Occupy London

Last updated

Occupy London
Part of the Occupy movement
Occupy London Tent.jpg
Occupy London Tent
Date15 October 2011 – 14 June 2012
Location
London, England, United Kingdom
Caused by Economic inequality, corporate influence over government, inter alia.
Methods Demonstration, occupation, protest, street protesters
StatusEnded
Number
Thousands (at peak in Oct & Nov 2011) [1]

Occupy London was a political movement in London, England, and part of the international Occupy movement. While some media described it as an "anti-capitalist" movement, [2] in the statement written and endorsed by consensus by the Occupy assembly in the first two days of the occupation, occupiers defined themselves as a movement working to create alternatives to an "unjust and undemocratic" system. [3] A second statement endorsed the following day called for "real global democracy". [4] Due to a pre-emptive injunction, the protesters were prevented from their original aim to camp outside the London Stock Exchange. A camp was set up nearby next to St Paul's Cathedral. On 18 January 2012, Mr Justice Lindblom granted an injunction against continuation of the protest [5] but the protesters remained in place pending an appeal. [6] The appeal was refused on 22 February, [7] and just past midnight on 28 February, bailiffs supported by City of London Police began to remove the tents. [8]

Contents

The protests began in solidarity with the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York, United States, and with support from tax avoidance protest group UK Uncut and the London-based contingent of the Spanish 15M movement. [9] [10] In October protesters established a second encampments in Finsbury Square just to the north of the City of London. In November, a third site was opened in a disused office complex owned by UBS. Named by protesters as the Bank of Ideas, the site was located in Hackney and was evicted in late January 2012. [11]

A fourth site was established in late December, at the disused premises of Old Street Magistrates Court in east London. The site's owners objected to its proposed long-term use by occupiers, and agreement was reached for the building to be vacated by the end of January 2012. [12] In February 2012, occupiers were evicted from their main camp at St Paul's, and from the Bank of Ideas, leaving Finsbury Square as the last London site to remain occupied. [13] The Finsbury Square camp was cleared by authorities in June 2012. [14]

Chronology

2011 events

October

On 10 October 2011, a campaign was launched on Facebook for protests to take place at the London Stock Exchange on 15 October in solidarity with the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York and with multiple other protests planned worldwide for that day.[ citation needed ]

Assange speaks at the Occupy London outside the cathedral in the City of London. Julian Assange speaking at Occupy London protest.jpg
Assange speaks at the Occupy London outside the cathedral in the City of London.

The London Stock Exchange in Paternoster Square was the initial target for the protesters on 15 October. However, the police blocked access to the square, enforcing a High Court injunction against public access. [2] [15] 2,500–3,000 people gathered nearby outside St Paul's Cathedral, with around 250 camping overnight. [2] During the afternoon of 15 October Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, gave an impromptu speech to the protesters on the topic of anonymity after he was challenged by police for wearing a mask as he walked to the protest. [10] [16] On the Sunday morning a canon of St. Paul's, Giles Fraser, asked the police to leave the cathedral steps, [17] saying he was happy for people to "exercise their right to protest peacefully" outside the cathedral. [2] [18]

On 16 October, a gathering of over 500 Occupy London protesters collectively agreed upon and issued the following 'Initial Statement':

  1. The current system is unsustainable. It is undemocratic and unjust. We need alternatives; this is where we work towards them.
  2. We are of all ethnicities, backgrounds, genders, generations, sexualities, dis/abilities and faiths. We stand together with occupations all over the world.
  3. We refuse to pay for the banks' crisis.
  4. We do not accept the cuts as either necessary or inevitable. We demand an end to global tax injustice and our democracy representing corporations instead of the people.
  5. We want regulators to be genuinely independent of the industries they regulate.
  6. We support the strike on 30 November and the student action on 9 November, and actions to defend our health services, welfare, education and employment, and to stop wars and arms dealing.
  7. We want structural change towards authentic global equality. The world's resources must go towards caring for people and the planet, not the military, corporate profits or the rich.
  8. The present economic system pollutes land, sea and air, is causing massive loss of natural species and environments, and is accelerating humanity towards irreversible climate change. We call for a positive, sustainable economic system that benefits present and future generations.
  9. We stand in solidarity with the global oppressed and we call for an end to the actions of our government and others in causing this oppression.
    — occupylsx (Occupy London), Statement issued from the assembly on the steps of St Paul's Cathedral, reported in The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph [19]

