Brazilian hemorrhagic fever

Last updated
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
Specialty Infectious disease
Brazilian mammarenavirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Ellioviricetes
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Arenaviridae
Genus: Mammarenavirus
Species:
Brazilian mammarenavirus
Synonyms
  • Sabiá mammarenavirus [1]
  • Sabiá virus [2]
  • SPH 114202 virus [3]

Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (BzHF) is an infectious disease caused by Brazilian mammarenavirus, an arenavirus. [4] Brazilian mammarenavirus is one of the arenaviruses from South America to cause hemorrhagic fever. [5] It shares a common progenitor with Argentinian mammarenavirus , Machupo mammarenavirus , Tacaribe mammarenavirus , and Guanarito mammarenavirus . [5] It is an enveloped RNA virus and is highly infectious and lethal. [6] Very little is known about this disease, but it is thought to be transmitted by the excreta of rodents. [4] [6] This virus has also been implicated as a means for bioterrorism, as it can be spread through aerosols. [7]

Contents

As of 2019, there had only been four documented infections of Brazilian mammarenavirus: two occurred naturally, and the other two cases occurred in the clinical setting. [8] The first naturally occurring case was in 1990, when a female agricultural engineer who was staying in the neighborhood of Jardim Sabiá in the municipality of Cotia, a suburb of São Paulo, Brazil contracted the disease (The virus is also known as "Sabiá Virus"). [9] She presented with hemorrhagic fever and died. [4] Her autopsy showed liver necrosis. [4] A virologist who was studying the woman's disease contracted the virus but survived. [4] Ribavirin was not given in these first two cases. [4] Four years later, in 1994, a researcher was exposed to the virus in a level 3 biohazard facility at Yale University when a centrifuge bottle cracked, leaked, and released aerosolized virus particles. [4] [10] He was successfully treated with ribavirin. [4] [11]

A fifth case, also naturally acquired in upstate São Paulo, was reported in January 2020. [12] The patient died 12 days after the onset of symptoms. [13]

Treatment

Ribavirin is thought to be effective in treating the illness, similar to other arenaviruses. [4] [11] Compared to the patients who did not receive ribavirin, the patient who was treated with it had a shorter and less severe clinical course. [4] Symptomatic control such as fluids to address dehydration and bleeding may also be required. [11]

Brazilian mammarenavirus is a biosafety Level 4 pathogen. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ribavirin</span> Antiviral medication

Ribavirin, also known as tribavirin, is an antiviral medication used to treat RSV infection, hepatitis C and some viral hemorrhagic fevers. For hepatitis C, it is used in combination with other medications such as simeprevir, sofosbuvir, peginterferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2a. Among the viral hemorrhagic fevers it is sometimes used for Lassa fever, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Hantavirus infection but should not be used for Ebola or Marburg infections. Ribavirin is taken orally or inhaled. Despite widespread usage, since the 2010s it has faced scrutiny for a lack of efficacy in treating viral infections it has historically been prescribed for.

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by Machupo mammarenavirus.

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

<i>Lassa mammarenavirus</i> Type of viral hemorrhagic fever

Lassa mammarenavirus (LASV) is an arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), in humans and other primates. Lassa mammarenavirus is an emerging virus and a select agent, requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment. It is endemic in West African countries, especially Sierra Leone, the Republic of Guinea, Nigeria, and Liberia, where the annual incidence of infection is between 300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arenavirus</span> Family of RNA viruses

An arenavirus is a bi- or trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that is a member of the family Arenaviridae. These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. A class of novel, highly divergent arenaviruses, properly known as reptarenaviruses, have also been discovered which infect snakes to produce inclusion body disease, mostly in boa constrictors. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Hemorrhagic fever syndromes, including Lassa fever, are derived from infections such as Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Lujo virus, Machupo virus, Sabia virus, or Whitewater Arroyo virus. Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and bunyaviruses are designated as roboviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viral hemorrhagic fever</span> Type of illnesses

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses. VHFs may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses: the families Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and several member families of the Bunyavirales order such as Arenaviridae, and Hantaviridae. All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases. Some of the VHF agents cause relatively mild illnesses, such as the Scandinavian nephropathia epidemica, while others, such as Ebola virus, can cause severe, life-threatening disease.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is a rodent-borne viral infectious disease that presents as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Its causative agent is lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus (LCMV), a member of the family Arenaviridae. The name was coined by Charles Armstrong in 1934.

Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a zoonotic human illness first identified in 1989. The disease is most prevalent in several rural areas of central Venezuela and is caused by Guanarito mammarenavirus (GTOV) which belongs to the Arenaviridae family. The short-tailed cane mouse is the main host for GTOV which is spread mostly by inhalation of aerosolized droplets of saliva, respiratory secretions, urine, or blood from infected rodents. Person-to-person spread is possible, but uncommon.

Omsk hemorrhagic fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a Flavivirus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentine hemorrhagic fever</span> Medical condition

Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) or O'Higgins disease, also known in Argentina as mal de los rastrojos is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease occurring in Argentina. It is caused by the Junín virus. Its reservoir of infection is the drylands vesper mouse, a rodent found in Argentina and Paraguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentinian mammarenavirus</span> Species of virus

Mammarenavirus juninense, better known as the Junin virus or Junín virus (JUNV), is an arenavirus in the Mammarenavirus genus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The virus took its original name from the city of Junín, around which the first cases of infection were reported, in 1958.

