia.svg Giraltovce Girált (Hungarian*), Giraltovce (Slovak*)
Flag of Spain.svg Girona Gerona (Dutch*, German*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gérone (French)*, Gerunda (Latin)*, Girona (Catalan*, Finnish*, Portuguese*), Xirona (Galician)*
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Gistel Ghistelles (archaic French*), Gistel (Dutch*, French*), Gistelis (Lithuanian), Gistella (Latin)
Flag of Albania.svg Gjirokastër Argirocastro (Italian)*, [KNAB] Argirokastro - Аргирокастро (Bulgarian)*, Argyrocastrum (Latin)*, [5] Argyrókastro - Αργυρόκαστρο (Greek)*, [KNAB] Argyrókastron - Αργυρόκαστρον (Byzantine Greek), Đirokastra - Ђирокастра (Serbo-Croatian)*, Ergeri (Turkish), [KNAB] Ergiri (Turkish)*, [6] Ergirikasrı (Turkish), [6] Girokastra - Гирокастра (Russian)*, [KNAB] Ǵirokastro - Ѓирокастро (Macedonian)*, Gjinokastër (Gheg Albanian), Gjirokastër */Gjirokastra * (Albanian) [KNAB]
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Glarus Glaris (French)*, Glarona (Italian*, Portuguese*) Glaruna (Romansh)*, Glarus (Dutch*, German*)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of England.svg Glastonbury Glaistimbir * - Glaistimbir na nGael * - Gloineistir * (Irish)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of Scotland.svg Glasgow Glaschú (Irish)*, Glaschu (Scottish Gaelic)*, Glásgua (Portuguese, rare)*, Glesga, Glesgae (Scots)*, Glāzgova (Latvian)*, Glaskove - Γλασκώβη (Greek)*, Glazgo - גלזגו (Hebrew)*, Geullaeseugo / Kŭllaesŭgo - 글래스고 (Korean), Gurasugō - グラスゴー (Japanese)*, Glazgas (Lithuanian)*
Flag of Poland.svg Gliwice Gleiwitz (German)*, Gliwice (Polish)*, Hlivitse - Глівіце (Ukrainian)*
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of England.svg Gloucester Caerloyw (Welsh)*, Gàoluóshìdă - 告羅士打 (Chinese)*, Glocester (French alternate), Gloucester (Dutch, French, German), Glevum (Latin)*
Flag of Poland.svg Głogów Glogau (German)*, Glogov (Serbian)*, Glogova (Lithuanian)*, Glogovia (Latin)*, Głogów (Polish)*, Hlohov (Czech, rare)*, Hlohuv - Глогув (Ukrainian)*
Flag of Germany.svg Glücksburg Glücksburg (German)*, Lukkuborg (Icelandic)*, Lyksborg (Danish)*
Flag of Hungary.svg Gödöllő Gödöllő (Hungarian)*, Getterle (former German), Gyodyollyo - Гёдёллё (Russian)*
Flag of Austria.svg Gmünd Cmunt (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Gmünd (Dutch, French, German)*
Flag of Belarus.svg Gomel Gomel' - Гомель (Russian)*, Homel (German*, Polish*), Homel' - Гомель (Ukrainian)*, Homiel - Гомель (Belarusian)*, Homiel (Romanian)*, Homl - האָמל (Yiddish)
Flag of Italy.svg Gorizia Gorica (Croatian*, Bosnian*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Serbian*), Gorizia (Finnish*, French*, Italian*), Görz (German)*, Gurize (Friulian)*, Gorycja (Polish)
Flag of Germany.svg Görlitz Görlitz (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Romanian*), Zgorzelec (Polish)*, Zhořelec (Czech)*, Zhorjelc (Upper Sorbian)
Flag of Poland.svg Gorzów Wielkopolski Gorzów Wielkopolski (Polish)*, Landsberg an der Warthe (German)*
Flag of Sweden.svg Gothenburg Gautaborg (Icelandic)*, Gēdébǎo - 哥德堡 (Chinese)*, Gēteborga (Latvian)*, Gioteburgas (Lithuanian)*, Goateboarch (West Frisian*), Göteborg (Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gøteborg (Norwegian*, Danish*), Göteburg (Turkish)*, Gotemburgo (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Gotenburg (Afrikaans*, Dutch alternate*, former German*, former Polish*), Gothembourg (former French)*, Gutenburgu (Maltese), Yetebori / Yet'ebori - 예테보리 (Korean), Yōtebori - ヨーテボリ / Ietebori - イエテボリ (Japanese)*
