Oligodon

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Oligodon
Oligodon affinis.jpg
Western kukri snake Oligodon affinis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Subfamily: Colubrinae
Genus: Oligodon
Fitzinger, 1826 [1]
Type species
Oligodon bitorquatus
Species

84 known species [2]

Oligodon is genus of colubrid snakes that was first described by Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger in 1826. [1] This genus is widespread throughout central and tropical Asia. The snakes of this genus are commonly known as kukri snakes. [3]

Contents

Description

The species in the genus Oligodon are egg eaters and are usually under 90 cm (35 in) in total length (including tail). Different species display widely variable patterns and colorations. They subsist mostly by scavenging the eggs of birds and reptiles. Besides eggs, species of this genus also feeds on lizards, frogs, and small rodents.

Oligodon is a rear-fanged snake genus. All member species have a set of enlarged teeth placed in the back of the upper jaws, as well as functional Duvernoy's glands. They are not dangerous to humans, though. Bites by some species have been reported to bleed excessively, suggesting presence of anticoagulants in the Duvernoy's gland secretions. [4] Species of Oligodon are mostly nocturnal, and live on the floor of mature forests.

The common name of the genus comes from the kukri, a distinctively shaped Nepalese knife, which is similar in shape to the broad, flattened, curved hind teeth of Oligodon species. These teeth are specially adapted for their main diet of eggs; the teeth cut open eggs as they are being swallowed by the snake, allowing for easier digestion.

Species

There are 84 recognized species in the genus Oligodon according to Reptile Database as of April 2023. [2]

The source column gives direct links to the sources used:

EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild
CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable
NT - Near Threatened, LC - Least Concern
DD - Data Deficient, NE - Not Evaluated

Nota bene : A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Oligodon.