<i>Chapare mammarenavirus</i> Species of virus

Chapare mammarenavirus or Chapare virus is a virus from the family Arenaviridae which causes a hemorrhagic fever in humans known as Chapare hemorrhagic fever. It was first described after an outbreak of a novel zoonotic mammarenavirus infection occurred in the village of Samuzabeti, Chapare Province, Bolivia, in January 2003. A small number of people were infected and one person died.

Lujo is a bisegmented RNA virus—a member of the family Arenaviridae—and a known cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans. Its name was suggested by the Special Pathogens Unit of the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NICD-NHLS) by using the first two letters of the names of the cities involved in the 2008 outbreak of the disease, Lusaka (Zambia) and Johannesburg. It is the second pathogenic Arenavirus to be described from the African continent—the first being Lassa virus—and since 2012 has been classed as a "Select Agent" under U.S. law.

The species Bundibugyo ebolavirus is the taxonomic home of one virus, Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), that forms filamentous virions and is closely related to the infamous Ebola virus (EBOV). The virus causes severe disease in humans in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever and is a Select agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of Old World Orthohantavirus. It is the causative agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever in humans. It is named for the Hantan River in South Korea, and in turn lends the name to its genus Orthohantavirus and family Hantaviridae.

<i>Mammarenavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Mammarenavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Arenaviridae. The name is a portmanteau of mammal and the former name Arenavirus, and differentiates it from the reptile-associated Reptarenavirus. Arenavirus comes from the Latin arena (sand) for the sandy appearance of the virions.

Flexal mammarenavirus is a mammarenavirus: an arenavirus with a mammalian host. It was first found in semiaquatic rodents of the genus Oryzomys in tropical forest in the Pará area of Brazil.

Whitewater Arroyo mammarenavirus (WWAV) is a zoonotic Arenavirus associated with hemorrhagic fever with liver failure.

Bear Canyon mammarenavirus (BCNV), is a Mammarenavirus similar to Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV) and Tamiami mammarenavirus (TAMV); all three being New World arenaviruses. The virus is named after Bear Canyon, the area it was originally discovered in.

Mopeia mammarenavirus (MOPV) is a species of virus in the genus Mammarenavirus. It was initially isolated from the Mastomys natalensis mouse in the East African country of Mozambique in 1977. It is of the "Old World" Arenavirus lineage and is closely related to Lassa mammarenavirus, sharing 75% of its amino acid sequence.

References

  1. ↑ Siddell, Stuart (April 2017). "Change the names of 43 virus species to accord with ICVCN Code, Section 3-II, Rule 3.13 regarding the use of ligatures, diacritical marks, punctuation marks (excluding hyphens), subscripts, superscripts, oblique bars and non-Latin letters in taxon names" (ZIP). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  2. ↑ Buchmeier, Michael J.; et al. (2 July 2014). "Rename one (1) genus and twenty-five (25) species in the family Arenaviridae" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 29 April 2019. Sabiá virus Sabiá mammarenavirus Sabiá virus
  3. ↑ ICTV 7th Report van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego. p638 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Barry, M.; Russi, M.; Armstrong, L.; Geller, D.; Tesh, R.; Dembry, L.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Khan, A. S.; Peters, C. J. (1995). "Treatment of a Laboratory-Acquired Sabiá Virus Infection". N Engl J Med . 333 (5): 317–318. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199508033330505 . PMID   7596373.
  5. 1 2 GONZALEZ, JEAN PAUL J. (1996). "Genetic Characterization and Phylogeny of Sabiá Virus, an Emergent Pathogen in Brazil". Virology. 221 (2): 318–324. doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0381 . PMID   8661442.
  6. 1 2 3 "NRT Quick Reference Guide: Brazilian Hemorrhagic Fever (BzHF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  7. ↑ "Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and Bioterrorism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  8. ↑ Ellwanger JH, Chies JA (2017). "Keeping track of hidden dangers - The short history of the Sabiá virus". Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 50 (1): 3–8. doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0330-2016 . PMID   28327796.
  9. ↑ "Vírus que causa febre hemorrágica foi registrada pela primeira vez em Cotia nos anos 90". Cotia e Cia | Aqui a notícia chega primeiro. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  10. ↑ Gandsman, E. J.; Aaslestad, H. G.; Ouimet, T. C.; Rupp, W. D. (1997). "Sabia virus incident at Yale University". American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 58 (1): 51–3. doi:10.1080/15428119791013080. PMID   9018837.
  11. 1 2 3 "Sabia Virus".
  12. ↑ "Arenavírus: caso confirmado de febre hemorrágica no estado de São Paulo". Ministério da Saúde. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  13. ↑ [No authors listed]. "Identificação de um caso de febre hemorrágica brasileira no estado de São Paulo, janeiro de 2020" (PDF). Boletim Epidemiológico. 51 (3): 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
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