Normal space

Separation axioms
in topological spaces
Separation axioms ; in topological spaces
Kolmogorov classification
T0	(Kolmogorov)
T1	(Fréchet)
T2	(Hausdorff)
T2½	(Urysohn)
completely T2	(completely Hausdorff)
T3	(regular Hausdorff)
T3½	(Tychonoff)
T4	(normal Hausdorff)
T5	(completely normal; Hausdorff)
T6	(perfectly normal; Hausdorff)
	History ;

Last updated April 09, 2024

In topology and related branches of mathematics, a normal space is a topological space X that satisfies Axiom T₄: every two disjoint closed sets of X have disjoint open neighborhoods. A normal Hausdorff space is also called a T₄ space. These conditions are examples of separation axioms and their further strengthenings define completely normal Hausdorff spaces, or T₅ spaces, and perfectly normal Hausdorff spaces, or T₆ spaces.

Definitions

A topological space X is a normal space if, given any disjoint closed sets E and F, there are neighbourhoods U of E and V of F that are also disjoint. More intuitively, this condition says that E and F can be separated by neighbourhoods.

A T₄ space is a T₁ space X that is normal; this is equivalent to X being normal and Hausdorff.

A completely normal space, or hereditarily normal space, is a topological space X such that every subspace of X is a normal space. It turns out that X is completely normal if and only if every two separated sets can be separated by neighbourhoods. Also, X is completely normal if and only if every open subset of X is normal with the subspace topology.

A T₅ space, or completely T₄ space, is a completely normal T₁ space X, which implies that X is Hausdorff; equivalently, every subspace of X must be a T₄ space.

A perfectly normal space is a topological space $X$ in which every two disjoint closed sets $E$ and $F$ can be precisely separated by a function, in the sense that there is a continuous function $f$ from $X$ to the interval $[0,1]$ such that $f^{-1}(0)=E$ and $f^{-1}(1)=F$ .^[1] This is a stronger separation property than normality, as by Urysohn's lemma disjoint closed sets in a normal space can be separated by a function, in the sense of $E\subseteq f^{-1}(0)$ and $F\subseteq f^{-1}(1)$ , but not precisely separated in general. It turns out that X is perfectly normal if and only if X is normal and every closed set is a G_δ set. Equivalently, X is perfectly normal if and only if every closed set is the zero set of a continuous function. The equivalence between these three characterizations is called Vedenissoff's theorem.^[2]^[3] Every perfectly normal space is completely normal, because perfect normality is a hereditary property.^[4]^[5]

A T₆ space, or perfectly T₄ space, is a perfectly normal Hausdorff space.

Note that the terms "normal space" and "T₄" and derived concepts occasionally have a different meaning. (Nonetheless, "T₅" always means the same as "completely T₄", whatever that may be.) The definitions given here are the ones usually used today. For more on this issue, see History of the separation axioms.

Terms like "normal regular space" and "normal Hausdorff space" also turn up in the literature—they simply mean that the space both is normal and satisfies the other condition mentioned. In particular, a normal Hausdorff space is the same thing as a T₄ space. Given the historical confusion of the meaning of the terms, verbal descriptions when applicable are helpful, that is, "normal Hausdorff" instead of "T₄", or "completely normal Hausdorff" instead of "T₅".

Fully normal spaces and fully T₄ spaces are discussed elsewhere; they are related to paracompactness.

A locally normal space is a topological space where every point has an open neighbourhood that is normal. Every normal space is locally normal, but the converse is not true. A classical example of a completely regular locally normal space that is not normal is the Nemytskii plane.

Examples of normal spaces

Most spaces encountered in mathematical analysis are normal Hausdorff spaces, or at least normal regular spaces:

All metric spaces (and hence all metrizable spaces) are perfectly normal Hausdorff;
All pseudometric spaces (and hence all pseudometrisable spaces) are perfectly normal regular, although not in general Hausdorff;
All compact Hausdorff spaces are normal;
In particular, the Stone–Čech compactification of a Tychonoff space is normal Hausdorff;
Generalizing the above examples, all paracompact Hausdorff spaces are normal, and all paracompact regular spaces are normal;
All paracompact topological manifolds are perfectly normal Hausdorff. However, there exist non-paracompact manifolds that are not even normal.
All order topologies on totally ordered sets are hereditarily normal and Hausdorff.
Every regular second-countable space is completely normal, and every regular Lindelöf space is normal.

Also, all fully normal spaces are normal (even if not regular). Sierpiński space is an example of a normal space that is not regular.

Examples of non-normal spaces

An important example of a non-normal topology is given by the Zariski topology on an algebraic variety or on the spectrum of a ring, which is used in algebraic geometry.