By 17 October, an encampment of around 150 tents together with makeshift tarpaulin shelters was clustered around the west side of St Paul's Cathedral. [20] [21] [22]

On 21 October, the Dean of St Paul's announced that the cathedral would be closing until further notice as a result of the Occupy London camp pitched outside, and asked the protesters to leave the vicinity of the building "so that the cathedral can reopen as soon as possible". [23] [24] [25] On the evening of the 21st it was reported that the protesters had decided that they would remain in their encampment outside the cathedral, and that they believed that they could not be lawfully removed from the site without a court order. [26]

Occupy-St-Pauls-Panorama-Large-High-Quality.jpg
A panorama of the protest outside St Paul's Cathedral

On 22 October, the protesters established a second camp in Finsbury Square, just north of the City of London in the London Borough of Islington. [27] [28] [29]

Solidarity poster referencing the We are the 99% slogan. Occupy London.jpg
Solidarity poster referencing the We are the 99% slogan.

On 26 October it was reported that the Dean of St Paul's had decided that the cathedral would reopen on 28 October, following the resolution of all health and safety concerns. [30] [31] The move was described as an "embarrassing U-turn" by the British national newspaper The Daily Telegraph . [30]

On 27 October, Giles Fraser resigned as Canon Chancellor of St Paul's over disagreements on the handling of the demonstrators, saying "I resigned because I believe that the chapter has set on a course of action that could mean there will be violence in the name of the church." [32] [33]

On 28 October, the movement's first set of demands, "Democratise The City of London Corporation", was published. [34]

November

On 1 November Graeme Knowles, the dean of St Paul's, resigned following the backlash against his Chapter's resolution to forcibly evict the Occupy London protesters from outside the cathedral. [35] The City of London Corporation proceeded to take legal action against the camp at St Pauls, without support from the cathedral. Canary Wharf Group took legal action on 3 November to prevent Occupy London protesters from setting up camp in London's Docklands. [36]

On 18 November, protesters took over a disused office complex owned by the bank UBS, located in the London Borough of Hackney. The site was opened to the public the following day as the Bank of Ideas , and claimed to provide free services including a library, seminars and various discussion related events. [11] [37] On 28 November protesters at the Hackney site said they would contest attempts by lawyers to have them evicted. [38]

December

Caroline Lucas, at the time leader of the Green party, discussing green economics with occupiers at the Bank of Ideas on 6 December 2011. CarolineLucasBOI06Dec11.jpg
Caroline Lucas, at the time leader of the Green party, discussing green economics with occupiers at the Bank of Ideas on 6 December 2011.

In early December, the City of London Police made reference to Occupy London in a letter warning businesses about potential terrorist threats. It stated that: "It is likely that activists aspire to identify other locations to occupy, especially those they identify with capitalism. City of London Police has received a number of hostile reconnaissance reports concerning individuals who would fit the anti-capitalist profile. All are asked to be vigilant regarding suspected reconnaissance, particularly around empty buildings." [39] By late December, consensus among occupiers at the main camp in St Paul's had seemed to coalesce round a view that is would be better to leave voluntarily as long as they can be allowed to keep a small presence, and negotiations were started to see if agreement could be reached with the cathedral. Also, in late December, a fourth site was established in east London at an unused court and police complex. Occupiers announced plans to use the new site to host a symbolic "trial of the 1%" [12]

2012 events

A view of the camp at Finsbury Square - by late February 2012 this was Occupy London's last remaining site, until it too was cleared in mid June. Occupy London - Finsbury Square.jpg
A view of the camp at Finsbury Square – by late February 2012 this was Occupy London's last remaining site, until it too was cleared in mid June.