Flag of Germany.svg Göttingen Chöttingen (Low German)*, Getingen - Гетинген (Serbian)*, Gėtingenas (Lithuanian)*, Getinggen - 哥廷根 (Chinese)*, Gettingen - ゲッティンゲン (Japanese)*, Getynga (Polish)*, Getynky (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Goettinga (Latin)*, Gœttingue or Gottingue (French)*, Gotinga (Spanish*, Portuguese*), Göttinga (medieval Hungarian)*, Gottinga (Italian)*, Gottingē - Γοττίγγη (Greek, καθαρεύουσα)*, Göttingen (Dutch*, German*, Turkish*), Gyotingen - Гьотинген (Bulgarian)*, Gyottingen - Гёттинген (Kazakh*, Russian*)
Flag of Poland.svg Gramzow Gramzow (German)*, Grębowo (Polish)*
Flag of Spain.svg Granada al-Ġarnāda - غرناطة (Arabic)*, Elibyrge - Ἐλιβύργη (Ancient Greek)*, Granada (Dutch*, Interlingua, Italian*, Latvian*, Lithuanian*, Maltese, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Grenade (French)*, Ghranadha - Γρανάδα (Greek)*, Grenada (Polish)*, Geuranada / Kŭranada - 그라나다 (Korean), Illiberis * or Illiberi Liberini * (Latin)
Flag of Austria.svg Graz Geuracheu/Kŭrach'ŭ - 그라츠 (Korean)*, Grác (Serbian*, alternative Hungarian), Grāca (Latvian)*, Gracas (Lithuanian)*, Gradac (Croatian)*, Gradec (Slovene)*, Graecia or Graecium (Latin)*, Grats - Грац (Belarusian*, Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grats - Γκρατς (Greek)*, Gratz or Graz (French)*, Graz (Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Grodziec (Polish)*, Gurātsu - グラーツ (Japanese)*, Hrats - Грац (Ukrainian)*, Štýrský Hradec (Czech)*, غراتس (Arabic)*, 格拉茨 (Chinese)*, گراتس (Persian)*, გრაცი (Georgian)*, גראץ (Hebrew)*
Flag of Germany.svg Greifswald Greifswald (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, German*), Gryfia (Polish*, Pomeranian)
Flag of France.svg Grenoble Cularo (Gaulish, old Latin)*, Qrönobl (Azeri)*, Grasanòbol (Occitan)*, Gratianopolis (Latin)*, Γκρενόμπλ (Greek)*, Grenobla (Portuguese)*, Grenoble (Dutch*, French*, Italian*, Romanian*), Гренобль (русский)*
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Groningen Greuninge (Limburgian)*, Grins (Frisian)*, Groninga (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Groningen (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, German*, Romanian*), Groningue (French)*, Grönnen - Grunnen (Gronings), Groningenas (Lithuanian*),Groot Loug or Stad (local nicknames)
Flag of Russia.svg Grozny Caharkala * or Caharkale * (Turkish alternates), Djovkhar Ghaala (alternative Chechen (separatist)), Džochargala (alternative Lithuanian name)*, Geurojeuni / Kŭrojŭni - 그로즈니 (Korean)*, Groznas (Lithuanian)*, Grozni (Turkish*, Slovene*), Groznîi (Romanian)*, Groznija (Latvian)*, Grozny (Polish)*, Groznyi (Finnish)*, Groznyy - Грозный (Russian)*, Gurozunui - グロズヌイ (Japanese)*, Hroznyy - Грозний (Ukrainian)*, Sölƶ-Ġala - Соьлж-ГIала (Chechen)
Flag of Poland.svg Grudziądz Graudenz (German)*, Grudziądz (Polish)*,
Flag of Germany.svg Günzburg Günzburg (German)*, Gunzburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*)
Flag of Russia.svg Gusev Gąbin (Polish)*, Gumbinė (Lithuanian)*, Gumbinnen (German)*, Gusev - Гусев (Russian)*
Flag of Hungary.svg Győr Arrabona / Arabona [KNAB] (ancient Latin), Đer - Ђер (Serbian*), Dėras [KNAB] (Lithuanian*), Djer - Дєр /D'jor - Дьйор (Ukrainian*), Đur - Ђур (older Serbian*, older Croatian), Dyor - Дьёр (Russian* [KNAB] ), Ģēra (Latvian*), Gyar (Romanian), Győr (Hungarian*), Janok - Јанок (historic Serbian), Jaurinum (medieval Latin), Jawaryn (older Polish*), Jēru - ジェール (Japanese*), Jiāo'ěr - 焦爾 (Mandarin Chinese - Taiwan usage*), Jié'ěr - 杰尔 [simplified characters] / 杰爾 [traditional characters] (Mandarin Chinese*), Jìuyíh - 焦爾 (Cantonese), Jura (Croatian), Jwereu / Chwerŭ - 죄르 (Korean)*, Làbǎi - 腊佰 (older Chinese), Raab (German)*, [KNAB] Ráb (older Czech*, [KNAB] older Slovak [KNAB] ), Vjura (older Croatian), Yanıkkale (historic Turkish*), Zhuó'ěr - 卓爾 (older Chinese)

