Oligodon

Oligodon
	Western kukri snake ( Oligodon affinis )
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Subfamily:	Colubrinae
Genus:	Oligodon ; Fitzinger, 1826
Type species
	Oligodon bitorquatus ;
Species
	84 known species

Last updated November 05, 2024

Oligodon is genus of colubrid snakes that was first described by Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger in 1826.^[1] This genus is widespread throughout central and tropical Asia. The snakes of this genus are commonly known as kukri snakes.^[3]

Description

The species in the genus Oligodon are egg eaters and are usually under 90 cm (35 in) in total length (including tail). Different species display widely variable patterns and colorations. They subsist mostly by scavenging the eggs of birds and reptiles. Besides eggs, species of this genus also feeds on lizards, frogs, and small rodents.

Oligodon is a rear-fanged snake genus. All member species have a set of enlarged teeth placed in the back of the upper jaws, as well as functional Duvernoy's glands. They are not dangerous to humans, though. Bites by some species have been reported to bleed excessively, suggesting presence of anticoagulants in the Duvernoy's gland secretions.^[4] Species of Oligodon are mostly nocturnal, and live on the floor of mature forests.

The common name of the genus comes from the kukri, a distinctively shaped Nepalese knife, which is similar in shape to the broad, flattened, curved hind teeth of Oligodon species. These teeth are specially adapted for their main diet of eggs; the teeth cut open eggs as they are being swallowed by the snake, allowing for easier digestion.^{[ citation needed ]}

At least three species ( O. fasciolatus , O. formosanus and O. ocellatus ) will slice open the abdomens of frogs and toads and devour their internal organs, before finally swallowing the prey whole (if the prey is not too large to be swallowed). That toads can be swallowed whole suggests that at least some species are immune to toad bufotoxin.^[5]

O. fasciolatus eating Asian common toad
O. ocellatus eating an Asian common toad.
O. formosanus eating a banded bullfrog

Species

There are 84 recognized species in the genus Oligodon according to Reptile Database as of April 2023.^[2]

The source column gives direct links to the sources used:

IUCN description of species at International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List categories are:

EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild

CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable

NT - Near Threatened, LC - Least Concern

DD - Data Deficient, NE - Not Evaluated

RDB description of species at Reptile Database.

Nota bene : A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Oligodon.

