Nova virus

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Nova mobatvirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Ellioviricetes
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Hantaviridae
Genus: Mobatvirus
Species:
Nova mobatvirus

Nova virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus with a trisegmented genome. It belongs to one of the most divergent lineages of the hantavirus group, which consists of zoonotic viruses belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. As of now, no human cases of infection have been reported. [1]

Contents

Natural reservoir

It was previously believed that hantaviruses were primarily rodent-borne. However, over the last two decades, multiple species have also been detected in shrews, moles and bats. [2] [3] [4] [5] In 2009, Nova virus was first isolated from the archival liver tissue of the European mole ( Talpa europaea ) captured in Hungary in 1999. [1] The first complete genome characterization was published in 2015 and it was obtained from a European mole originating from Belgium. It has been concluded that the virus shows a close phylogenetic relationship with bat- and shrew-borne hantaviruses. [6] Furthermore, there is a chance that the early or original hosts of primordial hantaviruses may have been ancestral soricomorphs, rather than rodents. [1] Studies have been conducted to explore the prevalence of Nova virus infection in European moles – in a region of France, almost 65% of captured moles were positive, and a similarly high prevalence has been found in Poland. Those results suggest an efficient enzootic transmission, a well-established host-pathogen relationship, and also that the fact that the Nova virus might be widespread throughout the distribution range of the European mole, [7] which extends from Great Britain and Spain to the Asian part of Russia, through most of continental Europe. [8]

Zoonotic potential

Not all hantaviruses are pathogenic but several species are able to cause rapidly progressive and often fatal zoonotic diseases, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) carried by murine and arvicoline rodents in Eurasia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) harbored by neotomine and sigmodontine rodents in the Americas. [1] [7] [9] [10] [11] [12] Not a lot is known about the pathogenicity of the insectivore-borne hantaviruses, even though the number of identified species is constantly increasing. Neither one of them, including the Nova virus, has yet been connected to a disease in humans. Considering the fact that the viral sequences have been detected in kidney tissue, it is possible that viruses could be present in urine, and that the mode of transmission could be through virus shedding in secretions and excretions. Certain professions or individuals might be at risk of infection – those who might be exposed to shrews, moles and their presumably infectious excretions or secretions, for example mammalogists, field biologists, forestry workers and outdoor cat owners. [1] [13]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Orthohantavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthohantavirus is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Hantaviridae within the order Bunyavirales. Members of this genus may be called orthohantaviruses or simply hantaviruses.

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) is a member of the genus Orthohantavirus of rodent-borne viruses, and is one of the four hantaviruses that are known to cause Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). It is an Old World hantavirus; a negative sense, single-stranded, tri-segmented RNA virus.

<i>Andes orthohantavirus</i> Species of virus

Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV), a species of Orthohantavirus, is a major causative agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in South America. It is named for the Andes mountains of Chile and Argentina, where it was first discovered. Originating in the reservoir of rodents, Andes orthohantavirus is easily transmitted to humans who come into contact with infected rodents or their fecal droppings. However, infected rodents do not appear ill, so there is no readily apparent indicator to determine whether the rodent is infected or not. Additionally, Andes orthohantavirus, specifically, is the only hantavirus that can be spread by human to human contact via bodily fluids or long-term contact from one infected individual to a healthy person.

Sangassou orthohantavirus(SANGV) is single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of the genus Orthohantavirus in the Bunyavirales order. It was first isolated in an African wood mouse (Hylomyscus simus) in the forest in Guinea, West Africa in 2010. It is named for the village near where the mouse was trapped. It is the first indigenous Murinae-associated African hantavirus to be discovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome</span> Group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses

Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses. It is also known as Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The species that cause HFRS include Hantaan orthohantavirus, Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus, Saaremaa virus, Seoul orthohantavirus, Puumala orthohantavirus and other orthohantaviruses. Of these species, Hantaan River virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause the most severe form of the syndrome and have the highest morbidity rates. When caused by the Puumala virus, it is also called nephropathia epidemica. This infection is known as sorkfeber in Swedish, myyräkuume in Finnish, and musepest in Norwegian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</span> Viral pulmonary disease of humans

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one of two potentially fatal syndromes of zoonotic origin caused by species of hantavirus. These include Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV), New York orthohantavirus (NYV), Monongahela virus (MGLV), Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV), and certain other members of hantavirus genera that are native to the United States and Canada.

Soochong virus (SOOV) is a zoonotic negative sense single-stranded RNA virus. It may be a member of the genus Orthohantavirus, but it has not be definitively classified as a species and may only be a strain. It is one of four rodent-borne Hantaviruses found in the Republic of Korea. It is the etiologic agent for Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The other species responsible for HFRS in Korea are Seoul virus, Haantan virus, and Muju virus.

Muju virus(MUV) is a zoonotic negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Orthohantavirus. It is a member virus of Puumala orthohantavirus. It is one of four rodent-borne Hantaviruses found in the Republic of Korea. It is the etiologic agent for Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The other species responsible for HFRS in Korea are Seoul orthohantavirus, Hantaan orthohantavirus, and Soochong virus.

Magboi virus (MGBV) is a novel, bat-borne Orthohantavirus discovered in a slit-faced bat trapped near the Magboi Stream in eastern Sierra Leone in 2011. It is a single-stranded, negative sense, RNA virus in the Bunyavirales order.

Prospect Hill orthohantavirus is a single-stranded, negative-sense Hantaan-like zoonotic RNA virus isolated from meadow voles and microtine and other cricetid rodents in the United States. It has a widespread distribution in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Minnesota and California. The overall risk of infection in humans is low. It was first isolated from a meadow vole found in Prospect Hill, Maryland for which it is named.

