Nicholas Christakis

Last updated

Nicholas Christakis
Nicholas Christakis.jpg
Born (1962-05-07) May 7, 1962 (age 62)
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Education Yale University (BS)
Harvard University (MD, MPH)
University of Pennsylvania (PhD)
Spouse Erika Christakis
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions University of Pennsylvania
University of Chicago
Harvard University
Yale University
Doctoral advisor Renée Fox
Website nicholaschristakis.net

Nicholas A. Christakis (born May 7, 1962) is a Greek-American [1] sociologist and physician known for his research on social networks and on the social, economic, biological, and evolutionary determinants of human welfare (including the behavior, health, and capabilities of individuals and groups). He is the Sterling Professor of Social and Natural Science at Yale University, where he directs the Human Nature Lab. He is also the co-director of the Yale Institute for Network Science. [2] [3]

Contents

Christakis was elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences in 2024. [4] He was elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Medicine in 2006; of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2010; and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017. [5] In 2021, he received an honorary degree in economics from the University of Athens, Greece. [6] He was awarded the Barry Prize for Distinguished Intellectual Achievement by the American Academy of Sciences and Letters in 2024. [7]

In 2009, Christakis was named to the Time 100, Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world. [8] In 2009 and again in 2010, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers. [9]

Early life and education

Christakis' parents are Greek. They had three biological children and then adopted two others, an African-American girl and a Taiwanese boy. [10] His father was a nuclear physicist turned business consultant and his mother a physical chemist turned psychologist. [11] He was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1962 when both his parents were Yale University graduate students. His family returned to Greece when he was three, and Greek became his first language. He returned to the United States with his family at age six and grew up in Washington, D.C. [12] He graduated from St. Albans School. [10]

Christakis obtained a B.S. in biology from Yale University in 1984, where he won the Russell Henry Chittenden Prize. He received an M.D. from Harvard Medical School and an M.P.H. from the Harvard School of Public Health in 1989, winning the Bowdoin Prize on graduation.

In 1991, Christakis completed a residency in Internal Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Health System. He was certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine in 1993. He obtained a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1995. While at the University of Pennsylvania as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar, he studied with Renee C. Fox, a distinguished American medical sociologist; other members of his dissertation committee were methodologist Paul Allison and physician Sankey Williams. His dissertation was published as Death Foretold, his first book. [13]

Career

In 1995, Christakis started as an assistant professor with joint appointments in the Departments of Sociology and of Medicine at the University of Chicago. In 2001, he was awarded tenure in both Sociology and Medicine. He left the University of Chicago to take up a position at Harvard in 2001. Until July 2013, he was a professor of sociology in the Department of Sociology in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences; a professor of medical sociology in the Department of Health Care Policy and a professor of medicine in the Department of Medicine at Harvard Medical School; and an attending physician at the Harvard-affiliated Mt. Auburn Hospital. [14]

In 2013, Christakis moved to Yale University, where he is a professor of social and natural science in the Department of Sociology, with additional appointments in the Departments of Statistics and Data Science; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Biomedical Engineering; Medicine; and in the School of Management. He served as the Sol Goldman Family Professor of Social and Natural Science until 2018, when he was appointed as a Sterling Professor, the highest honor bestowed on Yale faculty.

From 2009 to 2013, Christakis and his wife, Erika Christakis, were Co-Masters of Pforzheimer House, one of Harvard's twelve residential houses. [15] From 2015 to 2016, he served in a similar capacity at Silliman College at Yale University. [16]

Research

Christakis uses quantitative methods (e.g., experiments, mathematical models, and statistical analyses). His work focuses on network science and biosocial science, and it has also involved sociology, economics, demography, evolutionary biology, evolutionary psychology, behavior genetics, and epidemiology. He is an author or editor of six books, more than 200 peer-reviewed academic articles, numerous editorials in national and international publications, and at least three patents. [17] [18] [19] His laboratory is also active in the development and release of software to conduct large-scale social science experiments, pioneering its use beginning in 2009 (e.g., Breadboard, Trellis). [20] [21]

Christakis' early work was on physician decision-making and end-of-life care. He first began to study interpersonal social network effects in this setting in the late 1990s, with a series of studies of the widowhood effect, whereby the death of one person might increase the risk of death of their spouse. [22] [23] He developed a number of innovative ways to estimate the causal nature of these effects (e.g., by studying how the death of a man's ex-wife might affect his risk of death), [24] and he expanded the scope of such work to analyze, for instance, how the precise diagnosis or duration of illness of the decedent might modify the risk of death of their survivor or how better quality of health care given to a dying person might reduce the risk of death of their survivor. [25] [26] In a 2006 paper in The New England Journal of Medicine that analyzed 518,240 elderly couples, he explored how hospitalization of a spouse, and not just their death, might affect a survivor's mortality risk. [22] These were all early studies in network effects, but they involved just simple dyads of people (pairs of spouses).

Beginning in 2004, Christakis began to study "hyper-dyadic" network effects, whereby processes of social contagion moved beyond pairs of people. [27] Using observational studies with his colleague James H. Fowler, he documented that a variety of phenomena like obesity, [28] smoking, [29] and happiness, [30] rather than being solely individualistic, also arise via social contagion mechanisms over some distance within complex social networks (see: "three degrees of influence"). [31] Later observational work explored how vaccination might spread across social networks. [32] [33] In a 2010 TED talk, Christakis summarized the broader implications of the role of networks in human activity. [34]

Relatedly, in 2010, a paper analyzed the spread of H1N1 influenza at Harvard University (as part of the 2009 swine flu pandemic) and showed that an understanding of social networks could be used to develop 'sensors' for forecasting epidemics (of germs and other phenomena). [35] In another 2010 TED talk, Christakis describes this effort (and computational social science more generally). [36] A follow-up paper in 2014 documented the utility of this approach to forecast online trends, again based on the "friendship paradox", using Twitter data. [37]

Beginning in 2010, further work by Christakis and his collaborators used experimental methods and diverse data sets and settings to study social network contagion and structure, thereby enhancing the robustness of causal inference. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] For instance, a 2010 paper demonstrated that cooperative behavior could spread to three degrees of separation. [38] A 2015 paper showed that vitamin use in developing-world villages could be made to be contagious. [40] A 2022 paper used another experiment to show how a novel "pair targeting" algorithm could enhance population-level social contagion of the adoption of iron-fortified salt to reduce anemia in mothers and children in India. [43] A randomized controlled field trial involving 24,702 people in 176 villages in Honduras published in 2024 documented social contagion in diverse health behaviors to two degrees of separation. [44]

Christakis and colleagues also published a series of papers exploring how experimental manipulation of social network structure itself might enhance human welfare. Early work, starting in 2011, focused on how experimental manipulation of network structure could enhance human cooperation and economic productivity. [39] Other work explored how network topology could affect human communication during a time of crisis [45] or could optimize resource sharing. [46] A 2019 paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) showed that experimentally re-wiring social networks could enhance human welfare without either redistributing or increasing resources. [47] Additionally, an observational study of a novel monetary system (Sardex, a complementary currency introduced during the 2010 financial crisis) showed that k-cycle centrality was associated with economic success at the level of individual firms or the system as a whole. [48]

In 2009, Christakis' group began to study the evolutionary biology, genetics, and physiology of social networks, publishing in PNAS a finding that social network position may be partially heritable, and specifically that an increase in twins' shared genetic material corresponds to differences in their social networks. [49] In 2011, a follow-up paper on "Correlated Genotypes in Friendship Networks" in PNAS advanced the argument that humans may be metagenomic with respect to the people around them. [50] Further work on this topic included "Friendship and Natural Selection" in PNAS in 2014, showing that people have a small but discernible preference for choosing as their friends other people who resemble them roughly as much as third or fourth cousins. [51] In 2012, in a paper in Nature , Christakis' group analyzed the social networks of the Hadza hunter-gatherers, showing that human social network structure appears to have ancient origins. [52] Anthropologist Joseph Henrich noted that "the crucial insight from this work is that understanding distinct aspects of cooperation among these hunter-gatherers must incorporate an analysis of the dynamic processes at the population level." [53] Christakis and his colleagues did similar work mapping the networks of the Nyangatom people of Sudan in 2016. [54] His group has also demonstrated that social networks are deeply related to human cooperation. [38] [39] These ideas are explored in Christakis' 2019 book, Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society.