On 18 January, the High Court ruled in favour of the City of London Corporation, giving them the power to order the eviction of occupiers from the St Paul's Camp. A spokesperson for the City said they would not further pursue eviction until 20 January, to give the occupiers a chance to appeal against the ruling. The appeal date was later set to 13 February 2012. [40] [41] Comparing the St Paul's camp as it was in January 2012 with its first few weeks, journalists such as Sid Ryan, Brendan O'Neill and Laurie Penny noted a change of character, with energy being diverted from political activism into caring for homeless and mentally ill people attracted by the companionship and shelter. Ryan has argued that despite caring for the homeless being a worthwhile cause, it may help the movement achieve change in the wider world if the camp is evicted. [42] [43] [44]

On 30 January, occupiers were evicted from the site where they had set up their Bank of Ideas , by bailiffs acting on behalf of UBS, who owned the premises. [45]

In mid February, Occupy London took over an abandoned school in Islington, which they called the School of Ideas. They were evicted two weeks later, with authorities arranging for the school to be bulldozed on 28 February. [8] Also on 28 February, occupiers and their tents were removed from the area surrounding St. Paul's Cathedral, by a team of bailiffs supported by riot police. The St Paul's site had been the last surviving high-profile camp of the worldwide Occupy movement. [13] At the time of its eviction it was also the largest one remaining. [46] According to the Financial Times, Occupy activists insisted that their campaigning would continue, with some displaying banners announcing that the protests so far were "just the beginning." [13] [47]

In April, Bloomberg reported that the St Paul's camp cost London authorities just over a million pounds in monitoring and legal fees, while the Finsbury Square camp had so far cost about £10,000. [48]

In December 2012, the Corporation of the City of London acquiesced to one of the Occupy London demands, releasing information about a previously secret bank account called City's Cash. This fund had existed for hundreds of years and proved to contain more than £1.319bn. With an income of £145m per annum, 29% of this comes from school fees, with a further eight per cent coming from rents and nine per cent coming from grants, reimbursements, and contributions. However, the largest source of revenue was 52 per cent from investments. [49]

See also

Related portals:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paternoster Square</span> Square in the City of London, England

Paternoster Square is a former historic square, renamed from Newgate Market c. 1872, and now a post-war urban redevelopment, owned by the Mitsubishi Estate, next to St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London. The area was previously named Paternoster Row, after the street of the same name, once centre of the London publishing trade and was devastated by aerial bombardment in The Blitz during World War II. It is now the location of the London Stock Exchange which relocated there from Threadneedle Street in 2004. It is also the location of investment banks such as Goldman Sachs, Merrill and Nomura Securities, and of fund manager Fidelity Investments. The square itself, i.e. the plaza, is privately owned public space. In 2004, Christopher Wren's 1669 Temple Bar Gate was re-erected here as an entrance way to the plaza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom</span>

The modern environmental direct action movement in the United Kingdom started in 1991 with the formation of the first UK "Earth First!" group for a protest at Dungeness nuclear power station. Within two years, there were fifty Earth First groups and activists linked with other parties in the road protest movement. There were large camps at Twyford Down and the M11 link road protest. By 1997, the Government had decided to reduce its road-building plans by two thirds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squatting in England and Wales</span> Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings in England and Wales

In England and Wales, squatting – taking possession of land or an empty house the squatter does not own – is a criminal or civil offence, depending on circumstances. People squat for a variety of reasons which include needing a home, protest, poverty, and recreation. Many squats are residential; some are also opened as social centres. Land may be occupied by New Age travellers or treesitters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Los Angeles</span> Protest group against economic inequality

Occupy Los Angeles was one of the many occupy movements in the United States, following the original Occupy Wall Street (OWS) protest. Participants of Occupy L.A. first met at Pershing Square on September 23, 2011. Activists came to consensus to occupy public space in solidarity with the growing movement. Occupiers first marched in Los Angeles on September 24, 2011. They next protested a fundraiser being held in Hollywood at the House of Blues for President Obama. Participants met at Pershing Square every subsequent night to plan out the logistics of an occupation set to begin on October 1, 2011. After debating potential locations around Los Angeles, people decided on the lawns around City Hall. Tents first manifested on October 1, 2011 on the grounds of Los Angeles City Hall.