Monongahela virus (MGLV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense Orthohantavirus virus of zoonotic origin that causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of Old World Orthohantavirus. It is the causative agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever in humans. It is named for the Hantan River in South Korea, and in turn lends the name to its genus Orthohantavirus and family Hantaviridae.

Thottopalayam thottimvirus, formerly Thottapalayam virus, (TMPV) is single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus species of the genus Thottimvirus in the Bunyavirales order. It is the first hantavirus to be isolated from a shrew. It was discovered in India in 1964.

Choclo orthohantavirus (CHOV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA zoonotic New World hantavirus. It was first isolated in 1999 in western Panama. The finding marked the first time Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was found in Central America.

Calabazo virus is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA hantavirus species of the order Bunyavirales. It is a novel New World microtine rodent-borne hantavirus discovered in Central America on the Azuero Peninsula of Panama in early 2000. Human infection with Calabazo virus results in respiratory illness similar to Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome but it is not severe or fatal and rarely requires hospitalization.

Rockport virus (RKPV) is a single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA orthohantavirus.

Asama orthohantavirus(ASAV), also called Asama virus, is a single-stranded, enveloped, segmented negative-sense RNA hantavirus. The hantavirus was isolated in Japan from Japanese shrew mole. Hantaviruses harbored by shrews are genetically closer to ASAV than to hantaviruses harbored by rodents. Host-switching may be evident in the future due to the viruses closeness to soricine shrew-borne hantaviruses. The detection of the ASAV was the first hantavirus found to be hosted by members of the family Talpidae, which includes shrew moles. Thoughts on hantavirus evolutionary history has expanded due to the discovery of ASAV.

Oxbow virus(OXBV) is a single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA orthohantavirus.

Hantavirus vaccine is a vaccine that protects in humans against hantavirus infections causing hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The vaccine is considered important as acute hantavirus infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that about 1.5 million cases and 46,000 deaths occurred in China from 1950 to 2007. The number of cases is estimated at 32,000 in Finland from 2005 to 2010 and 90,000 in Russia from 1996 to 2006.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Kang HJ, Bennett SN, Sumibcay L, Arai S, Hope AG, Mocz G, et al. (July 2009). "Evolutionary insights from a genetically divergent hantavirus harbored by the European common mole (Talpa europaea)". PLOS ONE. 4 (7): e6149. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6149K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006149 . PMC   2702001 . PMID   19582155.
  2. ↑ Klempa B, Fichet-Calvet E, Lecompte E, Auste B, Aniskin V, Meisel H, et al. (March 2007). "Novel hantavirus sequences in Shrew, Guinea". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (3): 520–522. doi:10.3201/eid1303.061198. PMC   2725914 . PMID   17554814.
  3. ↑ Arai S, Ohdachi SD, Asakawa M, Kang HJ, Mocz G, Arikawa J, et al. (October 2008). "Molecular phylogeny of a newfound hantavirus in the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (42): 16296–16301. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10516296A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0808942105 . PMC   2567236 . PMID   18854415.
  4. ↑ Sumibcay L, Kadjo B, Gu SH, Kang HJ, Lim BK, Cook JA, et al. (January 2012). "Divergent lineage of a novel hantavirus in the banana pipistrelle (Neoromicia nanus) in Côte d'Ivoire". Virology Journal. 9 (1): 34. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-34 . PMC   3331809 . PMID   22281072.
  5. ↑ Weiss S, Witkowski PT, Auste B, Nowak K, Weber N, Fahr J, et al. (January 2012). "Hantavirus in bat, Sierra Leone". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (1): 159–161. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111026. PMC   3310113 . PMID   22261176.
  6. ↑ Laenen L, Vergote V, Nauwelaers I, Verbeeck I, Kafetzopoulou LE, Van Ranst M, Maes P (August 2015). "Complete Genome Sequence of Nova Virus, a Hantavirus Circulating in the European Mole in Belgium". Genome Announcements. 3 (4): e00770–15. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00770-15. PMC   4541267 . PMID   26251483.
  7. 1 2 Gu SH, Dormion J, Hugot JP, Yanagihara R (June 2014). "High prevalence of Nova hantavirus infection in the European mole (Talpa europaea) in France". Epidemiology and Infection. 142 (6): 1167–1171. doi:10.1017/S0950268813002197. PMC   4082828 . PMID   24044372.
  8. ↑ Amori G, Hutterer R, Mitsainas G, Yigit N, Kryštufek B, Palomo L (January 2017). "Talpa europaea". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-2.rlts.t41481a22320754.en . 2017: e.T41481A22320754.
  9. ↑ Yanagihara R (May 1990). "Hantavirus infection in the United States: epizootiology and epidemiology". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 12 (3): 449–457. doi:10.1093/clinids/12.3.449. PMID   1972804.
  10. ↑ Yanagihara R, Gajdusek DC, eds. (June 2019). "Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: A Historical Perspective and Review of Recent Advances". CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers. CRC Press. pp. 155–182. doi:10.1201/9780429276736-13. ISBN   978-0-429-27673-6. S2CID   240594840.
  11. ↑ Duchin JS, Koster FT, Peters CJ, Simpson GL, Tempest B, Zaki SR, et al. (April 1994). "Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinical description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. The Hantavirus Study Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 330 (14): 949–955. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199404073301401 . PMID   8121458.
  12. ↑ Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Morzunov S, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Feldmann H, et al. (November 1993). "Genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness". Science. 262 (5135): 914–917. Bibcode:1993Sci...262..914N. doi:10.1126/science.8235615. PMID   8235615.
  13. ↑ Zhang YZ (July 2014). "Discovery of hantaviruses in bats and insectivores and the evolution of the genus Hantavirus". Virus Research. 187: 15–21. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.035. PMID   24509342.


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