Common name	Species	Geographic range	Status	Source
Western kukri snake, Malabar brown kukri snake	O. affinis Günther, 1862	India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)	LC	IUCN RDB
Light-barred kukri snake	O. albocinctus (Cantor, 1839)^[6]	Nepal, Bangladesh, India (Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar, Vietnam, China (Tibet, Yunnan)		RDB
Northern short-headed snake	O. ancorus (Girard, 1858)	Philippines (Mindoro, Luzon)	NT	IUCN RDB
Annam kukri snake	O. annamensis Leviton, 1953	Vietnam (Lam Dang Province)	DD	IUCN RDB
Spotted kukri snake, ringed kukri snake	O. annulifer (Boulenger, 1893)	Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)	LC	IUCN RDB
Russet kukri snake, common kukri snake, banded kukri	O. arnensis (Shaw, 1802)	Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India (West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab), Pakistan, Nepal		RDB
Barron's kukri snake	O. barroni (M.A. Smith, 1916)	Thailand, Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, South Laos	LC	IUCN RDB
Javanese mountain kukri snake, Boie's kukri snake	O. bitorquatus F. Boie, 1827	Indonesia (Java, possibly South Sumatra and Sumbawa)	LC	IUCN RDB
Double-striped kukri snake	O. bivirgatus T. Qian, S. Qi, J. Shi, Y. Lu, R.W. Jenkins, Y. Mo & P. Li, 2021	China (Hainan)		RDB
Boo-Liat's kukri snake	O. booliati ^[7] Leong & Grismer, 2004	Malaysia (Tioman island)	CR	IUCN RDB
Short-tailed kukri snake, shorthead kukri snake	O. brevicauda Günther, 1862	India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala)	VU	IUCN RDB
Templeton's kukri snake	O. calamarius (Linnaeus, 1758)	Sri Lanka	EN	RDB
Assam kukri snake	O. catenatus (Blyth, 1854)	India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, South China (Guangdong, Guangxi)		RDB
Chinese kukri snake	O. chinensis (Günther, 1888)	southern China, northern Vietnam	LC	IUCN RDB
Churah Valley kukri snake	O. churahensis Mirza, Bhardwaj & Patel, 2021	India (Himachal Pradesh)		^[8]
Black cross-barred kukri snake, ashy kukri snake, golden kukri snake, Günther's kukri snake	O. cinereus (Günther, 1864)	India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh), Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, China (Yunnan, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong)	LC	IUCN RDB
	O. condaoensis S.N. Nguyen, V.D.H. Nguyen, S.H. Le & R. Murphy, 2016	S Vietnam (Hon Ba Island)		RDB
Pegu kukri snake	O. cruentatus (Günther, 1868)	Myanmar	LC	IUCN RDB
	O. culaochamensis S.N. Nguyen et al., 2017	Vietnam		RDB
North-east Indian kukri snake, Cantor's kukri snake	O. cyclurus (Cantor, 1839)^[9]	India (Assam), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China (Yunnan), Nepal, Bangladesh	LC	IUCN RDB
	O. deuvei ^[10] David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008	Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, North East Thailand	LC	IUCN RDB
Gray's kukri snake, Bengalese kukri snake	O. dorsalis (Gray & Hardwicke, 1835)	India (Assam), Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand		RDB
Eberhardt's kukri snake	O. eberhardti Pellegrin, 1910	Vietnam, China (Guangxi, Fujian), possibly Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar	LC	IUCN RDB
Nagarkot kukri snake	O. erythrogaster Boulenger, 1907	Central and East Nepal, India (Sikkim)		RDB
Red-striped kukri snake, Namsang kukri snake	O. erythrorhachis Wall, 1910	India (Arunachal Pradesh)	VU	IUCN RDB
Jewelled kukri snake, Everett's kukri snake^[11]	O. everetti Boulenger, 1893	Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah)	LC	IUCN RDB