Work on the physiology of social networks, with respect to the microbiome, started to appear in 2024, in Nature. [55] Computational biologist Nicola Segata observed that understanding the spread of the microbiome through the social network is "changing completely the way we think", because such spread suggests that conditions with links to the microbiome (such as hypertension, depression, and obesity) could spread from person to person due to biological contagion. [56]

Beginning in 2010, Christakis' lab initiated a program of research to deploy social networks to improve welfare, health, and diverse other social phenomena—for example, facilitating the adoption of public health innovations in the developing world (e.g., India, Honduras), [57] [58] [44] understanding the origins of economic inequality (published in Nature in 2015), [41] or demonstrating the utility of autonomous agents (AI "bots") in optimizing coordination in groups (published in Nature in 2017). [42] Economist Simon Gächter noted that "the most striking insight from these findings [in 2015] is the effect of wealth visibility on the dynamics of inequality: conspicuous inequality breeds more inequality. Although visibility of wealth does not change economic incentives in this experimental scenario, it invites social comparisons that... undermine cooperation and diminish social ties." [59] Gachter also commented on the 2017 paper and its contributions to evolutionary game theory. [60]

The 2017 paper on bots [42] initiated a program of work on "hybrid systems" composed of humans and machines (endowed with AI) that reshape how humans interact not with the machines, but with each other. A 2020 paper in PNAS extended this idea by showing that physical robots could modify conversations among people interacting in groups. [61] Another paper that year showed that simply programmed bots could re-engineer social connections among humans in networked groups in order to make them become more cooperative. [62] A 2023 paper in PNAS showed that simple forms of AI could change humans' ethical behavior towards others (using a cyber-physical lab experiment involving remote-control robotic cars playing the game of chicken). [63] A 2024 paper showed that a kind of simple bot could enhance the creativity of human groups. [64] Christakis argued in 2019 that "the effects of AI on human-to-human interaction stand to be intense and far-reaching, and the advances rapid and broad. We must investigate systematically what second-order effects might emerge and discuss how to regulate them on behalf of the common good". [65]

Christakis' lab has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Pioneer Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and by other funders. In 2019, his lab received support to extend their work to studies of the human microbiota from the Nomis Foundation. [66]

Medicine

Christakis has practiced as a home hospice physician and in consultative palliative medicine. He took care of indigent, home-bound, dying patients in the South Side of Chicago while at the University of Chicago, from 1995 to 2001. [67] During this time, he was also active in translating research results into national policy changes with respect to end-of-life care in the USA; for instance, he testified before the US Senate Special Committee on Aging in 2000 (regarding barriers to hospice use, prognostication, and the cost-effectiveness of hospice). [68]

In Boston, from 2002 to 2006, Christakis worked as an attending physician on the Palliative Medicine Consult Service at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 2006, he moved to Mount Auburn Hospital. In 2013, he moved to the Department of Medicine at Yale University.

Books

Christakis' first book, Death Foretold: Prophecy and Prognosis in Medical Care, was published by the University of Chicago Press in 1999 ( ISBN   978-0226104706), and has been translated into Japanese. [13] The book, based on his dissertation, explored the role of prognosis in medical thought and practice, documenting and explaining how physicians are socialized to avoid making prognoses. It argues that the prognoses patients receive, even from the best-trained American doctors, are driven not only by professional norms but also by religious, moral, and even quasi-magical beliefs (such as the "self-fulfilling prophecy").

His second book, Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives, was co-authored with James Fowler and was published by Little, Brown Spark in 2009 ( ISBN   978-0316036146). [69] [70] It was awarded the "Books for a Better Life" Award in 2009 and has been translated into 20 languages. [71] Connected draws on previously published and unpublished studies and makes several new conclusions about the influence of social networks on human health and behavior. In Connected, Christakis and Fowler put forward their "three degrees of influence" rule, which theorizes that each person's social influence can stretch to roughly three degrees of separation (to the friend of a friend of a friend) before it fades out. [72] [73]

Christakis' third book, Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society, was published by Little, Brown Spark in 2019 ( ISBN   978-0316230032). [74] It made The New York Times Best Seller list in its debut week. [75] It was widely and favorably reviewed. [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] For instance, Bill Gates described the book as "optimistic and terrific." [81] Blueprint explores the idea that evolution has given humans a suite of beneficial capacities, including love, friendship, social networks, cooperation, and learning; humans have innate proclivities to make a good society, one that is similar worldwide. "For too long," Christakis writes, "the scientific community has been overly focused on the dark side of our biological heritage: our capacity for tribalism, violence, selfishness, and cruelty. The bright side has been denied the attention it deserves." [82] Overall, Blueprint advances an argument about sociodicy, that is, the "vindication of society despite its failures". It proposes a list of eight attributes of societies that are innately favored due to human evolutionary history.

Christakis' fourth book, Apollo's Arrow: The Profound and Enduring Impact of Coronavirus on the Way We Live, was published by Little, Brown Spark in October 2020 ( ISBN   978-0316628228). [83] It was widely and favorably reviewed [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] and was called "magisterial", [89] "gripping", [90] and "provocative". [91] It was long-listed for the PEN America EO Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. [92] Apollo's Arrow provides an account of the origins and course of the COVID-19 pandemic and its end, biologically and socially (in what Christakis has compared to the Roaring Twenties of the 20th century). In essence, the book argues that "plagues are not new to our species — they are just new to us". [93]

Christakis also co-edited two clinical textbooks on end-of-life care, published by Oxford University Press. [94] [95]

Public intellectual

In addition to his scientific research and books, Christakis has contributed to popular media as a public intellectual, in a range of publications and on a range of topics. He has said he is invested in "advancing the public understanding of science", [96] and he typically writes about matters at the intersection of the social, biological, and/or computational sciences.

For instance, in addition to his book about the COVID-19 pandemic, Apollo's Arrow, released in 2020, Christakis published numerous essays helping to advance understanding of the social, economic, psychological, and epidemiological aspects of the pandemic. In The Wall Street Journal , he forecast the long course of the pandemic in 2020, [97] outlined optimal responses, [98] and provided a kind of post-mortem in 2024 (outlining how the pandemic would leave us with "public forgetting and private remembrance"). [99] In The Washington Post , he wrote about the role of compassion during epidemics. [100] In The Atlantic , he wrote about school closures, [101] risk perception, [102] and public health responses. [103] In FiveThirtyEight , he showed how voting in the primary elections did not worsen the course of the pandemic. [104] Early in the pandemic (in August 2020), he wrote an invited essay for The Economist about how intrinsic properties of SARS-CoV-2 would make the COVID-19 pandemic more challenging to fight. [105] The magazine relied on him for subsequent assessments of the long-term impact of the pandemic. [106] In an interview for The Atlantic, Christakis also discussed the importance of free expression in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. [107]

