Neoprotoparmelia

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Neoprotoparmelia
Neoprotoparmelia corallifera.jpg
Neoprotoparmelia corallifera;
scale bar is 1 mm
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Neoprotoparmelia
Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I.Schmitt (2018)
Type species
Neoprotoparmelia corallifera
(Kantvilas & Papong) Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I.Schmitt (2018)

Neoprotoparmelia is a genus of crustose lichens that was created in 2018. [1] It contains 24 tropical and subtropical species that mostly grow on bark. Neoprotoparmelia is in the subfamily Protoparmelioideae of the family Parmeliaceae, along with the morphologically similar genera Protoparmelia and Maronina .

Contents

Taxonomy

Neoprotoparmelia was circumscribed in 2018 by lichenologists Garima Singh, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, and Imke Schmitt. Its species were formerly placed in Maronina , a genus with a somewhat controversial taxonomic status prior to the advent of modern molecular phylogenetics. Maronina was created in 1990 to contain two species with multispored asci: M. multifera , and the type species, Maronina australiensis . [2] Based on a similarity of ascus characters in Maronina and Protoparmelia , the authors suggested a close relationship between the two, considering Maronina a multispored derivative of Protoparmelia. Later, molecular data confirmed the close phylogenetic relationship between Maronina with Protoparmelia and the former was subsumed into the latter. [3]

In 2017, Kraichak and colleagues proposed the use of a temporal banding approach for a consistent classification of taxa at higher taxonomic levels (at family and genus level) for lichen-forming fungi. This approach identifies a divergence time of about 102–112  Ma for families and 29–33 Ma for genera. [4] Because the divergence between Maronina and Protoparmelia is estimated to have occurred about 70 Ma, [4] [5] the genus Maronina was resurrected for use. [6]

Molecular analysis revealed that the type species of Maronina, M. australiensis, is sister to a clade containing Protoparmelia and Maronina, demonstrating the circumscription of Maronina to be polyphyletic. To resolve this, Singh and colleagues proposed restricting Maronina to two Australian species (M. australiensis and M. hesperia ), and created Neoprotoparmelia to contain the former Maronina species. [6] These species had been previously recognized as an independent lineage, and termed the "tropical Protoparmelia clade" in a prior phylogenetic analysis. [7] Neoprotoparmelia originally contained 14 species – eight newly described and six new combinations, including the type species, N. corallifera . [6] Two new combinations and six new species (mostly from Brazil) were added to the genus in 2019. [8] Neoprotoparmelia, Protoparmelia, and Maronina are all part of the subfamily Protoparmelioideae in the family Parmeliaceae. [6]

The genus name combines the Greek νέος (néos, meaning "new") with Protoparmelia, alluding to its close relationship with that genus. [6]

Description

Neoprotoparmelia has a crustose thallus. Its apothecia are lecanorine, and are broadly adnate to sessile, with a distinct thalline margin. The proper margin (referring to an apothecial margin lacking algae and derived from apothecial tissue) is cup-shaped (cupulate), and translucent (hyaline). The asci are eight-spored to multispored, club-shaped (clavate), and variations of the Lecanora-type. The paraphyses are sparingly branched and anastomosing with tips that are clavate and brown-pigmented. Ascospores range in shape from ellipsoid to fusiform (spindle-shaped) to elongated, and are not surrounded by a transparent coat (non-halonate). Pycnidia are immersed and spherical. The conidia have a bacilliform shape. [6]

Neoprotoparmelia species mainly produce depsidones of the alectoronic acid chemosyndrome, including dehydroalectoronic acid and β-alectoronic acid . [6]

Neoprotoparmelia is morphologically similar to Maronina but can be distinguished by containing depsidones instead of depsides as found in Maronina; additionally Maronina has branched paraphyses. Neoprotoparmelia is also morphologically similar to Protoparmelia. [7]

Habitat and distribution

Neoprotoparmelia lichens occur in open habitats. Mostly species grow on bark, although a few species are saxicolous on siliceous rock. The genus has a pantropical distribution and has been recorded from Australia, Brazil, Kenya, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, Thailand, and south-eastern USA. [6]

Species

Neoprotoparmelia australisidiata; scale bar=1 mm Neoprotoparmelia australisidiata MycoKeys 5a.jpg
Neoprotoparmelia australisidiata; scale bar=1 mm

As of September 2022, Index Fungorum accepts 24 species of Neoprotoparmelia.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<i>Arctocetraria</i> Genus of lichens

Arctocetraria is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It has three species.