H

English nameOther names or former names
Flag of Denmark.svg Haderslev Hadersleben (German)*, Haderslev (Danish)*
Flag of France.svg Haguenau Hagenau (German)*, Haguenau (French)*
Flag of Norway.svg Halden Fredrikshald (former name)*
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Halen Haelen (alternative French*), Halen (Dutch* French*), Halenium (Latin), Hôle (Limburgish*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Halle Hal (French*), Hala (archaic Italian*), Halė (Lithuanian), Håle (Walloon), Halla (Latin, archaic Spanish*), Halle (Dutch*), Hao (archaic Spanish*)
Flag of Germany.svg Hamburg Amburgo (Italian)*, Amvúrgho - Αμβούργο (Greek)*, Gamburg - Гамбург (Russian)*, Hamborig (North Frisian*), Hamborg (Danish*, Low Saxon*, Icelandic), Hambourg (French)*, Hambörg (Gronings), Hamburch (West Frisian*), Hamburg (Afrikaans*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Estonian*, German*, Hungarian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hambūrġ (Arabic), Hamburga (Latvian)*, Hamburgas (Lithuanian)*, Hamburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Ħamburgu (Maltese), Hamburk (Czech)*, Hammaburgum (traditional Latin name)*, Hammonia (modern Latin name)*, Hampuri (Finnish)*, Hambureukeu / Hamburŭk'ŭ - 함부르크 (Korean), Hamburuku - ハンブルク (Japanese)*, Hanbao - 漢堡 (Chinese)*
Flag of Finland.svg Hämeenlinna Hämeenlinna (Estonian*, Finnish*), Tavastehus (Swedish)*
Flag of Germany.svg Hamelin Hamelen (Dutch)*, Hamelin (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*), Hamelín (Spanish) *, Hameln (German*, Finnish*)
Flag of Finland.svg Hamina Hamina (Finnish), Fredrikshamn (Swedish)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Hamont-Achel Haëmet-Achel (Limburgish*), Hamont-Achel (Dutch*)
Flag of Germany.svg Hanau Hanau (German*, Romanian*), Hanava (Czech, old, obsolete)*
Flag of Slovakia.svg Handlová Handlova (Azerbaijani*, Serbo-Croatian*), HandlovaХандлова (Serbian*), Handlová (Slovak*), Krickerhau (German*), Mercatoria (Latin*), Nyitrabánya (Hungarian*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Hannut Hannut (French*), Hannuit (Dutch*), Haneu (alternative Walloon*), Hanu (Walloon*), Hanutum (Latin)
Flag of Germany.svg Hanover Anóvero - Αννόβερο (Greek)*, Ganover - Гановер (Russian)*, Hannover (Azeri*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Italian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hannovere (Latvian) *, Hànnuòwei - 漢諾威 (Chinese)*, Hanòbhar (Scottish Gaelic)*, Hanôve (Walloon)*, Hanôver (Portuguese)*, Hanóver (Spanish)*, Hanovere (Latvian)*, Hanoveris (Lithuanian) *, Hanovra (Romanian)*, Hanobeo / Hanobŏ - 하노버 (Korean), Hanovre (French) *, Hanower (Polish)*, Hanōbā - ハノーバー / Hanōfā - ハノーファー (Japanese)*
Flag of Sweden.svg Haparanda Haaparanta (Finnish*, Meänkieli), Háhpárándi (Northern Sami)*, Haparanda (Swedish)*
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Harelbeke Aorelbeke (Zeelandic*), Harelbeke (Dutch*), Harelbekė (Lithuanian*), Oarelbeke (West Flemish*)