For The New York Times , Christakis has written on prognostication, [108] university education, [109] free expression, [110] and the evolution of social sciences. [111] His essay on social science was said to have "created quite a stir", and it prompted debate and commentary. [112] [113] For The Washington Post, he has written not only about COVID [100] but also on mass shootings [114] and fatherhood. [115] For the Boston Review , with respect to inequality, he argued that recent research showed that "the luxuries of others matter if we can see them". [116] He has also written about how to "construct novel, unnatural social systems based on the predictable ways that humans act" for The Boston Globe ; [117] the role of social artificial intelligence for The Atlantic; [118] and about social network dynamics for the Financial Times . [119] He published an article in The Economist in 2023 on the social and economic spillover effects of AI, arguing that AI systems will change how humans treat each other. [120]

In 2012, he wrote a series of online columns for Time with his wife, Erika Christakis, on a range of topics from academic dishonesty to women in the armed services. [121] For the same publication, in 2011, he wrote about biosocial science, [122] and, in 2019, about the link between cooperation and individuality, arguing that such a perspective was useful "in a moment when too much tribalism is causing devastating problems". [123] In 2024, he argued that poor decision-making by corporate and nonprofit boards could partly be understood based on their internal network structure. [124]

Christakis has also appeared periodically on TV and radio, commenting on social networks and social interactions, the COVID-19 pandemic, and other matters, including on NPR, [125] [126] Amanpour & Company , [127] and other venues. Krista Tippett of NPR has said his perspective on human goodness "deepens and refreshes". [128] He has been featured in a number of documentaries about science, including Through the Wormhole , [129] Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick? , [130] and This Emotional Life (on PBS). [131] [132] Interviews with Christakis have appeared in The New York Times, [133] [134] The Atlantic, [107] and elsewhere. [135] He has been a repeat guest on many leading podcasts, including Joe Rogan, [136] [137] Sam Harris, [138] [139] [140] Michael Shermer, [141] [142] and Reason. [143]

Christakis has given two mainstage TED talks, [144] [145] appeared at the Aspen Ideas Festival, [146] and been a frequent contributor to the online salon of leading scientists and intellectuals Edge, including answering ten of its annual questions, from 2009 to 2019 [147] and giving talks on how "social networks are like the eye" in 2008, [148] on "a new kind of social science for the 21st century" in 2012, [149] and on the science of social connections in 2013. [150]

Advocacy for free expression

Christakis has been involved in the defense of free expression for some time. At Harvard in 2012, he and his wife came to the defense of minority students who were using satire to criticize the elite final clubs at that institution. They suggested that the critics might be "more concerned with ugly words than the underlying problems" and that policing free expression on campus "denies students the opportunity to learn to think for themselves." [151] Their argument expressed confidence in the capacity and maturity of Harvard students to discuss contentious issues.

In April 2020, Christakis expressed concern that, in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals and medical schools were seeking to silence faculty and staff who were highlighting problems with the response; he stated that "clamping down on people who are speaking is a kind of idiocy of the highest order." [152]

In July 2020, Christakis was one of the 153 signers of "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate" (also known as the "Harper's Letter") that expressed concern that "the free exchange of information and ideas, the lifeblood of a liberal society, is daily becoming more constricted". [153]

In 2021, Christakis was asked to join the advisory council of the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE). [154] In 2022, he joined the advisory council of Heterodox Academy. [155]

In 2023, Christakis was the recipient of the Silverglate Award for Championing Free Expression at the inaugural gala held by the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression in New York City. [156]

Yale Halloween case

In 2015, Christakis and his wife, Erika, were involved in a case arising from advice about Halloween costumes at Yale University. In October of that year, the Intercultural Affairs Council at Yale (a group of fourteen administrators) sent an email to undergraduates that recommended students be careful when choosing Halloween outfits, suggesting they avoid various sorts of costumes incorporating potentially offensive elements and including a link to a Pinterest page with recommended and non-recommended costumes. [157] [158] [159] In response, Erika (a lecturer on early childhood education at the Yale Child Study Center) wrote an email on October 29 on the role of free expression in universities. She argued, from a developmental perspective, that students might wish to consider whether administrators should provide guidance on Halloween attire or whether students would prefer to "dress themselves". She noted that her husband's advice was that "if you don't like a costume someone is wearing, look away, or tell them you are offended. Talk to each other. Free speech and the ability to tolerate offense are the hallmarks of a free and open society". [160]

This e-mail played a role in protests on campus that received national attention in the United States. [161] Christakis and his wife were criticized by some students for placing "the burden of confrontation, education, and maturity on the offended". [162] Other students, however, pointed out that Erika Christakis was defending the rights to free expression of all Yale students and expressing confidence in them and in their capacity to discuss and confront such issues among themselves. [163] [164]

During the episode, some students "[asked President] Salovey to remove Nicholas and Erika Christakis from their positions at the helm of Silliman College", and, in a separate development, over 400 faculty members signed a letter on the broader issue of supporting "greater diversity". [165] Ninety-one Yale faculty members signed a different letter supporting the Christakises, and this letter noted that the couple themselves distinguished support for freedom of expression from supporting the content of such expression (the Christakises had noted that they would find many of the same costumes offensive as some students would). [166] Christakis stepped down from his role at Silliman College eight months later, at the end of the academic year, a step The Atlantic later decried (noting "when Yale's history is written, they should be regarded as collateral damage harmed by people who abstracted away their humanity"). [167]

In a subsequent op-ed in The New York Times (his only published comment on the events), Christakis argued: "Open, extended conversations among students themselves are essential not only to the pursuit of truth but also to deep moral learning and to righteous social progress." [168] A year later, commentators condemned how students, administrators, and faculty had behaved at Yale (and linked to substantial video footage of the events). [169] In her only published remarks regarding what happened, published a year later, in October 2016, Erika Christakis described the circumstances (including threats) that she had faced in an Op-Ed published in The Washington Post . [170] Alum James Kirchick and former dean of the Yale Law School Anthony T. Kronman have since criticized the university administration for abandoning or not supporting Christakis and his wife. [171] [172]

The incident led to some students being called members of "Generation Snowflake". [173] In January 2016, Bill Maher expressed consternation at how the Yale students had behaved. [174] In April 2017, an episode of The Simpsons titled "Caper Chase" satirized the events. Also in 2017, a short documentary was released about the episode, arguing that they reflected a collision between "old values" centered on reason and debate, on the one hand, and "administrative bloat" and a shift to a "consumer mentality" on the other (this documentary also noted that Christakis comes from a multi-racial family and has African-American and Chinese siblings). [159] The New York Times published a coda regarding the episode in August 2018, upon Christakis' appointment as a Sterling Professor, Yale's highest faculty rank. [171]

The case has been discussed in at least twenty nonfiction books. [175] [176] [177] Philosopher Russell Blackford provides a very precise and comprehensive timeline. [178] Some of these books noted the "sexism" and "irony" that, in a key episode that was part of the events (when Christakis was surrounded by 150 students in a quad for two hours), the students wished to hold Christakis responsible for his wife's email. [179] [180] Commentator Douglas Murray summarizes statements by students based on his review of extensive video footage released by the students themselves of the events in the quad, and he notes Christakis' emphasis on "our common humanity". [176] Many of these books have expressed concern at the "illiberal" actions of the students (and of many administrators and faculty) at Yale. The behavior of the students also sparked a minor controversy at Harvard Law School when a student there wrote a piece decrying the Christakis' treatment as "fascism" in the Harvard Law Record ; criticized for publishing the piece, the Record's liberal editor-in-chief wrote that his role was "editor-in-chief, not thought-policeman-in-chief." [181] [182] The case has also influenced fictional portrayals of such events. [183]

A 2023 article in The Chronicle of Higher Education argued that the event signaled a worrisome sea change in attitudes on American university campuses, one "which in retrospect appears a compact fable containing all or almost all of the elements of our disorienting campus present". [184] A "free speech summit" organized by PEN America at Harvard University in 2024 also treated the event as a pivotal one, reflecting a "fundamental shift in campus climate". [185]