Cetreliopsis is a genus of four species of lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.

<i>Kaernefeltia</i> Genus of fungi

Kaernefeltia is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae.

<i>Masonhalea</i> Genus of fungi

Masonhalea is a genus of two species of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae.

<i>Melanelixia</i> Genus of fungi

Melanelixia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains 15 Northern Hemisphere species that grow on bark or on wood. The genus is characterized by a pored or fenestrate epicortex, and the production of lecanoric acid as the primary chemical constituent of the medulla. Melanelixia was circumscribed in 2004 as a segregate of the related genus Melanelia.

Cetrariopsis is a genus of foliose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus contains three species, including the type, Cetrariopsis wallichiana.

Austromelanelixia is a genus of five species of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. All species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.

Raesaenenia is a fungal genus in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single lichenicolous fungus Raesaenenia huuskonenii, which parasitises lichens of genus Bryoria in the Northern Hemisphere.

Allocetraria corrugata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in high-elevation locations in Yunnan, China, where it grows on rocks with mosses.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia amerisidiata</i> Species of lichen

Neoprotoparmelia amerisidiata is a species of corticolous and crustose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in the southeastern United States, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Garima Singh and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by James Lendemer in the Sapelo Island Wildlife Management Area ; here the lichen was found growing on oak bark. It has a thin, shiny, pale olive-green to olive-grey thallus with numerous isidia. Secondary chemicals in the lichen that are detectable with thin-layer chromatography include alectoronic acid (major), and lesser to trace amounts of dehydroalectoronic acid and β-alectoronic acid. The specific epithet amerisidiata refers to both its North American distribution and the presence of isidia. It is known from North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Florida.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia australisidiata</i> Species of lichen

Neoprotoparmelia australisidiata is a species of areolate lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Garima Singh and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by Gintaras Kantvilas north of Emerald Springs ; here it was found growing on the wood or bark of a Cooktown ironwood tree. The lichen has also been recorded in New South Wales. The specific epithet refers both to its Australian distribution, and the presence of isidia. Secondary chemicals in the lichen that are detectable with thin-layer chromatography include alectoronic acid (major), and minor to trace amounts of dehydroalectoronic acid and β–alectoronic acid.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia brasilisidiata</i> Species of lichen

Neoprotoparmelia brasilisidiata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It has a neotropical distribution, and has been recorded from Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Brazil, where it grows in parks and open areas. The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Garima Singh, Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres, and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by Cáceres and Aptroot in the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, at an altitude of about 200 m (660 ft). The specific epithet brasilisidiata refers to both the country where it was first scientifically documented, as well as the presence of isidia. The lichen contains secondary compounds that can be detected using thin-layer chromatography, including alectoronic acid (major), and minor to trace amounts of dehydroalectoronic acid and β-alectoronic acid. When shone with a UV light, the medulla of the thallus and the isidia have a greenish white glow; this characteristic can be used to help distinguish it from other similar crusts with isidia.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia capensis</i> Species of lichen

Neoprotoparmelia capensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in South Africa, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Víctor Jiménez Rico, Ana Crespo, and Garima Singh. The type specimen was collected between Papendorp and Strandfontein ; the specific epithet refers to the province in which it was discovered. The lichen is only known from the type locality, a karoo biome with many succulent plants; it grows on exposed sandstone, forming thin, light grey to pale to strong brown and areolate crusts up to 8 cm (3 in) in diameter.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia crassa</i> Species of lichen