Small-banded kukri snake, fasciolated kukri snake	O. fasciolatus (Günther, 1864)	Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam	LC	IUCN RDB
Forbes' kukri snake^[12]	O. forbesi (Boulenger, 1883)	Indonesia (Selaru and Yamdena in Tanimbar Islands)	NT	IUCN RDB
Taiwan kukri snake, Formosa kukri snake	O. formosanus (Günther, 1872)	Vietnam, Taiwan, South Japan (Ryukyu Islands, primarily Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), South China (Chekiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Nan Ao Island, Hainan, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Zhejiang, Yunnan)		RDB
Hampton's kukri snake	O. hamptoni Boulenger, 1918	Myanmar	DD	IUCN RDB
Hua Hin Kukri Snake	O. huahin ^[13] Pauwels, Larsen, Suthanthangjai, David & Sumontha, 2017	Thailand (Hua Hin)	DD
Inornate kukri snake, unicolored kukri snake	O. inornatus (Boulenger, 1914)	Cambodia, North and East Thailand	LC	IUCN RDB
Jintakune's kukri snake	O. jintakunei ^[14] Pauwels, Wallach, David, Chanhome, 2002	South Thailand	DD	IUCN RDB
Grey kukri snake, Joynson's kukri snake	O. joynsoni (M.A. Smith, 1917)	northern Thailand, possibly Laos, Myanmar, China (Yunnan)	LC	IUCN RDB
Walnut kukri snake	O. juglandifer (Wall, 1909)	India (Sikkim), West Bhutan	VU	IUCN RDB
	O. kampucheaensis ^[15] Neang, Grismer & Daltry, 2012	Cambodia		RDB
coral red kukri snake	O. kheriensis ^[16] Acharji & Ray, 1936	India (Uttar Pradesh), Southwest Nepal		RDB
Lacroix kukri snake^[17]	O. lacroixi Angel & Bourret, 1933	China (Sichuan, Yunnan), Vietnam	VU	IUCN RDB
Medog kukri snake	O. lipipengi Jiang, Wang, Li, Ding, Ding & Che, 2020	China (Tibet)		RDB
	O. lungshenensis Zheng & Huang, 1978	China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan)	NT	IUCN RDB
Angel's kukri snake	O. macrurus (Angel, 1927)	Vietnam	DD	IUCN RDB
Barred short-headed snake, spotted kukri snake	O. maculatus (Taylor, 1918)	Philippines (Mindanao)	LC	IUCN RDB
Arakan kukri snake, McDougall's kukri snake	O. mcdougalli Wall, 1905	Myanmar	LC	IUCN RDB
Bluebelly kukri snake	O. melaneus Wall, 1909	India		RDB
Abor Hills kukri snake	O. melanozonatus Wall, 1922	India, China (Tibet)		RDB
Sulu short-headed snake, Meyerink's kukri snake	O. meyerinkii (Steindachner, 1891)	Philippine Islands (Bongao, Jolo, Papahang, Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi in Sulu Archipelago), possibly Malaysia (Sabah)	EN	IUCN RDB
Spotted-bellied short-headed snake, Luzon kukri snake	O. modestus Günther, 1864	Philippines (Mindanao, Negros, Tablas, Panay, Cebu, possibly Luzon)	VU	IUCN RDB
Morice's kukri snake^[18]	O. moricei ^[10]David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008	Southern Vietnam	DD	IUCN RDB
Cambodian kukri snake, Mouhot's kukri snake^[18]	O. mouhoti (Boulenger, 1914)	Cambodia, East Thailand	LC	IUCN RDB
Nagao kukri snake	O. nagao ^[19]David, T.Q. Nguyen, T. Nguyen, Jiang, T. Chen, Teynié & Ziegler, 2012	Northern Vietnam, Southwest China (Guangxi), Laos		RDB
Nikhil's kukri snake	O. nikhili Whitaker & Dattatri, 1982	India (Tamil Nadu)	DD	IUCN RDB
Palawan kukri snake, Palawan short-headed snake	O. notospilus Günther, 1873	Philippine Islands (Palawan, Busuanga, Balabac, Mindanao)		RDB
Eyed kukri snake, ocellated kukri snake	O. ocellatus (Morice, 1875)	Cambodia, Lao, southern Vietnam	LC	IUCN RDB
Eight-lined kukri snake, eight-striped kukri snake, Grace's kukri snake	O. octolineatus (Schneider, 1801)	Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore	LC	IUCN RDB
Ornate kukri snake	O. ornatus Van Denburgh, 1909	China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Taiwan,	LC	IUCN RDB