Christakis has spoken publicly about the events only rarely. In an October 2017 interview with Sam Harris, he discussed parts of the situation he faced, framing the events at Yale in the broader context of what was happening on many campuses during that time period; Harris noted that Christakis had "the imperturbability of a saint." [186] In March 2019, Christakis told Frank Bruni that, partly in response to the events, he worked to complete a long-standing book project on the origins of goodness in society (Blueprint). [187]

Personal life

Christakis resides in Norwich, Vermont. [188] He is married to early childhood educator and author Erika Christakis and they have four children, one of whom they adopted later in life, while serving as foster parents. [189] [190] [191] His hobbies have included Shotokan karate (as noted by his instructor, Kazumi Tabata) [192] and making maple syrup. [193]

Published works

Books

Selected scientific papers

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolution</span> Gradual change in the heritable traits of organisms

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more or less common within a population over successive generations. The process of evolution has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Woese</span> American microbiologist (1928–2012)

Carl Richard Woese was an American microbiologist and biophysicist. Woese is famous for defining the Archaea in 1977 through a pioneering phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique that has revolutionized microbiology. He also originated the RNA world hypothesis in 1967, although not by that name. Woese held the Stanley O. Ikenberry Chair and was professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robin Dunbar</span> British anthropologist and evolutionary psychologist

Robin Ian MacDonald Dunbar is a British biological anthropologist, evolutionary psychologist, and specialist in primate behaviour. Dunbar is professor emeritus of evolutionary psychology of the Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group in the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford. He is best known for formulating Dunbar's number, a measurement of the "cognitive limit to the number of individuals with whom any one person can maintain stable relationships".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James H. Fowler</span> American social scientist (born 1970)

James H. Fowler is an American social scientist specializing in social networks, cooperation, political participation, and genopolitics. He is currently Professor of Medical Genetics in the School of Medicine and Professor of Political Science in the Division of Social Science at the University of California, San Diego. He was named a 2010 Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthur L. Horwich</span> American biologist (born 1951)

Arthur L. Horwich is an American biologist and Sterling Professor of Genetics and Pediatrics at the Yale School of Medicine. Horwich has also been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 1990. His research into protein folding uncovered the action of chaperonins, protein complexes that assist the folding of other proteins; Horwich first published this work in 1989.

Connectomics is the production and study of connectomes: comprehensive maps of connections within an organism's nervous system. More generally, it can be thought of as the study of neuronal wiring diagrams with a focus on how structural connectivity, individual synapses, cellular morphology, and cellular ultrastructure contribute to the make up of a network. The nervous system is a network made of billions of connections and these connections are responsible for our thoughts, emotions, actions, memories, function and dysfunction. Therefore, the study of connectomics aims to advance our understanding of mental health and cognition by understanding how cells in the nervous system are connected and communicate. Because these structures are extremely complex, methods within this field use a high-throughput application of functional and structural neural imaging, most commonly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electron microscopy, and histological techniques in order to increase the speed, efficiency, and resolution of these nervous system maps. To date, tens of large scale datasets have been collected spanning the nervous system including the various areas of cortex, cerebellum, the retina, the peripheral nervous system and neuromuscular junctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alessandro Vespignani</span> Italian-American physicist (born 1965)

Alessandro Vespignani is an Italian-American physicist, best known for his work on complex networks, and particularly for work on the applications of network theory to the mathematical modeling of infectious disease, applications of computational epidemiology, and for studies of the topological properties of the Internet. He is currently the Sternberg Family Distinguished University Professor of Physics, Computer Science and Health Sciences at Northeastern University, where he is the director of the Network Science Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Default mode network</span> Large-scale brain network active when not focusing on an external task

In neuroscience, the default mode network (DMN), also known as the default network, default state network, or anatomically the medial frontoparietal network (M-FPN), is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and angular gyrus. It is best known for being active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest, such as during daydreaming and mind-wandering. It can also be active during detailed thoughts related to external task performance. Other times that the DMN is active include when the individual is thinking about others, thinking about themselves, remembering the past, and planning for the future. The DMN creates a coherent "internal narrative" control to the construction of a sense of self.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David G. Rand</span> American academic

David G. Rand is the Erwin H. Schell Professor and Professor of Management Science and Brain and Cognitive Sciences at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friendship paradox</span> Phenomenon that most people have fewer friends than their friends have, on average

The friendship paradox is the phenomenon first observed by the sociologist Scott L. Feld in 1991 that on average, an individual's friends have more friends than that individual. It can be explained as a form of sampling bias in which people with more friends are more likely to be in one's own friend group. In other words, one is less likely to be friends with someone who has very few friends. In contradiction to this, most people believe that they have more friends than their friends have.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social contagion</span> Spontaneous spread of behavior or emotions among a group

Social contagion involves behaviour, emotions, or conditions spreading spontaneously through a group or network. The phenomenon has been discussed by social scientists since the late 19th century, although much work on the subject was based on unclear or even contradictory conceptions of what social contagion is, so exact definitions vary. Some scholars include the unplanned spread of ideas through a population as social contagion, though others prefer to class that as memetics. Generally social contagion is understood to be separate from the collective behaviour which results from a direct attempt to exert social influence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Ungar</span> American paleoanthropologist (born 1963)

Peter S. Ungar is an American paleoanthropologist and evolutionary biologist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Bergstrom</span> American theoretical and evolutionary biologist

Carl Theodore Bergstrom is a theoretical and evolutionary biologist and a professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, United States. Bergstrom is a critic of low-quality or misleading scientific research. He is the co-author of a book on misinformation called Calling Bullshit: The Art of Skepticism in a Data-Driven World and teaches a class by the same name at University of Washington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social network</span> Social structure made up of a set of social actors

A social network is a social structure consisting of a set of social actors, sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics. For instance, social network analysis has been used in studying the spread of misinformation on social media platforms or analyzing the influence of key figures in social networks.

Three degrees of influence is a theory in the realm of social networks, proposed by Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler in 2007. This argument is basically that peer effects need not stop at one degree of separation. Rather, across a broad set of empirical settings, using both observational and experimental methods, it has been observed that the effect seems, in many cases, to no longer be meaningful at a social horizon of three degrees.

Computational social science is an interdisciplinary academic sub-field concerned with computational approaches to the social sciences. This means that computers are used to model, simulate, and analyze social phenomena. It has been applied in areas such as computational economics, computational sociology, computational media analysis, cliodynamics, culturomics, nonprofit studies. It focuses on investigating social and behavioral relationships and interactions using data science approaches, network analysis, social simulation and studies using interactive systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iyad Rahwan</span> Syrian-Australian computational social scientist

Iyad Rahwan, is a Syrian-Australian scientist. He is the director of the Center for Humans and Machines at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. Between 2015 and 2020, he was an associate professor of Media Arts & Sciences at the MIT Media Lab. Rahwan's work lies at the intersection of the computer and social sciences, where he has investigated topics in computational social science, collective intelligence, large-scale cooperation, and the social aspects of artificial intelligence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</span> Award given by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States

Membership of the National Academy of Sciences is an award granted to scientists that the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of the United States judges to have made “distinguished and continuing achievements in original research”. Membership is a mark of excellence in science and one of the highest honors that a scientist can receive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael D. Fox</span> American neurologist

Michael D. Fox is an American neurologist and Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School where he holds the Raymond D. Adams Distinguished Chair in Neurology and directs the Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics at Brigham and Women's Hospital. His research has focused on resting state brain fMRI which uses spontaneous fluctuations in blood oxygenation to map brain networks including the default mode network. He developed the technique lesion network mapping to study the connectivity patterns of brain lesions to help understand the neuroanatomy of a diverse range of processes including addiction, criminality, blindsight, free will and religiosity. Fox has been considered among the "World's Most Influential Scientific Minds" by Thomson Reuters since 2014.