<i>Occupy Boston</i> 2011 protest movement

Occupy Boston was a collective of protesters that settled on September 30, 2011 in Boston, Massachusetts, on Dewey Square in the Financial District opposite the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. It is related to the Occupy Wall Street movement that began in New York City on September 17, 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy movement</span> 2011–2012 protests against socioeconomic inequality

The Occupy movement was an international populist socio-political movement that expressed opposition to social and economic inequality and to the perceived lack of real democracy around the world. It aimed primarily to advance social and economic justice and different forms of democracy. The movement has had many different scopes, since local groups often had different focuses, but its prime concerns included how large corporations and the global financial system control the world in a way that disproportionately benefits a minority, undermines democracy and causes instability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Buffalo</span> American protest movement

Occupy Buffalo was a collaboration that included a peaceful protest and demonstrations which began on October 1, 2011, in Buffalo, New York, in Niagara Square, the nexus of downtown Buffalo opposite the Buffalo City Hall. It is related to the Occupy Wall Street movement that began in New York City on September 17, and called for economic equity, accountability among politicians and ending lobbyist influence of politicians. Protesters camped overnight in Niagara Square as part of the demonstration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Canada</span>

Occupy Canada was a collective of peaceful protests and demonstrations that were part of the larger Occupy Together movement which first manifested in the financial district of New York City with Occupy Wall Street, and subsequently spread to over 900 cities around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">15 October 2011 global protests</span> Series of protests

The 15 October 2011 global protests were part of a series of protests inspired by the Arab Spring, the Icelandic protests, the Portuguese "Geração à Rasca", the Spanish "Indignants", the Greek protests, and the Occupy movement. The protests were launched under the slogan "United for #GlobalChange", to which the slogan "United for Global Democracy" was added by many people's assemblies. The protest was first called for by the Spanish Plataforma ¡Democracia Real YA! in May 2011 and endorsed by people's assemblies across the world. Reasons were varied but mainly targeted growing economic inequality, corporate influence over government and international institutions, and the lack of truly democratic institutions allowing direct public participation at all levels, local to global. Global demonstrations were held on 15 October in more than 950 cities in 82 countries. The date was chosen to coincide with the 5-month anniversary of the first protest in Spain. General assemblies, the social network n-1, mailing lists, Mumble voice chat, open pads such as Pirate Pad and Titan Pad, and Facebook were used to coordinate the events. Some protests were only a few hundred in number, whereas others numbered in the hundreds of thousands, with the largest in Madrid numbering half a million and the second largest city Barcelona with 400,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Toronto</span> Protest group against economic inequality

Occupy Toronto was a protest and demonstration that began on October 15, 2011, in Toronto, Ontario, near Bay Street in Downtown Toronto's Financial District and moved to St. James Park. It was a part of the Occupy movement, which protested against economic inequality, corporate greed, and the influence of corporations and lobbyists on government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Oakland</span> Protest group against economic inequality

Occupy Oakland refers to a collaboration and series of demonstrations in Oakland, California, that started in October 2011. As part of the Occupy movement, protesters have staged occupations, most notably at Frank H. Ogawa Plaza in front of Oakland City Hall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy D.C.</span>

Occupy D.C. was an occupation of public space in Washington, D.C. based at McPherson Square and connected to the Occupy movements that sprung up across the United States in Fall 2011. The group had been demonstrating in McPherson Square since October 1, 2011, and in Freedom Plaza since October 6. Despite crackdowns on other Occupy projects across the country, federal authorities claimed on November 15 that they have no plans to clear McPherson Square Park. The National Park Service decided against eviction after meeting with activists and discussing health and safety conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy movement in the United States</span> 2010s protest movement

The Occupy movement spread to many other cities in the United States and worldwide beginning with the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City in September 2011. The movement sought to advance social and economic justice and different forms of democracy but each local group varied in specific aims. The demonstrations and encampment in New York City spread to other major and smaller cities. Some camps lasted through 2012. What follows is an alphabetical, non-chronological summary of Occupy encampments in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Baltimore</span> Protest

Occupy Baltimore was a collaboration that included peaceful protests and demonstrations. Occupy Baltimore began on October 4, 2011, in Baltimore, Maryland, in McKeldin Square near the Inner Harbor area of Downtown Baltimore. It is one of the many Occupy movements around the United States and worldwide, inspired by Occupy Wall Street.