Perkin's short-headed snake	O. perkinsi (Taylor, 1925)	Philippines (Palawan, Culion and Calauit Islands)	NT	IUCN RDB
Petronella's ^[20] kukri snake	O. petronellae Roux, 1917	Indonesia (Sumatra)	DD	IUCN RDB
Pha-Ngan kukri snake	O. phangan Pauwels, Thongyai, Chantong & Sumontha, 2021	Thailand (Surat Thani Province: Pha-Ngan Island)		RDB
	O. planiceps (Boulenger, 1888)	Myanmar	LC	IUCN RDB
Pulau Weh kukri snake	O. praefrontalis F. Werner, 1913	Indonesia (Weh Island)	DD	IUCN RDB
	O. promsombuti Pauwels, Thongyai, Chantong, & Sumontha, 2021	Thailand (Surat Thani Province, Trang Province: Na Yong District)		RDB
Bleeker's Kukri Snake	O. propinquus Jan, 1862	Indonesia (Java)		RDB
False striped kukri snake	O. pseudotaeniatus ^[10]David, G. Vogel & van Rooijen, 2008	Thailand	LC	IUCN RDB
	O. pulcherrimus F. Werner, 1909	Indonesia (Sumatra)	VU	IUCN RDB
Purple kukri snake, brown kukri snake	O. purpurascens (Schlegel, 1837)	Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore, Thailand	LC	IUCN RDB
Long-snouted kukri snake	O. rostralis H.N. Nguyen, Tran, L.H. Nguyen, Neang, Yushchenko & Poyarkov, 2020	Vietnam
Russell's kukri snake	O. russelius (Daudin, 1803)	India, Nepal
Saint Girons' kukri snake^[21]	O. saintgironsi ^[3]David, G. Vogel & Pauwels, 2008	Vietnam, Cambodia	DD	IUCN RDB
Sai Yok Kukri Snake	O. saiyok ^[22]Sumontha, Kunya, Dangsri & Pauwels, 2017	Thailand (Kanchanaburi)	DD
Half-keeled kukri snake, barred kukri snake, banded kukri snake	O. signatus (Günther, 1864)	Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore	LC	IUCN RDB
Splendid kukri snake	O. splendidus (Günther, 1875)	Myanmar	LC	IUCN RDB
Duméril's kukri snake	O. sublineatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854	Sri Lanka	VU	IUCN RDB
Striped kukri snake	O. taeniatus (Günther, 1861)	Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, possibly China (Yunnan)	LC	IUCN RDB
Streaked Kukri snake, Loos snake	O. taeniolatus (Jerdon, 1853)	Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Turkmenistan	LC	IUCN RDB
Teynié's kukri snake	O. teyniei David, Hauser & G. Vogel, 2022	Laos
Mandalay kukri snake, Theobald's kukri snake	O. theobaldi (Günther, 1868)	Bangladesh, Myanmar	LC	IUCN RDB
Tillack's kukri snake	O. tillacki Bandara, Ganesh, Kanishka, Danushka, Sharma, P. Campbell, Ineich, G. Vogel & Amarasinghe, 2022	India
	O. tolaki Amarasinghe, Henkanaththegedara, Campbell, Riyanto, Hallermann & G. Vogel, 2021	Indonesia (Southeast Sulawesi)		RDB
	O. torquatus (Boulenger, 1888)	Myanmar	DD	IUCN RDB
Travancore kukri snake	O. travancoricus Beddome, 1877	India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)	DD	IUCN RDB
Three-lined kukri snake	O. trilineatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854)	Indonesia (Nias, Siberut, Sumatra)	LC	IUCN RDB
Langbian kukri snake	O. tuani S.N. Nguyen, Le, Vo & R. Murphy, 2022	Vietnam		RDB
	O. unicolor (Kopstein, 1926)	Indonesia (Selaru, Yamdena)	NT	IUCN RDB
Jerdon's kukri snake	O. venustus (Jerdon, 1853)	India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)	LC	IUCN RDB
Dark-spined kukri snake, vertebral kukri snake	O. vertebralis (Günther, 1865)	Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah)	DD	IUCN RDB
Bleeker's kukri snake	O. waandersi (Bleeker, 1860)	Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Buton, Sula Islands)		RDB
Wagner's kukri snake	O. wagneri David & G. Vogel, 2012	Indonesia (Nias)		RDB
yellow-striped kukri snake	O. woodmasoni (Sclater, 1891)	India (Nicobar Islands, possibly Andaman Islands)		RDB