Brian Uzzi is an American sociologist and the Richard L. Thomas Professor of Leadership at the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. He is known for his work on problems in the fields of sociology, network science, the science of science, and complex systems. He is the co-director of the Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO), is a professor of sociology, and a professor of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences at the McCormick School of Engineering. Since 2019, Uzzi has written a column for Forbes on Leadership and artificial intelligence.

References

  1. ↑ "Preface", in Nicholas A. Christakis, Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society, Little, Brown Spark, 2019
  2. ↑ Tom Conroy, "New Institute Will Advance the Interdisciplinary Study of Networks", Yale News, April 11, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis named Sterling Professor". YaleNews. July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  4. ↑ "2024 NAS Election". nasonline.org. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Five professors elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences". Yale News. April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Αναγόρευση του Καθηγητή του Yale Nicholas Christakis σε επίτιμο διδάκτορα του Τμήματος Οικονομικών Επιστημών του ΕΚΠΑ". iatronet.gr (in Greek). October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Awards". American Academy of Sciences & Letters. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  8. ↑ Ariely, Dan (April 30, 2009). "Nicholas Christakis – The 2009 Time 100". Time. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  9. ↑ Archived December 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  10. 1 2 "Good By Design". April 19, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  11. ↑ Billen, Andrew (April 3, 2019). "Nicholas Christakis — the Yale professor who stood up to the mob". The Times. ISSN   0140-0460 . Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  12. ↑ "Nature, nurture, or network?". yalealumnimagazine.com. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  13. 1 2 Gina Kolata, "A Conversation with: Nicholas Christakis; A Doctor with a Cause: 'What's My Prognosis?'", The New York Times , November 28, 2000.
  14. ↑ "Nicholas A. Christakis". Edge. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  15. ↑ Bita M. Asad and Ahmed Mabruk, "Christakises To Be Pfoho House Masters," The Harvard Crimson, February 17, 2009.
  16. ↑ Emma Platoff and Victor Wang, "Christakis named Silliman master," Yale News, February 27, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Radiological image interpretation apparatus and method".
  18. ↑ "Establishing a social network".
  19. ↑ "Disease diagnoses-based disease prediction".
  20. ↑ Shirado, Hirokazu; Fu, Feng; Fowler, James H.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (November 14, 2013). "Quality versus quantity of social ties in experimental cooperative networks". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2814. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2814S. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3814 . ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   3868237 . PMID   24226079. S2CID   6381186.
  21. ↑ Lungeanu, Alina; McKnight, Mark; Negron, Rennie; Munar, Wolfgang; Christakis, Nicholas A.; Contractor, Noshir S. (July 1, 2021). "Using Trellis software to enhance high-quality large-scale network data collection in the field". Social Networks. 66: 171–184. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2021.02.007. ISSN   0378-8733. PMC   8117970 . PMID   34219904.
  22. 1 2 Christakis, Nicholas A.; Allison, Paul D. (February 16, 2006). "Mortality after the Hospitalization of a Spouse". New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (7): 719–730. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa050196. ISSN   0028-4793. PMID   16481639. S2CID   8229736.
  23. ↑ Elwert, Felix; Christakis, Nicholas A. (February 2006). "Widowhood and Race". American Sociological Review. 71 (1): 16–41. doi:10.1177/000312240607100102. ISSN   0003-1224. S2CID   15340529.
  24. ↑ Elwert, Felix; Christakis, Nicholas A. (November 1, 2008). "Wives and ex-wives: A new test for homogamy bias in the widowhood effect". Demography. 45 (4): 851–873. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0029. ISSN   1533-7790. PMC   2789302 . PMID   19110901.
  25. ↑ Elwert, Felix; Christakis, Nicholas A. (November 1, 2008). "The Effect of Widowhood on Mortality by the Causes of Death of Both Spouses". American Journal of Public Health. 98 (11): 2092–2098. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348. ISSN   0090-0036. PMC   2636447 . PMID   18511733.
  26. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A; Iwashyna, Theodore J (August 1, 2003). "The health impact of health care on families: a matched cohort study of hospice use by decedents and mortality outcomes in surviving, widowed spouses". Social Science & Medicine. 57 (3): 465–475. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00370-2. ISSN   0277-9536. PMID   12791489.
  27. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (July 22, 2004). "Social networks and collateral health effects". BMJ. 329 (7459): 184–185. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7459.184. ISSN   0959-8138. PMC   487721 . PMID   15271805.
  28. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H. (2007). "The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (4): 370–379. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa066082. PMID   17652652. S2CID   264194973.
  29. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H. (2008). "The Collective Dynamics of Smoking in a Large Social Network". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (21): 2249–2258. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0706154. PMC   2822344 . PMID   18499567.
  30. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H. (2008). "Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study". British Medical Journal. 337 (337): a2338. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2338. PMC   2600606 . PMID   19056788.
  31. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H. (2009). Connected:The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives . Little, Brown and Co. ISBN   978-0316036146.
  32. ↑ Onnela, Jukka-Pekka; Landon, Bruce E.; Kahn, Anna-Lea; Ahmed, Danish; Verma, Harish; O'Malley, A. James; Bahl, Sunil; Sutter, Roland W.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (March 1, 2016). "Polio vaccine hesitancy in the networks and neighborhoods of Malegaon, India". Social Science & Medicine. 153: 99–106. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.024. ISSN   0277-9536. PMID   26889952.
  33. ↑ Fu, Feng; Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H. (March 2, 2017). "Dueling biological and social contagions". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 43634. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743634F. doi: 10.1038/srep43634 . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5333634 . PMID   28252663. S2CID   470759.
  34. ↑ "Nicholas Christakis: The hidden influence of social networks". TED Talk. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  35. ↑ Christakis, N.A.; Fowler, J.H. (2010). "Social Network Sensors for Early Detection of Contagious Outbreaks". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e12948. arXiv: 1004.4792 . Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512948C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012948 . PMC   2939797 . PMID   20856792.
  36. ↑ "Nicholas Christakis: How social networks predict epidemics | TED Talk". TED.com. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  37. ↑ Garcia-Herranz, Manuel; Moro, Esteban; Cebrian, Manuel; Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H. (2014). "Using Friends as Sensors to Detect Global-Scale Contagious Outbreaks". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e92413. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992413G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092413 . PMC   3981694 . PMID   24718030.
  38. 1 2 3 Fowler, J. H.; Christakis, N. A. (2010). "Cooperative behavior cascades in human social networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (12): 5334–5338. arXiv: 0908.3497 . Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.5334F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913149107 . PMC   2851803 . PMID   20212120.
  39. 1 2 3 Rand, DG; Arbesman, S; Christakis, NA (November 2011). "Dynamic social networks promote cooperation in experiments with humans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (48): 19193–19198. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10819193R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1108243108 . PMC   3228461 . PMID   22084103.
  40. 1 2 Kim, David (2015). "A Randomised Controlled Trial of Social Network Targeting to Maximise Population Behaviour Change". The Lancet. 386 (9989): 145–153. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60095-2. PMC   4638320 . PMID   25952354.
  41. 1 2 Nishi, Akihiro; Shirado, Hirokazu; Rand, David G.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (October 2015). "Inequality and Visibility of Wealth in Experimental Social Networks". Nature. 526 (7573): 426–429. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..426N. doi:10.1038/nature15392. PMID   26352469. S2CID   4446774.
  42. 1 2 3 Shirado, Hirokazu; Christakis, Nicholas A. (May 18, 2017). "Locally noisy autonomous agents improve global human coordination in network experiments". Nature. 545 (7654): 370–374. Bibcode:2017Natur.545..370S. doi:10.1038/nature22332. ISSN   0028-0836. PMC   5912653 . PMID   28516927.