Flag of Sweden.svg Härnösand Härnösand (Swedish)*, Herniosandas (Lithuanian)*, Hernosandia (Latin)*, Hernusando (Esperanto)*, Hïernesaande (Southern Sami)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Hasselt Haselta (Latvian*), Haseltas (Lithuanian*), Haselto (Esperanto*), Hasse (Walloon*), Hasselatum (alternative Latin*), Hasseletum (Latin*), Hasselt (Dutch*, French*, German*, Limburgish*, Romanian*)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Hanušovce nad Topľou Hansdorf an der Töpl (German*), Hanušovce nad Topľou (Slovak*), Hanušovce na Toploj (Serbo-Croatian*), Hanušovce pie Topļas (Latvian*), Tapolyhanusfalva (Hungarian*)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Heerlen Heerlen (Dutch*, French, German*), Coriovallum (Latin)*, Heële (Limburgian)*
Flag of Germany.svg Heligoland Dät Luun (North Frisian)*, Hälgelound (Saterland Frisian)*, Helgolân (Frisian)*, Helgoland (Czech*, Dutch*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Heligoland (French)*, Heligolândia (Portuguese)*, Terra Sacra (Latin)*
Flag of Sweden.svg Helsingborg Hè'ěrxīnbăo - 赫爾辛堡(Chinese)*, Helsimburgo (Portuguese)*, Helsingborg (Danish*, Dutch, Finnish*, French, German*, Swedish*),Helsingjaborg (Icelandic* Helsingburg (former German)*, Helsingbörg (Gronings), Hälsingborg (former Swedish)
Flag of Finland.svg Helsinki Chielsynki - Хельсынкі (Belarusian)*, Elsenfors (Dutch [rare])*, Elsínki - Ελσίνκι (Greek)*, Gel'singfors - Гельсингфорс (former Russian), Harshanca - ཧིར་ཤིན་ཅ (Tibetan)*, Hè'ěrxīnjī - 赫尔辛基 (Chinese)*, Heilsincí (Irish)*, Helsig (Inari Sami), Helsingfors (Norwegian*, Swedish*, Danish *, former German*), Helsingforsia (former Latin name)*, Helsingi (Estonian)*, Helsingia (Latin)*, Helsingki / Helsingk'i - 헬싱키 (Korean)*, Helsink'i - ჰელსინკი (Georgian)*, Helsinki (Azeri*, Danish*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Italian*, Latvian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovene*, Spanish*, Turkish*), Helsiņki - হেলসিঙ্কি (Bengali)*, Helsinkī - हेलसिंकी (Hindi, Marathi*), Ħelsinki (Maltese), Hel'sinki - Гельсінкі or Khel'sinki - Хельсінкі (Ukrainian)*, Helsinkis (Lithuanian)*, Helsinky (Czech)*, Helsinque (Brazilian Portuguese)*, Helsínquia (Portuguese)*, Heʹlssen (Skolt Sami), Helsset (Northern Sami), Helzinki - Хелзинки (Bulgarian)*, Herushinki - ヘルシンキ (Japanese)*, Hilsīnkī - هلسنكي (Arabic)*, Khel'sinki - Хельсинки (Russian)*, Stadi and Hesa (local slang)
Flag of Greece.svg Heraklion Càndia (Catalan)*, Candia (Italian*, Spanish*), Cândia * / Héraclion * (Portuguese), Candie (old French)*, Heraklion (German*, Romanian*), Héraklion (French)*, Iraklio - Ηράκλειο (Greek)*, Iraklion (Finnish*, Polish*, Serbian*, Romanian*), Kandiye (Turkish)*
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Herentals Herentalia (Latin), Herentals (Dutch*), Hėrentalsas (Lithuanian)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Herk-de-Stad Herck-la-Ville (French*), Herk (Limburgish*), Herka (Latin), Herk-de-Stad (Dutch*)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg 's-Hertogenbosch Bois-le-Duc (French)*, Bolduque (Spanish)*, Boscoducale (former Italian)*, De Bos * and De Bosj * (Limburgian), De Bosk (Frisian)*, Den Bosch and 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch)*, Herzogenbusch (German)*, Oeteldonk (colloquial Dutch [during Carnaval]*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Herstal Charistalius (Latin*), Harastallius (alternative Latin*), Heristalium (alternative Latin*), Hesta (Walloon*), Herstal (French*), Herstalis (Lithuanian*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Herve Herf (Limburgish*), Herve (French*), Harvia (Latin), Heve (Walloon*)