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Oligodon huahin, the Hua Hin kukri snake, is a species of kukri snakes in the genus Oligodon. The species was first discovered and described in late 2016, and the article was published July 13, 2017. It is only known from its type locality but its range is likely to be more extensive. O. huahin is thought to be very secretive, similar to other species of the genus Oligodon. This theory is supported by the type specimen, which all were males, suggesting that it was found during the mating season where males are out and actively search for females to reproduce. This may also explain why this species had not yet been discovered

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References

1 2 Fitzinger LJ (1826). Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Nebst einer Verwandtschafts-tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. zoologischen Museums zu Wien. Vienna: J.G. Heubner. five unnumbered + 67 pp. + one plate. (Oligodon, new genus, p. 56). (in German and Latin).
1 2 "Search results Genus: Oligodon – Exact match". Reptile Database . Retrieved 4 August 2017.
1 2 David P; Vogel G; Pauwels OSG (2008). "A new species of the genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from northern Vietnam, southern China and central Laos" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1939: 19–37. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1939.1.3.
↑ Wüster W, Cox MJ (1992). "Defensive hemipenis display in the kukri snake Oligodon cyclurus ". Journal of Herpetology. 26 (2): 238–241. doi:10.2307/1564874. JSTOR 1564874.
↑ Bringsøe, Henrik; Holden, James (2021-02-15). "Yet another kukri snake piercing an anuran abdomen: Oligodon ocellatus (Morice, 1875) eats Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) in Vietnam". Herpetozoa. 34: 57–59. doi: 10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e62689 . ISSN 2682-955X.
↑ Bombay Natural History Society (2005). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay Natural History Society. p. 21. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
↑ Leong TM, Grismer LL (2004). "A new species of kukri snake, Oligodon (Colubridae), from Pulau Tioman, West Malaysia" (PDF). Asiatic Herpetological Research. 10: 12–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-06.
↑ Mirza, Zeeshan A.; Bhardwaj, Virender Kumar; Patel, Harshil (2021). "A New Species of the Genus Oligodon Boie in Fitzinger, 1826 (Reptilia, Serpentes) from the Western Himalayas". Evolutionary Systematics5 (2): 335–345. (Oligodon churahensis, new species).
↑ Akonda, A.W.; Khan, M.A.; Khan, S.M.M.H.; Haque, M.N.; Khan, M.M.H.; Ahmed, R.; Ameen, M.; Islam, M.A.; Joarder, N.B.; Nishat, A. (2000). Red book of threatened mammals of Bangladesh. IUCN Bangladesh. p. 29. ISBN 978-984-746-004-8 . Retrieved 10 June 2019.
1 2 3 David P, Vogel G, van Rooijen J (2008). "A revision of the Oligodon taeniatus (Günther, 1861) group (Squamata: Colubridae), with the description of three new species from the Indochinese Region" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1965: 1–49. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1965.1.1.
↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Oligodon everetti, p. 86).
↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 91.
↑ Pauwels, Olivier S. G.; Larsen, Henning; Suthanthangjai, Winai; David, Patrick; Sumontha, Montri (2017). "A new kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon) from Hua Hin District, and the first record of O. Deuvei from Thailand". Zootaxa. 4291 (3): 531. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4291.3.6.
↑ Pauwels OSG, Wallach V, David P, Chanhome L (2002). "A new species of Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Serpentes, Colubridae) from southern peninsular Thailand". Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University. 2 (2): 7–18.
↑ Neang T, Grismer LL, Daltry JC (2012). "A new species of kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, southwest Cambodia Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine ". Zootaxa3388: 41–55.
↑ Acharji MN, Ray HC (1936). "A new species of Oligodon from the United Provinces (India)". Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta38: 519–520.
↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 149.
1 2 Beolens et al. (2011). p. 183.
↑ David P, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen TT, Jiang K, Chen T, Teynié A, Ziegler T (2012). "A new species of the genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from northern Vietnam, southern China and central Laos". Zootaxa. 3498: 45–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3498.1.3.
↑ Beolens et al. (2011). pp. 70, 205.
↑ Beolens et al. (2011). p. 231.
↑ Sumontha, Montri; Kunya, Kirati; Dangsri, Siriwat; Pauwels, Olivier S. G. (2017). "Oligodon saiyok, a new limestone-dwelling kukri snake (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand". Zootaxa. 4294 (3): 316. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.2.

External links

"Kukri snake". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 7, 2005.
"Brown Kukri Snake". Wildlife Singapore. Retrieved July 7, 2005.