  43. ↑ Alexander, Marcus; Forastiere, Laura; Gupta, Swati; Christakis, Nicholas A. (July 26, 2022). "Algorithms for seeding social networks can enhance the adoption of a public health intervention in urban India". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (30). e2120742119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11920742A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2120742119 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   9335263 . PMID   35862454.
  44. 1 2 Airoldi, Edoardo M.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (May 3, 2024). "Induction of social contagion for diverse outcomes in structured experiments in isolated villages". Science. 384 (6695): eadi5147. doi:10.1126/science.adi5147. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   38696582.
  45. ↑ Shirado, Hirokazu; Crawford, Forrest W.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (May 27, 2020). "Collective communication and behaviour in response to uncertain 'Danger' in network experiments". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 476 (2237): 20190685. Bibcode:2020RSPSA.47690685S. doi:10.1098/rspa.2019.0685. PMC   7277132 . PMID   32518501.
  46. ↑ Shirado, Hirokazu; Iosifidis, George; Tassiulas, Leandros; Christakis, Nicholas A. (March 6, 2019). "Resource sharing in technologically defined social networks". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1079. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1079S. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08935-2 . ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   6403336 . PMID   30842424. S2CID   71144947.
  47. ↑ Shirado, Hirokazu; Iosifidis, George; Christakis, Nicholas A. (November 5, 2019). "Assortative mixing and resource inequality enhance collective welfare in sharing networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (45): 22442–22444. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11622442S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1911606116 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   6842617 . PMID   31636181.
  48. ↑ Iosifidis, George; Charette, Yanick; Airoldi, Edoardo M.; Littera, Giuseppe; Tassiulas, Leandros; Christakis, Nicholas A. (November 2018). "Cyclic motifs in the Sardex monetary network". Nature Human Behaviour. 2 (11): 822–829. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0450-0. ISSN   2397-3374. PMID   31558815. S2CID   53087039.
  49. ↑ Fowler, J.H.; Dawes, C.T.; Christakis, N.A. (February 2009). "Model of Genetic Variation in Human Social Networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 1720–1724. arXiv: 0807.3089 . Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1720F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806746106 . PMC   2644104 . PMID   19171900.
  50. ↑ Fowler, James H.; Settle, Jaime E.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (2011). "Correlated genotypes in friendship networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (5): 1993–1997. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.1993F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1011687108 . PMC   3033315 . PMID   21245293.
  51. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (2014). "Friendship and natural selection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (Suppl 3): 10796–10801. arXiv: 1308.5257 . Bibcode:2014PNAS..111S0796C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1400825111 . PMC   4113922 . PMID   25024208.
  52. ↑ Apicella, Coren L.; Marlowe, Frank W.; Fowler, James H.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (2012). "Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers". Nature. 481 (7382): 497–501. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..497A. doi:10.1038/nature10736. PMC   3340565 . PMID   22281599.
  53. ↑ Henrich, Joseph (January 2012). "Hunter-gatherer cooperation". Nature. 481 (7382): 449–450. doi:10.1038/481449a. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   22281588. S2CID   205069663.
  54. ↑ Glowacki, Luke; Isakov, Alexander; Wrangham, Richard W.; McDermott, Rose; Fowler, James H.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (October 25, 2016). "Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (43): 12114–12119. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11312114G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1610961113 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   5086992 . PMID   27790996.
  55. ↑ Beghini, Francesco; Pullman, Jackson; Alexander, Marcus; Shridhar, Shivkumar Vishnempet; Prinster, Drew; Singh, Adarsh; Matute Juárez, Rigoberto; Airoldi, Edoardo M.; Brito, Ilana L.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (November 20, 2024). "Gut microbiome strain-sharing within isolated village social networks". Nature: 1–9. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08222-1. ISSN   1476-4687.
  56. ↑ Sidik, Saima (November 20, 2024). "Your friends shape your microbiome — and so do their friends". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-03804-5.
  57. ↑ Kim, David A.; Hwong, Alison R.; Stafford, Derek; Hughes, D. Alex; O'Malley, A. James; Fowler, James H.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (July 11, 2015). "Social network targeting to maximise population behaviour change: a cluster randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 386 (9989): 145–153. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60095-2. ISSN   0140-6736. PMC   4638320 . PMID   25952354.
  58. ↑ Alexander, Marcus; Forastiere, Laura; Gupta, Swati; Christakis, Nicholas A. (July 26, 2022). "Algorithms for seeding social networks can enhance the adoption of a public health intervention in urban India". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (30). e2120742119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11920742A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2120742119 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   9335263 . PMID   35862454.
  59. ↑ Gächter, Simon (October 2015). "Visible inequality breeds more inequality". Nature. 526 (7573): 333–334. doi:10.1038/526333a. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   26469042. S2CID   205086455.
  60. ↑ Gächter, Simon (May 2017). "Occasional errors can benefit coordination". Nature. 545 (7654): 297–298. doi:10.1038/545297a. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   28516921. S2CID   205094047.
  61. ↑ Traeger, Margaret L.; Strohkorb Sebo, Sarah; Jung, Malte; Scassellati, Brian; Christakis, Nicholas A. (March 9, 2020). "Vulnerable robots positively shape human conversational dynamics in a human–robot team". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (12): 6370–6375. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.6370T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1910402117 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   7104178 . PMID   32152118.
  62. ↑ Shirado, Hirokazu; Christakis, Nicholas A. (September 25, 2020). "Network Engineering Using Autonomous Agents Increases Cooperation in Human Groups". iScience. 23 (9): 101438. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1438S. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101438 . ISSN   2589-0042. PMC   7452167 . PMID   32823053.
  63. ↑ Shirado, Hirokazu; Kasahara, Shunichi; Christakis, Nicholas A. (December 19, 2023). "Emergence and collapse of reciprocity in semiautomatic driving coordination experiments with humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (51): e2307804120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2307804120. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   10743379 . PMID   38079552.
  64. ↑ Ueshima, Atsushi; Jones, Matthew I.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (June 18, 2024). "Simple autonomous agents can enhance creative semantic discovery by human groups". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 5212. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49528-y. ISSN   2041-1723.
  65. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (March 4, 2019). "How AI Will Rewire Us". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  66. ↑ Stoeter, Sarah (January 11, 2019). "Yale News: "New Yale-led project looks at the microbiome-social network connection"". The NOMIS Foundation. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  67. ↑ Sharlet, Jeff (February 24, 2000). "Prognosis:Death". The Chicago Reader. www.chicagoreader.com. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  68. ↑ "Hearing Before the Special Committee on Aging -- Serial No. 106-37" (PDF). September 18, 2000.
  69. ↑ "Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks". Connectedthebook.com. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  70. ↑ "Connected". Hachette Book Group. September 28, 2009. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  71. ↑ "Books for a Better Life Awards 2009 | Bookreporter.com". www.bookreporter.com. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  72. ↑ Clive Tomson, "Is Happiness Catching," The New York Times , September 14, 2009.
  73. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (2012). "Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior". Statistics in Medicine. 32 (4): 556–577. arXiv: 1109.5235 . doi:10.1002/sim.5408. PMC   3830455 . PMID   22711416.
  74. ↑ "Nicholas A. Christakis". Hachette Book Group. June 27, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  75. ↑ "Hardcover Nonfiction Books – Best Sellers – April 14, 2019 - The New York Times". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 27, 2019.