ImageCommon nameSpeciesAuthorityGeographic rangeConservation statusSource
Western Kukri WG.jpg Western kukri snake, Malabar brown kukri snake O. affinis Günther, 1862India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)LC IUCN RDB
Oligodon albocinctus.jpg Light-barred kukri snake O. albocinctus (Cantor, 1839) [5] Nepal, Bangladesh, India (Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar, Vietnam, China (Tibet, Yunnan) RDB
Northern short-headed snake O. ancorus (Girard, 1858)Philippines (Mindoro, Luzon)NT IUCN RDB
Annam kukri snake O. annamensis Leviton, 1953Vietnam (Lam Dang Province)DD IUCN RDB
Spotted kukri snake, ringed kukri snake O. annulifer (Boulenger, 1893)Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)LC IUCN RDB
BandedKukriSnake-June2015-01.JPG Russet kukri snake, common kukri snake, banded kukri O. arnensis (Shaw, 1802)Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India (West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab), Pakistan, Nepal RDB
Oligodon barroni, Barron's kukri snake - Tha Yang District, Phetchaburi (28042483455).jpg Barron's kukri snake O. barroni (M.A. Smith, 1916)Thailand, Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, South LaosLC IUCN RDB
Javanese mountain kukri snake, Boie's kukri snake O. bitorquatus F. Boie, 1827Indonesia (Java, possibly South Sumatra and Sumbawa)LC IUCN RDB
Double-striped kukri snake O. bivirgatus T. Qian, S. Qi, J. Shi, Y. Lu, R.W. Jenkins, Y. Mo & P. Li, 2021China (Hainan) RDB
Boo-Liat's kukri snake O. booliati [6] Leong & Grismer, 2004Malaysia (Tioman island)CR IUCN RDB
Oligodon brevicauda by Sandeep Das.jpg Short-tailed kukri snake, shorthead kukri snake O. brevicauda Günther, 1862India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala)VU IUCN RDB
Templeton's kukri snake O. calamarius (Linnaeus, 1758)Sri LankaEN RDB
Oligodon catenatus Hardwicke.jpg Assam kukri snake O. catenatus (Blyth, 1854)India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, South China (Guangdong, Guangxi) RDB
Chinese kukri snake O. chinensis (Günther, 1888)southern China, northern VietnamLC IUCN RDB
Oligodon churahensis (10.3897-evolsyst.5.72564) Figure 6 (cropped).jpg Churah Valley kukri snake O. churahensis Mirza, Bhardwaj & Patel, 2021India (Himachal Pradesh) [7]
Black cross-barred Kukri snake Oligodon cinereus.jpg Black cross-barred kukri snake, ashy kukri snake, golden kukri snake, Günther's kukri snake O. cinereus (Günther, 1864)India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh), Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, China (Yunnan, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong)LC IUCN RDB
O. condaoensis S.N. Nguyen, V.D.H. Nguyen, S.H. Le & R. Murphy, 2016S Vietnam (Hon Ba Island) RDB
Pegu kukri snake O. cruentatus (Günther, 1868)MyanmarLC IUCN RDB
O. culaochamensis S.N. Nguyen et al., 2017Vietnam RDB
North-east Indian kukri snake, Cantor's kukri snake O. cyclurus (Cantor, 1839) [8] India (Assam), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China (Yunnan), Nepal, BangladeshLC IUCN RDB
Oligodon deuvei, Deuve's kukri snake - Mueang Loei District, Loei Province (40930180123).jpg O. deuvei [9] David, G. Vogel &
van Rooijen, 2008		Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, North East ThailandLC IUCN RDB
Oligodon dorsalis Hardwicke.jpg Gray's kukri snake, Bengalese kukri snake O. dorsalis (Gray & Hardwicke, 1835)India (Assam), Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand RDB
Eberhardt's kukri snake O. eberhardti Pellegrin, 1910Vietnam, China (Guangxi, Fujian), possibly Laos, Cambodia and MyanmarLC IUCN RDB
Nagarkot kukri snake O. erythrogaster Boulenger, 1907Central and East Nepal, India (Sikkim) RDB
Red-striped kukri snake, Namsang kukri snake O. erythrorhachis Wall, 1910India (Arunachal Pradesh)VU IUCN RDB
Jewelled kukri snake, Everett's kukri snake [10] O. everetti Boulenger, 1893Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah)LC IUCN RDB
Banded Kukri Snake (Oligodon fasciolatus) (7783163348).jpg Small-banded kukri snake, fasciolated kukri snake O. fasciolatus (Günther, 1864)Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, VietnamLC IUCN RDB
Forbes' kukri snake [11] O. forbesi (Boulenger, 1883)Indonesia (Selaru and Yamdena in Tanimbar Islands)NT IUCN RDB
Oligodon formosanus.jpg Taiwan kukri snake, Formosa kukri snake O. formosanus (Günther, 1872)Vietnam, Taiwan, South Japan (Ryukyu Islands, primarily Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), South China (Chekiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Nan Ao Island, Hainan, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Zhejiang, Yunnan) RDB
Hampton's kukri snake O. hamptoni Boulenger, 1918MyanmarDD IUCN RDB
Oligodon huahin, Hua Hin kukri snake - Kaeng Krachan National Park (32625377028).jpg Hua Hin Kukri Snake O. huahin [12] Pauwels, Larsen, Suthanthangjai, David & Sumontha, 2017Thailand (Hua Hin)DD
Inornate kukri snake, unicolored kukri snake O. inornatus (Boulenger, 1914)Cambodia, North and East ThailandLC IUCN RDB
Jintakune's kukri snake O. jintakunei [13] Pauwels, Wallach, David, Chanhome, 2002South ThailandDD IUCN RDB
Grey kukri snake, Joynson's kukri snake O. joynsoni (M.A. Smith, 1917)northern Thailand, possibly Laos, Myanmar, China (Yunnan)LC IUCN RDB
Walnut kukri snake O. juglandifer (Wall, 1909)India (Sikkim), West BhutanVU IUCN RDB
O. kampucheaensis [14] Neang, Grismer & Daltry, 2012Cambodia RDB
Oligodon kheriensis.jpg coral red kukri snake O. kheriensis [15] Acharji & Ray, 1936India (Uttar Pradesh), Southwest Nepal RDB
Lacroix kukri snake [16] O. lacroixi Angel & Bourret, 1933China (Sichuan, Yunnan), VietnamVU IUCN RDB
Medog kukri snake O. lipipengi Jiang, Wang, Li, Ding, Ding & Che, 2020China (Tibet) RDB
