Operation Whetstone

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Operation Whetstone
Whetstone Salmon.gif
Whetstone Salmon, 5.3kt.
Information
CountryUnited States
Test site
  • NTS Area 15
  • NTS Area 16, Shoshone Mountain
  • NTS Area 18, Buckboard Mesa
  • NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa
  • NTS Areas 5, 11, Frenchman Flat
  • NTS, Areas 1-4, 6-10, Yucca Flat
  • Salmon Site, near Lumberton, Mississippi
Period1964–1965
Number of tests46
Test typecratering, underground shaft, tunnel
Max. yield51 kilotonnes of TNT (210 TJ)
Test series chronology

The United States's Whetstone nuclear test series [1] was a group of 46 nuclear tests conducted in 1964–1965. These tests [note 1] followed the Operation Niblick series and preceded the Operation Flintlock series.

Two tests were conducted during this series by the United Kingdom: Cormorant and Courser.

United States' Whetstone series tests and detonations
Name [note 2] Date time (UT) Local time zone [note 3] [2] Location [note 4] Elevation + height [note 5] Delivery [note 6]
Purpose [note 7]
Device [note 8] Yield [note 9] Fallout [note 10] References Notes
ByeJuly 16, 1964 13:15:00.15 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10i 37°10′56″N116°02′46″W / 37.18215°N 116.04623°W / 37.18215; -116.04623 (Bye) 1,295 m (4,249 ft)389.26 m (1,277.1 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
20 ktVenting detected, less than 390 Ci (14,000 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [6]
LinksJuly 23, 1964 13:30:00.15 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9bf 37°06′49″N116°01′58″W / 37.11371°N 116.03288°W / 37.11371; -116.03288 (Links) 1,273 m (4,177 ft)119.8 m (393 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 ktVenting detected on site, less than 7 Ci (260 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6]
TrogonJuly 24, 1964 18:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3dj 37°02′46″N116°00′47″W / 37.04606°N 116.01293°W / 37.04606; -116.01293 (Trogon) 1,204 m (3,950 ft)193.03 m (633.3 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 kt [1] [7] [6]
AlvaAugust 19, 1964 16:00:00.14 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2j 37°09′32″N116°05′02″W / 37.15902°N 116.08402°W / 37.15902; -116.08402 (Alva) 1,320 m (4,330 ft)166.04 m (544.8 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
4.4 ktVenting detected off site, 6.4 kCi (240 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
CanvasbackAugust 22, 1964 22:17:00.06 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3cp 37°03′55″N116°00′59″W / 37.06529°N 116.01631°W / 37.06529; -116.01631 (Canvasback) 1,226 m (4,022 ft)447.66 m (1,468.7 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
Tsetse [8] 18 ktVenting detected, 2 kCi (74 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6] [9]
PlayerAugust 27, 1964 14:30:00.15 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9cc 37°07′02″N116°02′30″W / 37.11731°N 116.04153°W / 37.11731; -116.04153 (Player) 1,254 m (4,114 ft)91.44 m (300.0 ft)underground shaft,
safety experiment
W62 [8] less than 20 kt [1] [7] [6]
HaddockAugust 28, 1964 17:06:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3dl 37°04′01″N116°01′23″W / 37.06699°N 116.02304°W / 37.06699; -116.02304 (Haddock) 1,222 m (4,009 ft)363.66 m (1,193.1 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 kt [1] [7] [6]
GuanaySeptember 4, 1964 18:15:00.08 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3di 37°01′03″N116°01′24″W / 37.01757°N 116.02343°W / 37.01757; -116.02343 (Guanay) 1,184 m (3,885 ft)260.97 m (856.2 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
12 kt [1] [5] [7] [6] [9]
SpoonSeptember 11, 1964 14:00:00.1 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9bd 37°06′49″N116°01′35″W / 37.11367°N 116.02636°W / 37.11367; -116.02636 (Spoon) 1,289 m (4,229 ft)179.68 m (589.5 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
200 tVenting detected, 390 Ci (14,000 GBq) [1] [4] [7] [6] [9]
AukOctober 2, 1964 20:03:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7b 37°04′40″N116°00′34″W / 37.07787°N 116.00937°W / 37.07787; -116.00937 (Auk) 1,254 m (4,114 ft)452.38 m (1,484.2 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
12 kt [1] [7] [6] [10]
ParOctober 9, 1964 14:00:00.12 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2p 37°09′05″N116°04′40″W / 37.15138°N 116.0779°W / 37.15138; -116.0779 (Par) 1,304 m (4,278 ft)403.86 m (1,325.0 ft)underground shaft,
peaceful research
38 ktVenting detected, 610 Ci (23,000 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6] A Plowshare device with high neutron flux for creation of heavy isotopes.