  76. ↑ Barash, David P. (April 24, 2019). "'Blueprint' Review: Bending Toward Goodness". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  77. ↑ "Two books explore the evolutionary origins of morality". The Economist. May 2, 2019. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  78. ↑ Prasad, Aarathi (May 10, 2019). "The Benevolent Power of Other People". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  79. ↑ Fuentes, Agustín (March 19, 2019). "Evolving society: why humanity coheres". Nature. 567 (7748): 308–309. Bibcode:2019Natur.567..308F. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-00873-9 .
  80. ↑ Billen, Andrew (April 3, 2019). "Nicholas Christakis — the Yale professor who stood up to the mob". The Times. ISSN   0140-0460 . Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  81. 1 2 Elkins, Kathleen (July 27, 2019). "Bill Gates has a new favorite book that is 'optimistic and terrific'". CNBC. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  82. ↑ "The 'Sick' Professor and our Better Angels". The Attic. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  83. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (May 26, 2020). Apollo's Arrow. Little, Brown. ISBN   9780316628228.
  84. ↑ Quammen, David (November 3, 2020). "The Pandemic's Future — and Ours". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  85. ↑ APOLLO'S ARROW | Kirkus Reviews.
  86. ↑ "Review | The virus isn't transforming us. It's speeding up the changes already underway". Washington Post. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  87. ↑ "Nonfiction Book Review: Apollo's Arrow: The Profound and Enduring Impact of Coronavirus on the Way We Live by Nicholas A. Christakis. Little Brown Spark, $29 (288p) ISBN 978-0-316-62821-1". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  88. ↑ "How will covid-19 change the world?". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  89. ↑ "Apollo's Arrow by Nicholas A. Christakis book review | The TLS". TLS. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  90. ↑ "Review: 'Apollo's Arrow,' by Nicholas A. Christakis". Star Tribune. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  91. ↑ Scarpino, Samuel V. (November 17, 2020). "The pandemic is as much about society, leaders, and values as it is about a pathogen". Books, Et Al. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  92. ↑ "Announcing the 2021 PEN America Literary Awards Longlists". PEN America. December 22, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  93. ↑ "Epidemiologist looks to the past to predict second post-pandemic 'roaring 20s'". the Guardian. December 21, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  94. ↑ P. Glare and N.A. Christakis, eds., Prognosis in Advanced Cancer, Oxford University Press, 2008 ISBN   978-0-19-853022-0
  95. ↑ G. Hanks, N. Cherny, S. Kassa, R. Portenoy, N.A. Christakis, and M. Fallon, eds., Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2009 ISBN   978-0-19-969314-6
  96. ↑ "Living Through the Pandemic: A Review One Year Later". Governing. March 12, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  97. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (October 16, 2020). "The Long Shadow of the Pandemic: 2024 and Beyond". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  98. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (November 13, 2020). "How the Swiss Cheese Model Can Help Us Beat Covid-19". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  99. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas. "Essay | Four Years Later, Covid Isn't Done with Us". WSJ. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  100. 1 2 "Opinion | Compassion in the time of coronavirus". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  101. ↑ Christakis, Erika Christakis, Nicholas A. (March 16, 2020). "Closing the Schools Is Not the Only Option". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 19, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  102. ↑ Christakis, Soham Sankaran, Jacob Derechin, Nicholas A. (April 11, 2021). "Beach Photos Give People the Wrong Idea". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 19, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  103. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (October 20, 2021). "Sometimes Altruism Needs to Be Enforced". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  104. ↑ Feltham, Eric (October 15, 2020). "Voting in the 2020 Primaries Didn't Worsen the COVID-19 Pandemic". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  105. ↑ "Nicholas Christakis on fighting covid-19 by truly understanding the virus". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  106. ↑ "The long goodbye to covid-19". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  107. 1 2 Friedersdorf, Conor (April 10, 2020). "Hospitals Must Let Doctors and Nurses Speak Out". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  108. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (August 24, 2007). "Opinion | The Bad News First". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  109. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (July 30, 2015). "Making Friends in New Places". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  110. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (June 22, 2016). "Teaching Inclusion in a Divided World". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  111. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. (July 19, 2013). "Opinion | Let's Shake Up the Social Sciences". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  112. ↑ "Do the social sciences need a shake-up?". Times Higher Education. October 9, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  113. ↑ "Do We Need to Shake Up the Social Sciences?". Forum for Philosophy. October 21, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  114. ↑ Christakis, Erika L.; Christakis, Nicholas A. (September 19, 2013). "Navy Yard shootings: What role does social isolation play in mass killings?". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  115. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (June 18, 2022). "In some cultures, multiple fathers—or no fathers at all—are the norm". The Washington Post . Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  116. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (October 22, 2015). "The Lure of Luxury". The Boston Review.
  117. ↑ Arbesman, Samuel. "Introducing the human computer – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  118. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas A. "How AI Will Rewire Us". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  119. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (2012). "Americans Need to Leave the Deadbeats Behind". Financial Times. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  120. ↑ "We need to focus more on the social effects of AI, says Nicholas Christakis". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  121. ↑ "Erika Christakis and Nicholas A. Christakis". Time . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  122. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (December 19, 2011). "Putting the Social into Science". Time . Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  123. ↑ "Can Cultivating Individuality Draw Us Closer Together?". Time. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  124. ↑ "What the Harvard and Boeing Boards Teach Us About Groupthink". TIME. February 15, 2024. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  125. ↑ "Nicholas Christakis: How Do Our Social Networks Affect Our Health?". NPR.org. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  126. ↑ "The Enduring Impact of COVID-19: Fresh Air". NPR.org. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  127. ↑ "Nicholas Christakis | Guest | Amanpour & Company | PBS". Amanpour & Company. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  128. ↑ "Nicholas Christakis — How We're Wired for Goodness". The On Being Project. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  129. ↑ Are we all bigots (Through the wormhole, Discovery Science) Documentary with Morgan Freema – The Bes , retrieved March 9, 2023
  130. ↑ Vital Pictures. "Unnatural Causes" (PDF).
  131. ↑ "This Emotional Life". Georgia Public Broadcasting. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  132. ↑ "Crossroads" . Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  133. ↑ Kolata, Gina (November 28, 2000). "A Conversation with: Nicholas Christakis; A Doctor with a Cause: 'What's My Prognosis?'". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  134. ↑ Bruni, Frank (March 19, 2019). "Opinion | A 'Disgusting' Yale Professor Moves On". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  135. ↑ "Living Through the Pandemic: A Review One Year Later". Governing. March 12, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  136. ↑ #1274 - Nicholas Christakis, March 28, 2019, retrieved June 19, 2022
  137. ↑ #1566 - Nicholas Christakis, November 18, 2020, retrieved June 19, 2022
  138. ↑ "#100 — Facing the Crowd". Sam Harris. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  139. ↑ How Should We Respond to Coronavirus: A Conversation with Nicholas Christakis (Episode #190), March 10, 2020, retrieved June 19, 2022
  140. ↑ A Pandemic of Incompetence: A Conversation with Nicholas Christakis (Episode #222), October 28, 2020, retrieved June 19, 2022
  141. ↑ Michael Shermer with Nicholas A. Christakis — Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society, April 2, 2019, retrieved June 19, 2022
  142. ↑ Michael Shermer with Nicholas Christakis — Profound & Enduring Impact of Coronavirus on How We Live, November 17, 2020, retrieved June 19, 2022
  143. ↑ "Are Humans Predisposed by Evolution to Get Along?: Podcast". Reason.com. April 7, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  144. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (May 10, 2010), The hidden influence of social networks , retrieved June 19, 2022