Neoprotoparmelia crassa is a species of crustose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Garima Singh and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by John Elix in Solar Village. It is only known to occur here and in Northern Territory, where it grows on the bark and wood of trees in open and closed forests. It contains alectoronic acid, a secondary chemical. The specific epithet crassa, derived from the Latin crassus ("fat") refers to the thickness of its thallus, which is greater than the other isidiate members of genus Neoprotoparmelia.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia paulii</i> Species of lichen

Neoprotoparmelia paulii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Kenya, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Víctor Jiménez Rico, Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, and Garima Singh. The type specimen was collected in the Nuu Hills at an altitude of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft); here it was found growing on sandstone in an inselberg with dry woodland. The lichen is only known from the type locality, a montane ecosystem dominated by shrubs and trees from the genera Acacia, Combretum, and Terminalia. Neoprotoparmelia paulii contains several secondary compounds that can be detected using the technique thin-layer chromatography, including atranorin, α–collatolic acid, α–alectoronic acid, and traces of other chemically related substances. The specific epithet paulii honours Kenyan lichenologist Paul Kirika, who collected the type material along with Lumbsch.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia plurisporibadia</i> Species of lichen

Neoprotoparmelia plurisporibadia is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where it grows on granite rocks in low, open mountainous areas.

<i>Neoprotoparmelia siamisidiata</i> Species of lichen

Neoprotoparmelia siamisidiata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) and crustose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Thailand, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Garima Singh and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by Harrie Sipman in the Medicinal Garden of Doi Suthep–Pui National Park at an altitude of about 1,100 m (3,600 ft); here it was found growing on the bark of Cinchona pubescens. The specific epithet refers to its type locality (biology) and the presence of isidia.

Neoprotoparmelia capitata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) and crustose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in eastern North America.

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; LKT, Al-Ani; S, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 .
  2. ↑ Hafellner J; Rogers RW. (1990). "Maronina – a new genus of lichenised Ascomycetes (Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae) with multispored asci". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 38: 99–108.
  3. ↑ Papong, K.; Kantvilas, G.; Lumbsch, H. T. (2011). "Morphological and molecular evidence places Maronina into synonymy with Protoparmelia (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". The Lichenologist. 43 (6): 561–567. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000284. S2CID   86435538.
  4. 1 2 Kraichak, Ekaphan; Crespo, Ana; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "A temporal banding approach for consistent taxonomic ranking above the species level". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 2297. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.2297K. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02477-7 . PMC   5442095 . PMID   28536470.
  5. ↑ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi". Fungal Diversity. 84 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z. S2CID   40674310.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Singh, Garima; Aptroot, André; Rico, Víctor J.; Otte, Jürgen; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Schmitt, Imke (2018). "Neoprotoparmelia gen. nov. and Maronina (Lecanorales, Protoparmelioideae): species description and generic delimitation using DNA barcodes and phenotypical characters". MycoKeys. 44 (44): 19–50. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.44.29904 . PMC   6303283 . PMID   30595656. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  7. 1 2 Singh, Garima; Dal Grande, Francesco; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Otte, Jürgen; Leavitt, Steven D.; Szczepanska, Katarzyna; Crespo, Ana; Rico, Víctor J.; Aptroot, André; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Schmitt, Imke (2015). "Coalescent-based species delimitation approach uncovers high cryptic diversity in the cosmopolitan lichen-forming fungal genus Protoparmelia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0124625. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1024625S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124625 . PMC   4416777 . PMID   25932996. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  8. ↑ dos Santos, Lidiane Alves; Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert; da Silva Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia (2019). "High diversification in the Neoprotoparmelia multifera complex (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae) in northeast Brazil revealed by DNA barcoding and phenotypical characters". The Bryologist. 122 (4): 539–552. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-122.4.539. S2CID   207901124.
  9. ↑ Kalb, Klaus; Aptroot, André (2021). "New lichens from Africa" (PDF). Archive for Lichenology. 28: 1–12.
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