Barbel - 1 (with Turnstone)October 16, 1964 15:59:30.038 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3bx 37°02′22″N116°00′59″W / 37.03948°N 116.01641°W / 37.03948; -116.01641 (Barbel - 1) 1,194 m (3,917 ft)258.9 m (849 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
7 ktVenting detected, 290 Ci (11,000 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6] simultaneous, separate holes.
Turnstone - 2 (with Barbel)October 16, 1964 15:59:30.03 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3dt 37°02′01″N116°01′32″W / 37.03349°N 116.02555°W / 37.03349; -116.02555 (Turnstone - 2) 1,191 m (3,907 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development
TX-57, Tsetse [8] less than 20 kt [1] [7] [6] simultaneous, separate holes.
Salmon October 22, 1964 16:00:00.0 CST (–6 hrs)
Salmon Site, near Lumberton, Mississippi 31°08′32″N89°34′12″W / 31.14229°N 89.57001°W / 31.14229; -89.57001 (Salmon) 74 m (243 ft)830 m (2,720 ft)underground shaft,
joint verification
W58 [8] 5.3 kt [1] [6] Project Vela Uniform/Dribble, detection of underground tests. Exploded in Tatum salt dome.
GardenOctober 23, 1964 15:00:00.94 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9aj 37°07′01″N116°01′55″W / 37.11699°N 116.03202°W / 37.11699; -116.03202 (Garden) 1,274 m (4,180 ft)149.66 m (491.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 kt [1] [7] [6]
ForestOctober 31, 1964 17:04:58.61 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7a 37°06′26″N116°01′59″W / 37.10717°N 116.03312°W / 37.10717; -116.03312 (Forest) 1,270 m (4,170 ft)380.73 m (1,249.1 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 ktVenting detected, 5 Ci (180 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6]
HandcarNovember 5, 1964 15:00:00.11 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10b 37°10′28″N116°04′04″W / 37.17431°N 116.0679°W / 37.17431; -116.0679 (Handcar) 1,307 m (4,288 ft)402.95 m (1,322.0 ft)underground shaft,
peaceful research
W55, Starling [8] 12 ktVenting detected on site, 70 Ci (2,600 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6] A Plowshare project for measuring effects of contained explosion on carbonate rock.
CrepeDecember 5, 1964 21:15:00.1 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2q 37°06′52″N116°03′16″W / 37.11437°N 116.05431°W / 37.11437; -116.05431 (Crepe) 1,252 m (4,108 ft)404.2 m (1,326 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
20 ktVenting detected, 250 Ci (9,200 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
Drill (Source-Lower) - 1December 5, 1964 21:15:00.16 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ai 37°08′03″N116°04′14″W / 37.13424°N 116.07062°W / 37.13424; -116.07062 (Drill (Source-Lower) - 1) 1,280 m (4,200 ft)219.46 m (720.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
3.4 ktVenting detected off site, 61 kCi (2,300 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6] simultaneous, same hole.
Drill (Target-Upper) - 2December 5, 1964 21:15:00.16 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ai 37°08′03″N116°04′14″W / 37.13424°N 116.07062°W / 37.13424; -116.07062 (Drill (Target-Upper) - 2) 1,280 m (4,200 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 ktVenting detected off site [1] [3] [7] [6] simultaneous, same hole.
Cassowary - 1 (with Hoopoe)December 16, 1964 20:00:00.07 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3bn 37°02′22″N116°01′29″W / 37.03954°N 116.02462°W / 37.03954; -116.02462 (Cassowary - 1) 1,194 m (3,917 ft)150.14 m (492.6 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 kt [1] [7] [6] simultaneous, different holes.
Hoopoe - 2 (with Cassowary)December 16, 1964 20:00:00.07 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3cf 37°02′54″N116°02′02″W / 37.0484°N 116.03397°W / 37.0484; -116.03397 (Hoopoe - 2) 1,200 m (3,900 ft) + underground shaft,
safety experiment
less than 20 kt [1] [7] [6] simultaneous, different holes.
ParrotDecember 16, 1964 20:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3dk 37°02′05″N116°00′47″W / 37.03479°N 116.01303°W / 37.03479; -116.01303 (Parrot) 1,192 m (3,911 ft)180.32 m (591.6 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
1.3 ktVenting detected off site, 230 kCi (8,500 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
MudpackDecember 16, 1964 20:10:00.1 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10n 37°10′40″N116°04′04″W / 37.17776°N 116.06781°W / 37.17776; -116.06781 (Mudpack) 1,310 m (4,300 ft)151.79 m (498.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapon effect
2.7 ktVenting detected, less than 54 Ci (2,000 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
SulkyDecember 18, 1964 19:35:00.09 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U18d 37°04′57″N116°20′36″W / 37.08259°N 116.34345°W / 37.08259; -116.34345 (Sulky) 1,597 m (5,240 ft)27.28 m (89.5 ft)underground shaft,
peaceful research
Mk-7 [8] 92 tVenting detected off site, 130 kCi (4,800 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6] [11] [12] A Plowshare project for hard, dry excavation test, to study dispersion of radionuclides.