O. lungshenensis Zheng & Huang, 1978China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan)NT IUCN RDB
Angel's kukri snake O. macrurus (Angel, 1927)VietnamDD IUCN RDB
Barred short-headed snake, spotted kukri snake O. maculatus (Taylor, 1918)Philippines (Mindanao)LC IUCN RDB
Arakan kukri snake, McDougall's kukri snake O. mcdougalli Wall, 1905MyanmarLC IUCN RDB
Bluebelly kukri snake O. melaneus Wall, 1909India RDB
Abor Hills kukri snake O. melanozonatus Wall, 1922India, China (Tibet) RDB
Sulu short-headed snake, Meyerink's kukri snake O. meyerinkii (Steindachner, 1891)Philippine Islands (Bongao, Jolo, Papahang, Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi in Sulu Archipelago), possibly Malaysia (Sabah)EN IUCN RDB
Spotted-bellied short-headed snake, Luzon kukri snake O. modestus Günther, 1864Philippines (Mindanao, Negros, Tablas, Panay, Cebu, possibly Luzon)VU IUCN RDB
Morice's kukri snake [17] O. moricei [9] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008Southern VietnamDD IUCN RDB
Oligodon mouhoti.jpg Cambodian kukri snake, Mouhot's kukri snake [17] O. mouhoti (Boulenger, 1914)Cambodia, East ThailandLC IUCN RDB
Nagao kukri snake O. nagao [18] David, T.Q. Nguyen, T. Nguyen, Jiang, T. Chen, Teynié & Ziegler, 2012Northern Vietnam, Southwest China (Guangxi), Laos RDB
Nikhil's kukri snake O. nikhili Whitaker & Dattatri, 1982India (Tamil Nadu)DD IUCN RDB
Palawan kukri snake, Palawan short-headed snake O. notospilus Günther, 1873Philippine Islands (Palawan, Busuanga, Balabac, Mindanao) RDB
Eyed kukri snake, ocellated kukri snake O. ocellatus (Morice, 1875)Cambodia, Lao, southern VietnamLC IUCN RDB
Striped Kukri Snake (Oligodon octolineatus) (6749975673).jpg Eight-lined kukri snake, eight-striped kukri snake, Grace's kukri snake O. octolineatus (Schneider, 1801)Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), SingaporeLC IUCN RDB
Ornate kukri snake O. ornatus Van Denburgh, 1909China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Taiwan,LC IUCN RDB
Perkin's short-headed snake O. perkinsi (Taylor, 1925)Philippines (Palawan, Culion and Calauit Islands)NT IUCN RDB
Petronella's [19] kukri snake O. petronellae Roux, 1917Indonesia (Sumatra)DD IUCN RDB
Pha-Ngan kukri snake O. phangan Pauwels, Thongyai, Chantong & Sumontha, 2021Thailand (Surat Thani Province: Pha-Ngan Island) RDB
O. planiceps (Boulenger, 1888)MyanmarLC IUCN RDB
Pulau Weh kukri snake O. praefrontalis F. Werner, 1913Indonesia (Weh Island)DD IUCN RDB
O. promsombuti Pauwels, Thongyai, Chantong, & Sumontha, 2021Thailand (Surat Thani Province, Trang Province: Na Yong District) RDB
Bleeker's Kukri Snake O. propinquus Jan, 1862Indonesia (Java) RDB
False striped kukri snake O. pseudotaeniatus [9] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008ThailandLC IUCN RDB
O. pulcherrimus F. Werner, 1909Indonesia (Sumatra)VU IUCN RDB
Oligod purpu 110417-14780 tsa.jpg Purple kukri snake, brown kukri snake O. purpurascens (Schlegel, 1837)Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore, ThailandLC IUCN RDB
Long-snouted kukri snake O. rostralis H.N. Nguyen, Tran, L.H. Nguyen, Neang, Yushchenko & Poyarkov, 2020Vietnam
Oligodon Russelius.jpg Russell's kukri snake O. russelius (Daudin, 1803)India, Nepal
Saint Girons' kukri snake [20] O. saintgironsi [3] David, G. Vogel & Pauwels, 2008Vietnam, CambodiaDD IUCN RDB
Sai Yok Kukri Snake O. saiyok [21] Sumontha, Kunya, Dangsri & Pauwels, 2017Thailand (Kanchanaburi)DD
Oligodon subcarinatus.jpg Half-keeled kukri snake, barred kukri snake, banded kukri snake O. signatus (Günther, 1864)Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), SingaporeLC IUCN RDB
Oligodon splendidus.jpg Splendid kukri snake O. splendidus (Günther, 1875)MyanmarLC IUCN RDB
Oligodon sublineatus (10.3897-zse.91.4971) Figure 1.jpg Duméril's kukri snake O. sublineatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854Sri LankaVU IUCN RDB
Oligodon taeniatus (Gunther, 1861) Striped Kukri Snake (16175431667).jpg Striped kukri snake O. taeniatus (Günther, 1861)Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, possibly China (Yunnan)LC IUCN RDB
Russell's kukri aka Variegated kukri (Oligodon taeniolatus).jpg Streaked Kukri snake, Loos snake O. taeniolatus (Jerdon, 1853)Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, TurkmenistanLC IUCN RDB
Teynié's kukri snake O. teyniei David, Hauser & G. Vogel, 2022Laos
Mandalay kukri snake, Theobald's kukri snake O. theobaldi (Günther, 1868)Bangladesh, MyanmarLC IUCN RDB
Tillack's kukri snake O. tillacki Bandara, Ganesh, Kanishka, Danushka, Sharma, P. Campbell, Ineich, G. Vogel & Amarasinghe, 2022India
O. tolaki Amarasinghe, Henkanaththegedara, Campbell, Riyanto, Hallermann & G. Vogel, 2021Indonesia (Southeast Sulawesi) RDB
O. torquatus (Boulenger, 1888)MyanmarDD IUCN RDB
Travancore kukri snake O. travancoricus Beddome, 1877India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)DD IUCN RDB
Three-lined Kukri Snake Oligodon trilineatus (7067734773).jpg Three-lined kukri snake O. trilineatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854)Indonesia (Nias, Siberut, Sumatra)LC IUCN RDB
Langbian kukri snake O. tuani S.N. Nguyen, Le, Vo & R. Murphy, 2022Vietnam RDB
O. unicolor (Kopstein, 1926)Indonesia (Selaru, Yamdena)NT IUCN RDB
Jerdon's kukri snake O. venustus (Jerdon, 1853)India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)LC IUCN RDB
Dark-spined kukri snake, vertebral kukri snake O. vertebralis (Günther, 1865)Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah)DD IUCN RDB
Bleeker's kukri snake O. waandersi (Bleeker, 1860)Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Buton, Sula Islands) RDB
Wagner's kukri snake O. wagneri David & G. Vogel, 2012Indonesia (Nias) RDB
yellow-striped kukri snake O. woodmasoni (Sclater, 1891)India (Nicobar Islands, possibly Andaman Islands) RDB