  145. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (September 16, 2010), How social networks predict epidemics , retrieved June 19, 2022
  146. ↑ "Aspen Times Weekly June 28 edition by Aspen Times Weekly". issuu.com. June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  147. ↑ "Nicholas A. Christakis | Edge.org". www.edge.org. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  148. ↑ "Social Networks Are Like the Eye | Edge.org". www.edge.org. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  149. ↑ "A New Kind of Social Science for the 21st Century | Edge.org". www.edge.org. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  150. ↑ "Nicholas Christakis: The Science of Social Connections (HeadCon '13 Part V) | Edge.org". www.edge.org. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  151. ↑ Christakis, Erika; Christakis, Nicholas A. (December 4, 2012). "Whither Goes Free Speech at Harvard?". Time. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  152. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (April 10, 2020). "Hospitals Must Let Doctors and Nurses Speak Out". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  153. ↑ "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate | Harper's Magazine". Harper's Magazine. July 7, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  154. ↑ "FIRE's Advisory Council". FIRE. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  155. ↑ "Our Advisory Council". Heterodox Academy. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  156. ↑ "SPEAKERS – Free Speech Makes Free People: Celebrating a New Era of FIRE". web.cvent.com. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  157. ↑ "Email from the Intercultural Affairs Committee". FIRE. October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  158. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (November 9, 2015). "The New Intolerance of Student Activism". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  159. 1 2 Silence U Part 2: What Has Yale Become? | We the Internet Documentary, March 22, 2017, retrieved March 23, 2017
  160. ↑ "Dressing Yourselves". October 30, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  161. ↑ Stack, Liam (November 8, 2015). "Yale's Halloween Advice Stokes a Racially Charged Debate". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  162. ↑ White, Gillian (November 10, 2015). "The Problem with Vilifying the Yale Student Activists". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  163. ↑ "Yale Students Demand Resignations from Faculty Members Over Halloween Email". fire.org. November 6, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  164. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (November 9, 2015). "The New Intolerance of Student Activism". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  165. ↑ Stanley-Becker, Isaac (November 13, 2015). "Minority students at Yale give list of demands to university president". Washington Post. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  166. ↑ "Letter of Support for Erika and Nicholas Christakis" . Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  167. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (May 26, 2016). "The Perils of Writing a Provocative Email at Yale". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  168. ↑ Christakis, Nicholas (June 22, 2016). "Teaching Inclusion in a Divided World". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  169. ↑ Kirchick, James (September 22, 2016). "New Videos Show How Yale Betrayed Itself by Favoring Cry-Bullies". Tablet. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  170. ↑ Christakis, Erika (October 28, 2016). "My Halloween email led to a campus firestorm". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  171. 1 2 Wang, Vivian (August 14, 2018). "Once at Center of Yale Protests, Professor Wins the School's Highest Honor". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  172. ↑ Turner, Samuel (September 5, 2019). "Former YLS dean reignites Calhoun conversation". Yale Daily News.
  173. ↑ Fox, Claire (2016) "I find that offensive", Biteback.
  174. ↑ "Martyrs Without a Cause". YouTube . January 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021.
  175. ↑
    • Cabranes, J (2017). Campus Speech in Crisis: What the Yale Experience Can Teach America. New York: Encounter Books.
    • Dattel, G (2017). Reckoning with Race: America's Failure. New York: Encounter Books.
    • Fox, C (2017). I Find that Offensive. London: Biteback.
    • Furedi, F (2017). What's Happened to the University? A Sociological Exploration of Its Infantalisation. London: Routledge.
    • Schwartz, HS (2016). Political Correctness and the Destruction of Social Order. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Ben-Porath, Sigal (2017). Free Speech on Campus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    • Chemerinsky, Erwin; Gillman, Howard (2017). Free speech on campus. New Haven. ISBN   9780300226560. OCLC   978291333.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Nichols, Thomas M. (2017). The death of expertise: the campaign against established knowledge and why it matters. New York, NY. ISBN   9780190469412. OCLC   965120125.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Haidt, Jonathan (2018). Coddling of the American Mind: how good intentions and bad ideas are setting up a generation for... failure. [S.l.]: PENGUIN BOOKS. ISBN   9780735224896. OCLC   1007552624.
    • Campbell, Bradley (2018). Rise of Victimhood Culture: microaggressions, safe spaces, and the new culture wars. [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   9783319703282. OCLC   1006306577.
    • Whittington, Keith E. (April 10, 2018). Speak freely: why universities must defend free speech. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN   9780691181608. OCLC   1028552259.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Goldberg, Jonah. Suicide of the west: how the rebirth of tribalism, populism, nationalism, and identity politics is destroying American democracy (1st ed.). New York. ISBN   9781101904930. OCLC   973135836.
    • Sasse, Benjamin E. (October 16, 2018). Them: why we hate each other--and how to heal (1st ed.). New York. ISBN   9781250193681. OCLC   1055766385.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Chris, Clearfield; Tilcsik, András (2018). Meltdown: why our systems fail and what we can do about it. New York. ISBN   9780735222632. OCLC   993419323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Maltz Bovy, Phoebe (March 14, 2017). The perils of "privilege": why injustice can't be solved by accusing others of advantage (1st ed.). New York. ISBN   9781250091208. OCLC   973480779.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Doyle, Eamon (July 15, 2018). Freedom of speech on campus. Doyle, Eamon, 1988- (1st ed.). New York, NY. ISBN   9781534503076. OCLC   1019833275.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Everett, Piper (August 7, 2017). Not a daycare: the devastating consequences of abandoning truth. Washington, D.C. ISBN   9781621576051. OCLC   999673768.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    • Heather, Mac Donald. The diversity delusion: how race and gender pandering corrupt the university and undermine our culture (1st ed.). New York. ISBN   9781250200914. OCLC   1024091839.
  176. 1 2 Murray, Douglas (September 17, 2019). The madness of crowds: gender, race and identity. London. ISBN   9781635579987. OCLC   1119529087.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  177. ↑ Lukianoff, Greg; Schlott, Rikki (October 17, 2023). The Canceling of the American Mind. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-1-6680-1914-6.
  178. ↑ Blackford, Russell (2019). The tyranny of opinion: conformity and the future of liberalism. Bloomsbury. pp. 142–149. ISBN   9781350056022. OCLC   1048595507.
  179. ↑ Fox, C (2017). I Find that Offensive. London: Biteback.
  180. ↑ Ben-Porath, Sigal (2017). Free Speech on Campus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  181. ↑ "Fascism at Yale". The Harvard Law Record. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  182. ↑ "A Note from the Editor-in-Chief: Why I Don't Censor Conservative Articles". The Harvard Law Record. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  183. ↑ "'Cancellation of Lauren Fein' brings culture wars to Dramaworks in world premiere play". palmbeachartspaper.com. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  184. ↑ Gutkin, Len (December 22, 2023). "A Decade of Ideological Transformation Comes Undone". Chronicle of Higher Education.
  185. ↑ Krupnick, Max (January 19, 2024). "Defending Civil Discourse on Campus". Harvard Magazine.
  186. ↑ Harris, Sam. "Facing the Crowd" . Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  187. ↑ Bruni, Frank (March 19, 2019). "Opinion | A 'Disgusting' Yale Professor Moves On". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  188. ↑ Earle, Sarah (May 30, 2019). "Norwich author examines the traits common to good societies". Valley News. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  189. ↑ Kolin, Danielle. "House Master Families Reflect". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  190. ↑ Gallagher, Brian (August 22, 2019). "Humans Are Wired for Goodness". Nautilus. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  191. ↑ Christakis, Erika (December 9, 2019). "Should We Worry that American Children Are Becoming Less Creative". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  192. ↑ Tabata, Kazumi, Warrior Wisdom, Tuttle publishing, 2013, ISBN   978-4805312711
  193. ↑ "The Thing That Says It All". theatlantic.com.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.