Flag of Germany.svg Herzogenrath 's-Hertogenrade (Dutch*), Herzogenrath (German*), Rode-le-Duc (French*)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Hlohovec Freistad(l) an der Waag (German*), Galgóc (Hungarian*), GlogovecГлоговец (Kazakh*), Hlohovec (Slovak*), HlohovecХлоховец (Serbian*), Hlohoveca (Latvian*), Hlohovecas (Lithuanian*), Hlohovets (Azerbaijani*), Holok (Turkish*)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Hnúšťa Hnúšťa (Slovak*), Hnuštja (Serbo-Croatian*), HnuštjaХнуштја (Serbian*), Hnūštja (Latvian*), Nusten (German*), Nyustya (Hungarian*)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Holíč Holíč (Slovak*), Holīča (Latvian*), Holics (Hungarian*), Holitsch (German*), Holyčius (Lithuanian*), Weißkirchen (an der March) (alternative German)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg Holyhead Caergybi (Welsh)*, Caergybi (Scottish Gaelic)*, Shèngshǒu - 圣首/聖首 (Mandarin)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Hoogstraten Hogstrate (French*), Hogstratenas (Lithuanian), Hoogstraten (Dutch*), 'Oôgstraeten (Zeelandic*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Houffalize Haufelescht (Luxembougish*), Hohenfels (German*), Houffalize (French*), Oufalijhe (Walloon*)
Flag of Germany.svg Hoyerswerda Hojeřice (Czech)*, Hoyerswerda (German)*, Wojerecy (Upper Sorbian)*, Wojrowice (Polish)*, Wórjejce (Lower Sorbian)*
Flag of Slovakia.svg Hriňová Herencsvölgy (Hungarian*), Hrinau (German*), Hrinjova (Serbo-Croatian*), HrinjovaХрињова (Serbian*), Hriňová (Slovak*), Hriņova (Latvian*)
Flag of Belarus.svg Hrodna Gardinas (Lithuanian)*, Garten (former German)*, Grodna (Latin)*, Grodņa (Latvian)*, Grodno (Czech*, Finnish*, French*, Polish*, Romanian*), Grodno - Гродно (Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grodne - גראָדנע (Yiddish)*, Harodnia - Гародня or Horadnia - Горадня (classical Belarusian)*, Hrodna - Гродна (Belarusian), Hrodno - Гродно (Ukrainian)*
Flag of Spain.svg Huesca Huesca (Spanish)*, Osca (Catalan*, Latin*), Òsca (Occitan), Oska (Basque)*, Uesca (Aragonese)*
Flag of Croatia.svg Hum Cholm (German)*, Colmo (Italian)*, Hum (Croatian*, Romanian*, Serbian)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Humenné Homenau (German*), Homonna (Hungarian*), Humenė (Lithuanian*), Humenje (Serbo-Croatian*), HumenjeХумење (Serbian*), Humеnnе (Azerbaijani*, Latvian*), Humenné (Slovak*)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Hurbanovo Altdala (German*), Hurbanovo (Slovak*), HurbanovoХурбаново (Serbian*), Ógyalla (Hungarian*), Stará Ďala (archaic Slovak)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Huy Hju (Lithuanian), Hoei (Dutch* Limburgish*, Zeelandic*), Hoium (Latin), Huy (French)*, Hu (Walloon*, German*), Ija (Latvian)

References

  1. [KNAB] "KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI". Eki.ee. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  1. "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?".
  2. "Edirne". Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  3. correspondent, onze (1992-09-11). "Digibron.nl, Emmeloord mag zich voortaan een stad noemen". Digibron.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2025-04-11.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  4. "Gent/o". Universität Leipzig.
  5. J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) Ed. 1861 Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972
  6. 1 2 Ali, Çaksu (2006). Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Islamic Civilisation in the Balkans, Tirana, Albania, 4–7 December 2003 . Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture. p. 115. "At least since the middle of the nineteenth century; families or individuals from Gjirokastër (the Ottoman Ergiri or Ergiri Kasrı) in Southern Albania,..."