WoolJanuary 14, 1965 16:00:00.14 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9bh 37°07′08″N116°01′32″W / 37.11895°N 116.02565°W / 37.11895; -116.02565 (Wool) 1,287 m (4,222 ft)215.13 m (705.8 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
7 ktVenting detected, 200 Ci (7,400 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
TernJanuary 29, 1965 18:22:00.03 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3dw 37°02′42″N116°00′50″W / 37.04497°N 116.01396°W / 37.04497; -116.01396 (Tern) 1,202 m (3,944 ft)210.65 m (691.1 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
500 tVenting detected on site, 170 Ci (6,300 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6] [9]
CashmereFebruary 4, 1965 15:30:00.11 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ad 37°07′51″N116°03′45″W / 37.13073°N 116.06253°W / 37.13073; -116.06253 (Cashmere) 1,270 m (4,170 ft)232.18 m (761.7 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
4 ktVenting detected, 8 Ci (300 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
AlpacaFebruary 12, 1965 15:10:29.49 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2a 37°09′54″N116°04′39″W / 37.165°N 116.07744°W / 37.165; -116.07744 (Alpaca) 1,315 m (4,314 ft)224.61 m (736.9 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
330 tVenting detected off site, 40 kCi (1,500 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6]
MerlinFebruary 16, 1965 17:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3ct 37°03′06″N116°01′28″W / 37.05163°N 116.02452°W / 37.05163; -116.02452 (Merlin) 1,203 m (3,947 ft)296.14 m (971.6 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
Tsetse [8] 10.1 ktI-131 venting detected, 0 [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
WishboneFebruary 18, 1965 16:18:47.15 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U5a 36°49′05″N115°57′00″W / 36.81798°N 115.9501°W / 36.81798; -115.9501 (Wishbone) 913 m (2,995 ft)179.22 m (588.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapon effect
5 ktVenting detected on site, 6.9 kCi (260 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
SeersuckerFebruary 19, 1965 15:28:54.11 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9bm 37°07′02″N116°01′55″W / 37.11723°N 116.03185°W / 37.11723; -116.03185 (Seersucker) 1,274 m (4,180 ft)142.34 m (467.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 ktVenting detected on site, less than 410 Ci (15,000 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6]
WagtailMarch 3, 1965 19:13:00.03 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3an 37°03′52″N116°02′17″W / 37.06448°N 116.03793°W / 37.06448; -116.03793 (Wagtail) 1,210 m (3,970 ft)749.59 m (2,459.3 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
TX-61 [8] 51 ktVenting detected, 13 Ci (480 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6] [10]
SuedeMarch 20, 1965 15:30:49.1 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9bk 37°06′55″N116°01′38″W / 37.11538°N 116.02736°W / 37.11538; -116.02736 (Suede) 1,286 m (4,219 ft)143.52 m (470.9 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
200 tVenting detected, 1.3 kCi (48 TBq) [1] [4] [7] [6] [9]
CupMarch 26, 1965 15:34:08.16 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9cb 37°08′51″N116°02′39″W / 37.14748°N 116.04415°W / 37.14748; -116.04415 (Cup) 1,267 m (4,157 ft)536.75 m (1,761.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
38 ktVenting detected, 4.7 kCi (170 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
KestrelApril 5, 1965 21:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3dd 37°01′33″N116°01′25″W / 37.02576°N 116.02351°W / 37.02576; -116.02351 (Kestrel) 1,187 m (3,894 ft)446.87 m (1,466.1 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
Tsetse [8] 7 ktVenting detected, 230 Ci (8,500 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
PalanquinApril 14, 1965 13:14:00.1 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U20k 37°16′49″N116°31′28″W / 37.28033°N 116.52445°W / 37.28033; -116.52445 (Palanquin) 1,861 m (6,106 ft)85.34 m (280.0 ft)cratering,
peaceful research
4.3 ktVenting detected off site, 11 MCi (410 PBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6] [11] A Plowshare project for hard, dry excavation test, to study dispersion of radionuclides.