A non-normal space of some relevance to analysis is the topological vector space of all functions from the real line R to itself, with the topology of pointwise convergence. More generally, a theorem of Arthur Harold Stone states that the product of uncountably many non-compact metric spaces is never normal.

Properties

Every closed subset of a normal space is normal. The continuous and closed image of a normal space is normal.^[6]

The main significance of normal spaces lies in the fact that they admit "enough" continuous real-valued functions, as expressed by the following theorems valid for any normal space X.

Urysohn's lemma: If A and B are two disjoint closed subsets of X, then there exists a continuous function f from X to the real line R such that f(x) = 0 for all x in A and f(x) = 1 for all x in B. In fact, we can take the values of f to be entirely within the unit interval [0,1]. In fancier terms, disjoint closed sets are not only separated by neighbourhoods, but also separated by a function.

More generally, the Tietze extension theorem: If A is a closed subset of X and f is a continuous function from A to R, then there exists a continuous function F: X → R that extends f in the sense that F(x) = f(x) for all x in A.

The map $\emptyset \rightarrow X$ has the lifting property with respect to a map from a certain finite topological space with five points (two open and three closed) to the space with one open and two closed points.^[7]

If U is a locally finite open cover of a normal space X, then there is a partition of unity precisely subordinate to U. This shows the relationship of normal spaces to paracompactness.

In fact, any space that satisfies any one of these three conditions must be normal.

A product of normal spaces is not necessarily normal. This fact was first proved by Robert Sorgenfrey. An example of this phenomenon is the Sorgenfrey plane. In fact, since there exist spaces which are Dowker, a product of a normal space and [0, 1] need not to be normal. Also, a subset of a normal space need not be normal (i.e. not every normal Hausdorff space is a completely normal Hausdorff space), since every Tychonoff space is a subset of its Stone–Čech compactification (which is normal Hausdorff). A more explicit example is the Tychonoff plank. The only large class of product spaces of normal spaces known to be normal are the products of compact Hausdorff spaces, since both compactness (Tychonoff's theorem) and the T₂ axiom are preserved under arbitrary products.^[8]

Relationships to other separation axioms

If a normal space is R₀, then it is in fact completely regular. Thus, anything from "normal R₀" to "normal completely regular" is the same as what we usually call normal regular. Taking Kolmogorov quotients, we see that all normal T₁ spaces are Tychonoff. These are what we usually call normal Hausdorff spaces.

A topological space is said to be pseudonormal if given two disjoint closed sets in it, one of which is countable, there are disjoint open sets containing them. Every normal space is pseudonormal, but not vice versa.

Counterexamples to some variations on these statements can be found in the lists above. Specifically, Sierpiński space is normal but not regular, while the space of functions from R to itself is Tychonoff but not normal.

Citations

↑ Willard, Exercise 15C
↑ Engelking, Theorem 1.5.19. This is stated under the assumption of a T₁ space, but the proof does not make use of that assumption.
↑ "Why are these two definitions of a perfectly normal space equivalent?".
↑ Engelking, Theorem 2.1.6, p. 68
↑ Munkres 2000 , p. 213
↑ Willard 1970, pp. 100–101.
↑ "separation axioms in nLab". ncatlab.org. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
↑ Willard 1970, Section 17.

Related Research Articles

In topology and related branches of mathematics, a Hausdorff space ( HOWSS-dorf, HOWZ-dorf), separated space or T₂ space is a topological space where, for any two distinct points, there exist neighbourhoods of each that are disjoint from each other. Of the many separation axioms that can be imposed on a topological space, the "Hausdorff condition" (T₂) is the most frequently used and discussed. It implies the uniqueness of limits of sequences, nets, and filters.

In topology and related areas of mathematics, a product space is the Cartesian product of a family of topological spaces equipped with a natural topology called the product topology. This topology differs from another, perhaps more natural-seeming, topology called the box topology, which can also be given to a product space and which agrees with the product topology when the product is over only finitely many spaces. However, the product topology is "correct" in that it makes the product space a categorical product of its factors, whereas the box topology is too fine; in that sense the product topology is the natural topology on the Cartesian product.

In topology and related branches of mathematics, Tychonoff spaces and completely regular spaces are kinds of topological spaces. These conditions are examples of separation axioms. A Tychonoff space is any completely regular space that is also a Hausdorff space; there exist completely regular spaces that are not Tychonoff.

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In mathematics, a paracompact space is a topological space in which every open cover has an open refinement that is locally finite. These spaces were introduced by Dieudonné (1944). Every compact space is paracompact. Every paracompact Hausdorff space is normal, and a Hausdorff space is paracompact if and only if it admits partitions of unity subordinate to any open cover. Sometimes paracompact spaces are defined so as to always be Hausdorff.