Occupy South Africa was a South African initiative primarily aimed at protesting and inciting mass action against the racial, economic and social inequality in South Africa. It is part of the globally Occupy Wall Street movement. It consists of a loose informal affiliation of on the ground groups and individuals across South Africa as well as internet based groups. Groups such as Taking Back South Africa!, Occupy South Africa are involved in South Africa and online. The movement is also involved with the Marikana miners' strike.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Sydney</span> Protest group against economic inequality

Occupy Sydney was a social movement and protest as part of the global Occupy movements, in Sydney, Australia. The occupation began on 15 October 2011 outside the Reserve Bank of Australia in Martin Place. The Martin Place occupation was first evicted by NSW Police on 23 October 2011. This eviction and later police action was named Operation Goulding. Another eviction attempt occurred on 2 February 2012. The protest site was removed five times in early July 2013, only to re-establish itself each time within hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">General assembly (Occupy movement)</span> Direct democratic meetings organized by the Occupy movement

General assemblies (GA) were the primary decision making bodies of the global Occupy Movement which arose in 2011. Open to all who wished to take part, general assemblies allowed for an inclusive form of direct democracy. Such assemblies aimed to establish a consensus among all participants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank of Ideas</span> Former self-managed social centre in London

The Bank of Ideas was a squatted, self-managed social centre in a disused UBS office complex on Sun Street in the City of London, England. It remained in the building from November 2011 until January 2012. The building was owned by UBS, and the squatters were members of the Occupy London protest movement. The building was described by an Occupy London spokesman as "a space for political discussion".

Occupy Bath was a protest group against economic inequality that began initially with an encampment on 30 October 2011 in Queen Square, Bath, England. The camp was dismantled on 10 December 2011. Occupy Bath described themselves as being "not all anti-capitalist" but rather "pro-economic fairness and pro-direct democracy". The camp held daily meetings, described by the group as general assemblies, which were open to the general public

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Minneapolis</span>

Occupy Minneapolis (OccupyMN) is a grassroots collaboration that began in October 2011 with a series of demonstrations in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Protesters have staged numerous occupations, most notably of the Hennepin County Government Center plaza.