Gum DropApril 21, 1965 22:00:00.03 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U16a.02 37°00′26″N116°12′11″W / 37.00712°N 116.20293°W / 37.00712; -116.20293 (Gum Drop) 1,931 m (6,335 ft)304.8 m (1,000 ft)tunnel,
weapon effect
W55, Kinglet [8] 20 ktVenting detected, 1.9 kCi (70 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6] [9]
ChenilleApril 22, 1965 13:39:00.1 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9bg 37°06′41″N116°01′53″W / 37.11137°N 116.03136°W / 37.11137; -116.03136 (Chenille) 1,276 m (4,186 ft)140.74 m (461.7 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
1 ktVenting detected on site, less than 110 Ci (4,100 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6] [9]
MuscovyApril 23, 1965 21:44:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3dx 37°01′03″N115°59′46″W / 37.01741°N 115.99605°W / 37.01741; -115.99605 (Muscovy) 1,189 m (3,901 ft)180.29 m (591.5 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
600 t [1] [7] [6] [9]
TeeMay 7, 1965 15:47:11.15 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ab 37°08′26″N116°04′03″W / 37.14042°N 116.06745°W / 37.14042; -116.06745 (Tee) 1,283 m (4,209 ft)190.2 m (624 ft)underground shaft,
weapon effect
7 ktVenting detected off site, 1.6 kCi (59 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
ButeoMay 12, 1965 18:15:00.1 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U20a 37°14′33″N116°25′54″W / 37.24261°N 116.43175°W / 37.24261; -116.43175 (Buteo) 1,960 m (6,430 ft)695.55 m (2,282.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
less than 20 kt [1] [7] [6]
CambricMay 14, 1965 14:57:52.15 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U5e 36°49′24″N115°58′04″W / 36.82334°N 115.9677°W / 36.82334; -115.9677 (Cambric) 929 m (3,048 ft)294.28 m (965.5 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
750 t [1] [7] [6] Cambric and Cheshire (on Pahute Mesa) to study radioactivity movement in ground water. In 16 years 4 billion gallons (30 billion liters) were pumped, took 2 yrs for the tritium to move 300 ft (91 m). Sr-40 and Cs-137 never detected.
ScaupMay 14, 1965 17:32:36.23 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3da(s) 37°03′32″N116°00′45″W / 37.05875°N 116.0125°W / 37.05875; -116.0125 (Scaup) 1,222 m (4,009 ft)427.02 m (1,401.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
12 kt [1] [5] [7] [6]
TweedMay 21, 1965 13:08:52.11 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9bn 37°07′07″N116°01′42″W / 37.11848°N 116.02843°W / 37.11848; -116.02843 (Tweed) 1,281 m (4,203 ft)281.07 m (922.1 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
15 ktVenting detected, 600 Ci (22,000 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
PetrelJune 11, 1965 19:45:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3dy 37°02′34″N116°01′04″W / 37.04279°N 116.01776°W / 37.04279; -116.01776 (Petrel) 1,197 m (3,927 ft)180.75 m (593.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
Mk-57, Tsetse [8] 1.3 kt [1] [5] [7] [6]
OrgandyJune 11, 1965 20:28:37.11 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9bo 37°06′57″N116°01′27″W / 37.11573°N 116.02412°W / 37.11573; -116.02412 (Organdy) 1,294 m (4,245 ft)169.47 m (556.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development
500 tVenting detected, 130 Ci (4,800 GBq) [1] [4] [7] [6] [9]
Diluted WatersJune 16, 1965 16:30:00.15 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U5b 36°49′05″N115°57′26″W / 36.81808°N 115.95709°W / 36.81808; -115.95709 (Diluted Waters) 916 m (3,005 ft)190.5 m (625 ft)underground shaft,
weapon effect
4 ktVenting detected off site, 30 kCi (1,100 TBq) [1] [3] [4] [5] [7] [6]
Tiny TotJune 17, 1965 17:00:00.09 PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U15e 37°13′24″N116°03′28″W / 37.22337°N 116.05784°W / 37.22337; -116.05784 (Tiny Tot) 1,533 m (5,030 ft)110.95 m (364.0 ft)tunnel,
weapon effect
W54 [8] less than 20 ktVenting detected on site, 7 Ci (260 GBq) [1] [3] [4] [7] [6]
  1. A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed five seconds, and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length".V.N. (ed.). "Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing". Begell-Atom. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014.
  2. The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  3. To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.
  4. Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  5. Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop, or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  6. Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  7. Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification, and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  8. Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  9. Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  10. Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References

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  2. "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 "Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2" (PDF). National Cancer Institute. 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2014.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 "Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1)" (PDF). DOE Nevada Operations Office. August 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Bolt, Bruce A. (1976). Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 "United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992" (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15). Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. December 1, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2013.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 "Official list of underground nuclear explosions". Sandia National Laboratories. July 1, 1994. Retrieved December 18, 2013.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Chuck Hansen (2007) [1995]. The Swords of Armageddon, Version 2. Sunnyvale, CA: Chuckelea Publications. ISBN   978-0-9791915-0-3.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994). "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)" (PDF). Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper. Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  10. 1 2 Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (September 25, 1998). "Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site". Nuclear Science and Technology Division.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. 1 2 Sublette, Carey. "Nuclear Weapons Archive" . Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  12. Letter to J. S. Kelly, AEC on the Project Sulky Concept, by G. E. Johnson(leader of the Plowshare program for a time