In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space is called locally compact if, roughly speaking, each small portion of the space looks like a small portion of a compact space. More precisely, it is a topological space in which every point has a compact neighborhood.

In topology, Urysohn's lemma is a lemma that states that a topological space is normal if and only if any two disjoint closed subsets can be separated by a continuous function.

In the mathematical discipline of general topology, Stone–Čech compactification is a technique for constructing a universal map from a topological space X to a compact Hausdorff space βX. The Stone–Čech compactification βX of a topological space X is the largest, most general compact Hausdorff space "generated" by X, in the sense that any continuous map from X to a compact Hausdorff space factors through βX. If X is a Tychonoff space then the map from X to its image in βX is a homeomorphism, so X can be thought of as a (dense) subspace of βX; every other compact Hausdorff space that densely contains X is a quotient of βX. For general topological spaces X, the map from X to βX need not be injective.

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In mathematics, Tychonoff's theorem states that the product of any collection of compact topological spaces is compact with respect to the product topology. The theorem is named after Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov, who proved it first in 1930 for powers of the closed unit interval and in 1935 stated the full theorem along with the remark that its proof was the same as for the special case. The earliest known published proof is contained in a 1935 article by Tychonoff, "Über einen Funktionenraum".

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In topology, a branch of mathematics, a topological manifold is a topological space that locally resembles real n-dimensional Euclidean space. Topological manifolds are an important class of topological spaces, with applications throughout mathematics. All manifolds are topological manifolds by definition. Other types of manifolds are formed by adding structure to a topological manifold. Every manifold has an "underlying" topological manifold, obtained by simply "forgetting" the added structure. However, not every topological manifold can be endowed with a particular additional structure. For example, the E8 manifold is a topological manifold which cannot be endowed with a differentiable structure.

In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be pseudocompact if its image under any continuous function to R is bounded. Many authors include the requirement that the space be completely regular in the definition of pseudocompactness. Pseudocompact spaces were defined by Edwin Hewitt in 1948.

In mathematics, the Moore plane, also sometimes called Niemytzki plane, is a topological space. It is a completely regular Hausdorff space that is not normal. It is an example of a Moore space that is not metrizable. It is named after Robert Lee Moore and Viktor Vladimirovich Nemytskii.

In mathematics, a topological space $is called collectionwise normal if for every discrete family F i (i \in I) of closed subsets of there exists a pairwise disjoint family of open sets U i (i \in I), such that F i \subseteq U i . Here a family of subsets of is called discrete when every point of has a neighbourhood that intersects at most one of the sets from . An equivalent definition of collectionwise normal demands that the above U i (i \in I) themselves form a discrete family, which is stronger than pairwise disjoint.$

In mathematics, particularly topology, a G_δ space is a topological space in which closed sets are in a way ‘separated’ from their complements using only countably many open sets. A G_δ space may thus be regarded as a space satisfying a different kind of separation axiom. In fact normal G_δ spaces are referred to as perfectly normal spaces, and satisfy the strongest of separation axioms.

In topology and related fields of mathematics, there are several restrictions that one often makes on the kinds of topological spaces that one wishes to consider. Some of these restrictions are given by the separation axioms. These are sometimes called Tychonoff separation axioms, after Andrey Tychonoff.

References

Engelking, Ryszard, General Topology, Heldermann Verlag Berlin, 1989. ISBN 3-88538-006-4
Kemoto, Nobuyuki (2004). "Higher Separation Axioms". In K.P. Hart; J. Nagata; J.E. Vaughan (eds.). Encyclopedia of General Topology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-444-50355-8.
Munkres, James R. (2000). Topology (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-181629-9.
Sorgenfrey, R.H. (1947). "On the topological product of paracompact spaces". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 53 (6): 631–632. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1947-08858-3 .
Stone, A. H. (1948). "Paracompactness and product spaces". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 54 (10): 977–982. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1948-09118-2 .
Willard, Stephen (1970). General Topology . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-486-43479-7.

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[1] Willard, Exercise 15C

[2] Engelking, Theorem 1.5.19. This is stated under the assumption of a T₁ space, but the proof does not make use of that assumption.

[3] "Why are these two definitions of a perfectly normal space equivalent?".

[4] Engelking, Theorem 2.1.6, p. 68

[Munkres_p213-5] Munkres 2000 , p. 213

[FOOTNOTEWillard1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgeneraltopology00will_0page100_100–101]-6] Willard 1970, pp. 100–101.

[7] "separation axioms in nLab". ncatlab.org. Retrieved 2021-10-12.

[FOOTNOTEWillard1970Section_17-8] Willard 1970, Section 17.

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