References

  1. ↑ ""Occupy Wall Street" protest spreads to London". Xinhua. 15 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Davies, Caroline (16 October 2011). "Occupy London protest continues into second day". The Guardian. London.
  3. ↑ "Initial Statement". occupylondon.org.uk. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  4. ↑ "United for Global Democracy". occupylondon.org.uk. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  5. ↑ City of London v Samede & Ors [2012] EWHC 34 (QB) (18 January 2012). Bailii.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
  6. ↑ "What next for Occupy London protesters?". BBC News. 18 January 2012.
  7. ↑ "Occupy London St Paul's eviction appeal bid thrown out". BBC News online. 22 February 2012.
  8. 1 2 "St Paul's protest: Occupy London camp evicted". BBC . 28 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  9. ↑ "Anti-corporate protests to hit London". The Sydney Morning Herald . Agence France-Presse. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011. Protests against corporate power that have taken hold in the US are to hit Britain on Saturday with a rally in front of the London Stock Exchange. Occupy London Stock Exchange (OccupyLSX) [...] is backed by British anti-austerity group UK Uncut, the London-based Assembly of the Spanish 15M movement and the People's Assemblies Network Global Day of Action.
  10. 1 2 "Occupy London protests in financial district". BBC News. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  11. 1 2 Jessica Winch (19 November 2011). "Protesters open 'Bank of Ideas'". The Independent . London. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  12. 1 2 Peter Walker (20 December 2011). "Occupy London protesters take over disused court". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  13. 1 2 3 Tom Burgis (28 February 2012). "Authorities clear St Paul's Occupy camp". Financial Times . Retrieved 28 February 2012.(registration required)
  14. ↑ "Occupy London protesters evicted from Finsbury Square". BBC . 14 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  15. ↑ "Stock exchange occupation blocked". WalesOnline. Wales. 15 October 2011.
  16. ↑ "Julian Assange joins London anti-corporate rally". Hindustan Times. 15 October 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  17. ↑ Ford Rojas, John-Paul (17 October 2011). "'Occupy' protests: St Paul's invaded but canon asks the police to move on". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  18. ↑ "Police back down from "Occupy London" site". CBS News. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  19. ↑ "Occupy London Stock Exchange – the initial statement". The Guardian. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011. At today's assembly of over 500 people on the steps of St Paul's, #occupylsx collectively agreed the initial statement below. [...]
  20. ↑ Walker, Peter (17 October 2011). "Occupy London Stock Exchange camp 'organised and good natured'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  21. ↑ "'Occupy' protests: Campaigners greet return of city workers". The Daily Telegraph. London. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  22. ↑ Hume, Tim; Dutta, Kunal (17 October 2011). "After the demos, the sit-in begins – in London and beyond". The Independent. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  23. ↑ "Occupy London: Demo forces St Paul's Cathedral to close". BBC News. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  24. ↑ Alleyne, Richard (21 October 2011). "St Paul's Cathedral announces closure due to 'Occupy' protesters". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  25. ↑ Walker, Peter; Butt, Riazat (21 October 2011). "Occupy London Stock Exchange protesters asked to leave by cathedral officials". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  26. ↑ Butt, Riazat; Walker, Peter (21 October 2011). "Occupy London Stock Exchange camp refuses to leave despite cathedral plea". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  27. ↑ Townsend, Mark; McVeigh, Tracy (22 October 2011). "Second Occupy London camp forms at Finsbury Square". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  28. ↑ "Occupy London protesters set up second camp at Finsbury Square". Metro. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  29. ↑ "'Occupy London' start camp in Finsbury Square". BBC News. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  30. 1 2 Ward, Victoria (26 October 2011). "St Paul's Cathedral to reopen on Friday despite Occupy London protest camp". The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  31. ↑ Butt, Riazat; Jones, Sam; Ball, James (26 October 2011). "St Paul's Cathedral set to reopen after Occupy London shuffles tents". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  32. ↑ Rainey, Sarah (27 October 2011). "Dr Giles Fraser resigns from St Paul's over 'violence in the name of the Church'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  33. ↑ Butt, Riazat; Laville, Sandra; Malik, Shiv (27 October 2011). "Giles Fraser resignation: 'I couldn't face Dale Farm on the steps of St Paul's'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  34. ↑ Malik, Shiv (28 October 2011). "Occupy London protest issues demands to democratise City of London". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  35. ↑ "St Paul's Dean Graeme Knowles resigns over protests". BBC News. 31 October 2011.
  36. ↑ Owen, Paul; Malik, Shiv (3 November 2011). "Canary Wharf takes legal action to keep out potential Occupy London protesters". The Guardian. London.
  37. ↑ "Occupy London Claims Third Site, Open 'Bank of Ideas'". Londonist. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  38. ↑ Brian Farmer (28 November 2011). "Protesters defiant over UBS bank squat". The Independent . London. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  39. ↑ Kevin Rawlinson (5 December 2011). "Police in City see occupiers as 'terror' risk". The Independent . London. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  40. ↑ "Appeal hearing date set for Occupy London St Paul's camp". BBC. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  41. ↑ Jane Croft and Tom Burgis (9 January 2012). "St Paul's protesters vow to appeal". Financial Times . Retrieved 15 January 2012.(registration required)
  42. ↑ Sid Ryan (14 January 2012). "Eviction is the best thing that could happen to Occupy London". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  43. ↑ Laurie Penny (18 January 2012). "The Occupy movement: three months on". New Statesman . Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  44. ↑ Brendan O'Neill (journalist) (13 February 2012). "Occupy London protesters evicted from UBS-owned building". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  45. ↑ "Occupy London protesters evicted from UBS-owned building". The Daily Telegraph. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  46. ↑ Tom Burgis and Jane Croft (22 February 2012). "Occupy looks to a future after St Paul's". Financial Times . Retrieved 28 February 2012.(registration required)
  47. ↑ "This is Just the Beginning". Occupy London activists. Twitpic. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  48. ↑ Spillane, Chris (23 April 2012). "Occupy London Movement at St. Paul's Cathedral Cost $1.7 Million". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  49. ↑ Rawlinson, Kevin (20 December 2012). "City of London Corporation to reveal details of £1.3bn private". The Independent. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.