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References

  1. 1 2 Fitzinger LJ (1826). Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Nebst einer Verwandtschafts-tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. zoologischen Museums zu Wien. Vienna: J.G. Heubner. five unnumbered + 67 pp. + one plate. (Oligodon, new genus, p. 56). (in German and Latin).
  2. 1 2 "Search results Genus: Oligodon – Exact match". Reptile Database . Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 David P; Vogel G; Pauwels OSG (2008). "A new species of the genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from northern Vietnam, southern China and central Laos" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1939: 19–37. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1939.1.3.
  4. ↑ Wüster W, Cox MJ (1992). "Defensive hemipenis display in the kukri snake Oligodon cyclurus ". Journal of Herpetology. 26 (2): 238–241. doi:10.2307/1564874. JSTOR   1564874.
  5. ↑ Bombay Natural History Society (2005). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay Natural History Society. p. 21. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  6. ↑ Leong TM, Grismer LL (2004). "A new species of kukri snake, Oligodon (Colubridae), from Pulau Tioman, West Malaysia" (PDF). Asiatic Herpetological Research. 10: 12–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-06.
  7. ↑ Mirza, Zeeshan A.; Bhardwaj, Virender Kumar; Patel, Harshil (2021). "A New Species of the Genus Oligodon Boie in Fitzinger, 1826 (Reptilia, Serpentes) from the Western Himalayas". Evolutionary Systematics5 (2): 335–345. (Oligodon churahensis, new species).
  8. ↑ Akonda, A.W.; Khan, M.A.; Khan, S.M.M.H.; Haque, M.N.; Khan, M.M.H.; Ahmed, R.; Ameen, M.; Islam, M.A.; Joarder, N.B.; Nishat, A. (2000). Red book of threatened mammals of Bangladesh. IUCN Bangladesh. p. 29. ISBN   978-984-746-004-8 . Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  9. 1 2 3 David P, Vogel G, van Rooijen J (2008). "A revision of the Oligodon taeniatus (Günther, 1861) group (Squamata: Colubridae), with the description of three new species from the Indochinese Region" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1965: 1–49. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1965.1.1.
  10. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN   978-1-4214-0135-5. (Oligodon everetti, p. 86).
  11. ↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 91.
  12. ↑ Pauwels, Olivier S. G.; Larsen, Henning; Suthanthangjai, Winai; David, Patrick; Sumontha, Montri (2017). "A new kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon) from Hua Hin District, and the first record of O. Deuvei from Thailand". Zootaxa. 4291 (3): 531. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4291.3.6.
  13. ↑ Pauwels OSG, Wallach V, David P, Chanhome L (2002). "A new species of Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Serpentes, Colubridae) from southern peninsular Thailand". Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University. 2 (2): 7–18.
  14. ↑ Neang T, Grismer LL, Daltry JC (2012). "A new species of kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, southwest Cambodia Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine ". Zootaxa3388: 41–55.
  15. ↑ Acharji MN, Ray HC (1936). "A new species of Oligodon from the United Provinces (India)". Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta38: 519–520.
  16. ↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 149.
  17. 1 2 Beolens et al. (2011). p. 183.
  18. ↑ David P, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen TT, Jiang K, Chen T, Teynié A, Ziegler T (2012). "A new species of the genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from northern Vietnam, southern China and central Laos". Zootaxa. 3498: 45–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3498.1.3.
  19. ↑ Beolens et al. (2011). pp. 70, 205.
  20. ↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 231.
  21. ↑ Sumontha, Montri; Kunya, Kirati; Dangsri, Siriwat; Pauwels, Olivier S. G. (2017). "Oligodon saiyok, a new limestone-dwelling kukri snake (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand". Zootaxa. 4294 (3): 316. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.2.

Further reading

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